Inhibition of Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. by Fatty Acids and Their Monoglycerides

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 1206-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLELIA ALTIERI ◽  
DANIELA CARDILLO ◽  
ANTONIO BEVILACQUA ◽  
MILENA SINIGAGLIA
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Colony Diameter ◽  
Gompertz Equation ◽  
Lag Times ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Palmitic Acids

The antifungal activity of three fatty acids (lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids) and their monoglycerides (monolaurin, monomyristic acid, and palmitin, respectively) against Aspergillus and Penicillium species in a model system was investigated. Data were modeled through a reparameterized Gompertz equation. The maximum colony diameter attained within the experimental time (30 days), the maximal radial growth rate, the lag time (i.e., the number of days before the beginning of radial fungal growth), and the minimum detection time (MDT; the number of days needed to attain 1 cm colony diameter) were evaluated. Fatty acids and their monoglycerides inhibited mold growth by increasing MDT and lag times. The effectiveness of the active compounds seemed to be strain and genus dependent. Palmitic acid was the most effective chemical against aspergilli, whereas penicilli were strongly inhibited by myristic acid. Aspergilli also were more susceptible to fatty acids than were penicilli, as indicated by the longer MDT.

scholarly journals The implications of lag times between nitrate leaching losses and riverine loads for water quality policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. McDowell ◽  
Z. P. Simpson ◽  
A. G. Ausseil ◽  
Z. Etheridge ◽  
R. Law
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Mean Transit Time ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Practice Change ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lag Times

AbstractUnderstanding the lag time between land management and impacts on riverine nitrate–nitrogen (N) loads is critical to understand when action to mitigate nitrate–N leaching losses from the soil profile may start improving water quality. These lags occur due to leaching of nitrate–N through the subsurface (soil and groundwater). Actions to mitigate nitrate–N losses have been mandated in New Zealand policy to start showing improvements in water quality within five years. We estimated annual rates of nitrate–N leaching and annual nitrate–N loads for 77 river catchments from 1990 to 2018. Lag times between these losses and riverine loads were determined for 34 catchments but could not be determined in other catchments because they exhibited little change in nitrate–N leaching losses or loads. Lag times varied from 1 to 12 years according to factors like catchment size (Strahler stream order and altitude) and slope. For eight catchments where additional isotope and modelling data were available, the mean transit time for surface water at baseflow to pass through the catchment was on average 2.1 years less than, and never greater than, the mean lag time for nitrate–N, inferring our lag time estimates were robust. The median lag time for nitrate–N across the 34 catchments was 4.5 years, meaning that nearly half of these catchments wouldn’t exhibit decreases in nitrate–N because of practice change within the five years outlined in policy.

scholarly journals The Effect of Fusarium verticillioides Fumonisins on Fatty Acids, Sphingolipids, and Oxylipins in Maize Germlings

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2435
Author(s):  
Marzia Beccaccioli ◽  
Manuel Salustri ◽  
Valeria Scala ◽  
Matteo Ludovici ◽  
Andrea Cacciotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Ceramide Synthase ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
The Impact

Fusarium verticillioides causes multiple diseases of Zea mays (maize) including ear and seedling rots, contaminates seeds and seed products worldwide with toxic chemicals called fumonisins. The role of fumonisins in disease is unclear because, although they are not required for ear rot, they are required for seedling diseases. Disease symptoms may be due to the ability of fumonisins to inhibit ceramide synthase activity, the expected cause of lipids (fatty acids, oxylipins, and sphingolipids) alteration in infected plants. In this study, we explored the impact of fumonisins on fatty acid, oxylipin, and sphingolipid levels in planta and how these changes affect F. verticillioides growth in maize. The identity and levels of principal fatty acids, oxylipins, and over 50 sphingolipids were evaluated by chromatography followed by mass spectrometry in maize infected with an F. verticillioides fumonisin-producing wild-type strain and a fumonisin-deficient mutant, after different periods of growth. Plant hormones associated with defense responses, i.e., salicylic and jasmonic acid, were also evaluated. We suggest that fumonisins produced by F. verticillioides alter maize lipid metabolism, which help switch fungal growth from a relatively harmless endophyte to a destructive necrotroph.

Fungal pretreatment of pine wood to reduce the emission of volatile organic compounds

Holzforschung ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Stratev ◽  
Cornelia Gradinger ◽  
Thomas Ters ◽  
Karin Fackler ◽  
Thomas Kuncinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Wood Extractives ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Acetone Water ◽  
Fungal Pretreatment ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Ophiostoma Piliferum

Abstract Sterilized pine wood strands were treated with the ascomycete Ophiostoma piliferum (Cartapip 97™) in an attempt to reduce aldehyde emissions through degradation of aldehyde-forming precursors. Wooden boards were then produced from the treated strands by means of a laboratory press. VOC emissions of these boards were characterized and the concentrations of seven major substances were followed for a period of 28 days in Markes μ-CTE micro-chambers employing Tenax-TDAS/GC/MS analytics. Boards made from treated strands showed a highly significant (P<0.001) reduction in aldehyde emissions by 70% compared to the control boards, while differences in the monoterpene emissions were not significant (P>0.05). Wood extractives from treated and untreated strands were also analyzed by GC/MS after milling and acetone/water extraction. A marked decrease of C18 unsaturated fatty acids was detected in agreement with the reduction of aldehyde emissions, and the monosaccharides as indicators of fungal growth were depleted and stilbenes and lignans were partially degraded.

scholarly journals Inhibitory effect of sodium metabisulphite and chlorine on growth of Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. strains isolated from marine shrimp

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 1721-1726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ygor Flávio de Moraes Santos ◽  
Átyla Peeter Batista Veloso ◽  
Rodrigo Maciel Calvet ◽  
Maria Marlúcia Gomes Pereira ◽  
Carina Maricel Pereyra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Shrimp Farming ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Sodium Metabisulphite ◽  
Marine Shrimp ◽  
Total Fungi ◽  
Frozen Shrimp ◽  
Vitro Effect ◽  
Penicillium Spp

The sodium metabisulphite (SMB) is used in shrimp farming to prevent melanosis and the 5.0 ppm chlorine (CL) concentration used in the shrimp processing is efficient as a bactericide, but there is no evidence of the effectiveness of these chemical compounds as fungicides. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of sodium metabisulphite (SMB) and chlorine (CL) on the growth of Aspergillus and Penicillium species isolated from marine shrimp in different stages of processing. The samples were collected from a frozen shrimp processing industry, located in Piauí State, Brazil. The total fungi and occurrence of Aspergillus and Penicillium species were evaluated. For in vitro sensibility test using the diffusion disk in agar method, five concentrations of SMB (0%, 1%, 3%, 5% and 10%) and six of CL (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 µg mL-1) were used. The fungal counts in the different processing stages ranged from 1.74 to 3.38 CFU g-1. Twenty-nine Aspergillus strains were isolated, prevailing A. versicolor (59.3%) and twenty-two of Penicillium, prevailing P. citrinum (74%). One strain of A. flavus was AFB1 producer. All the isolated strains of P. citrinum produced citrinin. All tested species were in vitro sensitive to 3% of SMB, except the A. flavus. The 10% concentration of SMB inhibited the in vitro growth of all strains. The CL concentrations tested did not inhibit the studied species growth and SMB concentrations above 3.0% inhibited in vitro the growth of the tested strains.

scholarly journals The acylation of megakaryocyte proteins: glycoprotein IX is primarily myristoylated while glycoprotein Ib is palmitoylated

Blood ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 1377-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Schick ◽  
J Walker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Myristic Acid ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Amide Bond ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Palmitic Acids ◽  
Protein Acylation

The acylation of megakaryocyte proteins was studied with special emphasis on the myristoylation and palmitoylation of the glycoprotein (GP) Ib complex. Guinea pig megakaryocytes were purified and separated into subpopulations at different phases of maturation. Cells were incubated with [3H]myristate, [3H]palmitate, or [3H]acetate to study endogenous protein acylation. Cycloheximide was used to distinguish between cotranslational and posttranslational acylation and hydroxylamine to distinguish between thioester and amide linkages. After incubations, delipidated proteins or GPIb complex subunits, immunoprecipitated with PG-1, AN-51 or FMC-25 monoclonal antibody, were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and assessed by fluorography. Radiolabeled fatty acids bound to GPIX and GPIb were also analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and scintillation spectrometry. With [3H]myristic acid and [3H]acetate, GPIX was found to be a major myristoylated protein in megakaryocytes and CHRF-288 cells. Myristic acid was linked to GPIX by an amide bond, and this process occurred cotranslationally. With [3H]acetate, GPIb was primarily palmitoylated, but with [3H]myristate, GPIb was acylated with about equal mounts of myristic acid and palmitic acids. Both fatty acids were linked to GPIb by thioester bonds, and acylation was posttranslational. The myristoylation of GPIX while the palmitoylation of GPIb occurred throughout megakaryocyte maturation. Myristoylation and palmitoylation may have different functions relevant to the assembly of the GPIb complex in megakaryocytes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of nuts morphology and composition of fatty acids in certain Iranian Pistacia vera L. (Anacardiaceae) cultivars

2021 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mojdeh MAHDAVI ◽  
Fariba SHARIFNIA ◽  
Fahimeh SALIMPOUR ◽  
Akbar ESMAEILI ◽  
Mohaddeseh LARYPOOR
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Pistacia Vera ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Food Industries ◽  
Nutrient Value ◽  
Press Method ◽  
Total Oil ◽  
Palmitic Acids

<p>Fruits of various Pistachio (<em>Pistacia vera</em> L.) cultivars are widely used in food industries for its inimitable color, taste and nutrient value.<strong> </strong>We elevated fruit morphology and kernel fatty acids composition of eleven Iranian cultivars of pistachio. Oils of kernels were extracted using cold press method, and composition of the oil fatty acids in the methyl ester form was detected using gas chromatography (GC). For morphological study, nine qualitative and quantitative traits were evaluated. The quantitative ones widely differed among the studied cultivars, and ANOVA test revealed the significant variations (<em>p</em> = 0.00) for all of them. Moreover, the qualitative traits varied among the cultivars. We characterized 11 fatty acid components representing about 99.56 to 100 % of the total oil composition. The principal fatty acids for all the cultivars were: oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids, while their amounts differed among the cultivars. In this regard, unsaturated fatty acids comprised the major oil part, 87.46 to 88.89 %. Oleic acid (53.11-70.99 %) and palmitic acid (9.09 to 10.55 %) were detected as the unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in all the evaluated cultivars. The quality index of oils were determined according to oleic/ linoleic acids ratio, which highly varied among the cultivars. According to UPGMA tree and PCO plot, we divided the investigated cultivars into four chemotypes, and each of them was characterized by the certain oil composition.</p>

scholarly journals Fatty Acids and Oxylipins as Antifungal and Anti-Mycotoxin Agents in Food: A Review

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 852
Author(s):  
Mei Qiu ◽  
Yaling Wang ◽  
Lijun Sun ◽  
Qi Deng ◽  
Jian Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Food Control ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi

Fungal contamination of food, especially by mycotoxigenic fungi, not only reduces the quality of the food, but can also cause serious diseases, thus posing a major food safety challenge to humans. Apart from sound food control systems, there is also a continual need to explore antifungal agents that can inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin production in food. Many types of fatty acids (FAs) and their oxidized derivatives, oxylipins, have been found to exhibit such effects. In this review, we provide an update on the most recent literature on the occurrence and formation of FAs and oxylipins in food, their effects on fungal growth and mycotoxin synthesis, as well as the genetic and molecular mechanisms of actions. Research gaps in the field and needs for further studies in order to realizing the potential of FAs and oxylipins as natural antifungal preservatives in food are also discussed.

Potassium Sorbate as a Fungistatic Agent In Country Ham Processing

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 780-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. BALDOCK ◽  
P. R. FRANK ◽  
PAUL P. GRAHAM ◽  
FRANK J. IVEY
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Sorbic Acid ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Mold Growth ◽  
Effective Level ◽  
Fungistatic Agent ◽  
Mold And Yeast

Sixty, seventy and ninety-day-old country cured hams were used to evaluate potassium sorbate as a fungistatic agent during aging and holding for market. A 1-min spray of 5% (w/v) potassium sorbate offered the lowest effective level for inhibition of fungal growth. Mold and yeast colony counts 30 days post-treatment were significantly lower than initial numbers but protection was lost by the 60th day under conditions conducive to fungal outgrowth (21 ± 5 C and 70 ± 5% relative humidity). Greater mold inhibition was noted when a 10% potassium sorbate spray was used under identical conditions. Less than 65% relative humidity inhibited mold growth on 120-day-old ham slices held at 7 C. Mold and yeast counts tended to be lower on hams treated after 60 days of processing than on hams treated after 90 days of processing. Residual concentrations of sorbic acid required to inhibit mold growth and yield an acceptable ham after 30 days storage were within the limit approved by the Food and Drug Administration for other food products.

scholarly journals Microbial Agents Causing Infective Corneal Ulcer and their Anti-microbial Susceptibility pattern

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Azima Aktar Jhuma ◽  
Md Moynul Haque ◽  
Jamil Ahmed ◽  
Shantanu Das ◽  
Tarun Kanti Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Corneal Ulcer ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Corneal Ulcers ◽  
Microbial Agents ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

This study was designed to identify the microbial agents causing infective corneal ulcer and to carry out the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated bacteria causing infective corneal ulcer. Out of 80 samples, 67 (83.75%) cases were positive by microscopy and culture. This study showed pure fungal growth in 39 (48.75%) cases, pure bacterial growth in 8 (10%) cases, mixed microbial growth (both fungi and bacteria) in 20 (25%) cases and no growth was observed in 13 (16.25%) cases. Among the fungal isolates, Aspergillus species was the leading agent detected in 37(46.3%) cases followed by Penicillium species in 7 (8.8%) instances. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common bacterial pathogen found in 11 (13.8%) cases followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis present in 9 (11.3%) cases. Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin were found to be better efficacious drugs against most of the bacterial pathogens noted in antimicrobial susceptibility test. This study showed that infective corneal ulcers are caused by both bacterial and fungal agents but fungal agents are more common. The findings of this study would help the ophthal- mologists in evidence based management of their patients of infective corneal ulcer. Bangladesh Med J. 2018 May; 47 (2): 1-6

Free fatty acid concentration and composition in arterial blood

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Rothlin ◽  
Christine B. Rothlin ◽  
Vernon E. Wendt
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Concentration ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Arterial Concentration ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Palmitic Acids

The effect of the administration of norepinephrine, glucose and insulin, pentobarbital, and Hypertensin on the arterial concentration and composition of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) has been studied in man and dog. With a rise of the FFA concentration as produced by norepinephrine, the contribution of oleic acid to the total FFA increased, while that of stearic and palmitic acids decreased. The reverse changes in the FFA composition were observed when their arterial level fell under the influence of other agents studied. The FFA composition was dependent on the FFA concentration in arterial blood, but not on the experimental condition of the subject or animal at the time of analysis. At high FFA levels, the FFA composition approached that of depot fat.

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