Effect of Ozone Treatment on the Safety and Quality of Malting Barley

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 2134-2141 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES G. DODD ◽  
ANURADHA VEGI ◽  
ASHWINI VASHISHT ◽  
DENNIS TOBIAS ◽  
PAUL SCHWARZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Malt Quality ◽  
Fusarium Infection ◽  
Gaseous Ozone ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Mold And Yeast

Molds and their mycotoxins are an expensive problem for the malting and brewing industries. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that is associated with Fusarium spp. These fungi frequently cause Fusarium head blight in wheat and barley in the midwestern region of the United States; Manitoba, Canada; Europe; and China. Barley growers and malt producers would benefit from a postharvest control method for mold growth and DON production. We evaluated the use of gaseous ozone (O3) for preventing Fusarium growth and mycotoxin production while maintaining malt quality characteristics. Micromalting was performed in three replications under standard conditions. Ozone treatment was applied to malting barley during steeping via a submerged gas sparger. Ozone treatment conditions were 26 mg/cm3 for 120 min after 2 and 6 h of steeping. The effects of gaseous ozone on DON, aerobic plate counts, Fusarium infection, and mold and yeast counts of barley throughout the malting process were measured. Various quality parameters of the malt were measured after kilning. Statistical tools were used to determine the significance of all results. Ozonation of malting barley during steeping did not lead to significant reductions in aerobic plate counts but did lead to a 1.5-log reduction in mold and yeast counts in the final malt. The influence of gaseous ozone on DON concentration was inconclusive because of the low initial concentrations of DON in the barley. Ozone significantly reduced Fusarium infection in germinated barley. Gaseous ozone did not negatively influence any aspect of malt quality and may have subtle beneficial effects on diastatic power and β-glucan concentrations.

Utilization of Gaseous Ozone for the Decontamination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on Raspberries and Strawberries

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 1093-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHERINE L. BIALKA ◽  
ALI DEMIRCI
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Foodborne Illnesses ◽  
Treatment Scenario ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gaseous Ozone ◽  
Ozone Maximum

Each year in the United States, there are approximately 76 million foodborne illnesses, and fresh produce is the second most common vehicle for such illnesses. Before going to market, small fruits are not washed or treated in any manner to extend their shelf life. Washing alone is not a viable option, and the use of novel technologies should be investigated. One such technology is ozone treatment, which has been used with drinking water since the late 19th century. The efficacy of gaseous ozone for killing pathogens on strawberries and raspberries, which were used as a model for small fruits, was investigated in this study. Strawberries and raspberries were artificially contaminated with five strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica. Fruits were treated with four ozone treatments: (i) continuous ozone flow (5%, wt/wt) for 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 min; (ii) pressurized ozone (83 kPa) for 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 min; (iii) continuous ozone (64 min) followed by pressurized ozone (64 min); and (iv) vacuum followed by 64 min of pressurized ozone. Maximum reductions for both strawberries and raspberries were achieved with the third treatment scenario. On strawberries, 2.60- and 2.96-log reductions were achieved for Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. For raspberries, 3.55- and 3.75-log reductions were achieved for Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. These results indicate that gaseous ozone should be a useful treatment for decontamination of small fruits.

scholarly journals Malting of Fusarium Head Blight-Infected Rye (Secale cereale): Growth of Fusarium graminearum, Trichothecene Production, and the Impact on Malt Quality

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Jin ◽  
James Gillespie ◽  
John Barr ◽  
Jochum Wiersma ◽  
Mark Sorrells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Malt Quality ◽  
Dna Contents ◽  
The Impact

This project was initiated with the goal of investigating the malt quality of winter rye cultivars and hybrids grown in the United States in 2014 and 2015, but high levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) were subsequently found in many of the malt samples. DON levels in 75% of the investigated rye samples (n = 117) were actually below 1.0 mg/kg, as quantified by a gas chromatography combined with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). However, 83% of the samples had DON in excess of 1.0 mg/kg following malting, and the average DON level in malted rye was 10.6 mg/kg. In addition, relatively high levels of 3-acetate DON (3-ADON), 15-acetate DON (15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), and DON-3-glucoside (D3G) were observed in some rye malts. Our results show that rye grain DON is likely a poor predicator of type B trichothecenes in malt in practice, because high levels of malt DON, 15-ADONm and D3G were produced, even when the rye samples with DON levels below 0.50 mg/kg were processed. Fusarium Tri5 DNA content in rye was highly associated with malt DON levels (r = 0.83) in a small subset of samples (n = 55). The impact of Fusarium infection on malt quality was demonstrated by the significant correlations between malt DON levels and wort viscosity, β-glucan content, wort color, wort p-coumaric acid content, and total phenolic content. Additional correlations of rye Fusarium Tri5 DNA contents with malt diastatic power (DP), wort free amino nitrogen (FAN) content, and arabinoxylan content were observed.

Evaluation of Gaseous Ozone and Hydrogen Peroxide Treatments for Reducing Fusarium Survival in Malting Barley

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1236-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
BALASUBRAHMANYAM KOTTAPALLI ◽  
CHARLENE E. WOLF-HALL ◽  
PAUL SCHWARZ
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Malt Quality ◽  
Mycotoxin Production ◽  
Gaseous Ozone ◽  
Ozone Treatments

The use of Fusarium-infected barley for malting can lead to mycotoxin production and decreased malt quality. Methods for treatment of Fusarium-infected barley might prevent these safety and quality defects and allow use of otherwise good-quality barley. Gaseous ozone and hydrogen peroxide (HP) were evaluated for effectiveness in reducing Fusarium survival while maintaining germinative energy (GE) in barley. Gaseous ozone treatments (GOT) included concentrations of 11 and 26 mg/g for 0, 15, 30, and 60 min. HP treatments included 0, 5, 10, and 15% concentrations with exposure times of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min. For GOT, in naturally Fusarium-infected barley, a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease (24 to 36%) of Fusarium survival occurred within 15 min of exposure at either concentration. GE was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by 30 min at both concentrations in naturally Fusarium-infected barley, but not in sound barley. GOT did not cause any significant (P > 0.05) effect on GE in sound barley at either concentration over the full 30-min exposure time. For HP, Fusarium survival was significantly decreased (50 to 98%) within 5 min of exposure. With the exception of two treatments (10 and 15% HP agitated for 20 min), GE was not statistically significantly different from the control in naturally Fusarium-infected barley. In sound barley, HP had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on GE. The results suggest that GOT and HP might have potential for treatment of Fusarium-infected malting barley.

BioWorma as an Aid for Controlling Ruminant Nematode Parasites

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 36-36
Author(s):  
James E Miller ◽  
Joan M Burke ◽  
Thomas H Terrill
Keyword(s):  
Delivery System ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Nematode Parasites

Abstract Nematode-trapping fungi are biological control agents used against the larval stages of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock feces. These fungi are normal soil inhabitants where they feed on a variety of non-parasitic soil nematodes. Of the various fungi tested, Duddingtonia flagrans spores (BioWorma, International Animal Health Products, Australia) have been shown to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants. After defecation, the spores germinate and grow in the feces to form sticky, sophisticated traps/loops which are able to trap the developing larval stages in the fecal environment. This form of control has been successfully applied under field conditions and is an environmentally safe biological approach for forage-based feeding systems. BioWorma has recently been approved for use in the United States. The primary delivery system is mixing BioWorma into supplement feedstuffs daily where each animal has the opportunity to consume an adequate amount of the mixture. To achieve optimum control of larvae during the transmission season (May–October), BioWorma needs to be fed for a period of no shorter than 60 days, starting at the beginning of the grazing season (especially young after weaning). Feeding BioWorma to dams during late pregnancy and lactation will also help to reduce pasture contamination, especially for growing young that will graze the same pasture. Another delivery system is mixing BioWorma into loose mineral supplement where animals will consume it free choice. The mineral needs to be kept covered and dry. The spores cannot be incorporated into pellets as the heat of the pelleting process will kill the spores. One drawback in using BioWorma is the relatively high cost. Research is being conducted to evaluate other delivery schemes that could be more cost effective. This product is the only control method that targets nematodes on pasture, where a majority of the total population reside.

scholarly journals Comparison of materials used for cleaning equipment in retail food premises, and of two methods for the enumeration of bacteria on cleaned equipment and work surfaces

1970 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Surface Sampling ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Cleaning Equipment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Self Service ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Retail Food

SUMMARYThere is no official scheme for testing disinfectants and detergent/disinfectants for use in the retail food trade and few recommended procedures have been given for the cleaning of equipment with these agents. Therefore, field trials were carried out in a large self-service store. Comparisons were made of the various cleaning efficiencies, as determined by bacterial plate counts, of detergent and disinfectant solutions and machine cleaning oils applied with either clean cloths or disposable paper towels to items of equipment. The most satisfactory results were always obtained when anionic detergent (0·75 % w/v) and hypochlorite (200 p.p.m. available chlorine) solutions were applied in a ‘two-step’ procedure.Tests were made to compare the calcium alginate swab-rinse and the agar sausage (Agaroid) techniques for the enumeration of bacteria on stainless steel, plastic, formica and wooden surfaces before and after a cleaning process. Although recovery rates were always greater by the swab-rinse technique, the agar sausage technique was considered to be a useful routine control method for surface sampling.

Evaluation of Hot Water and Electron Beam Irradiation for Reducing Fusarium Infection in Malting Barley

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1241-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
BALASUBRAHMANYAM KOTTAPALLI ◽  
CHARLENE E. WOLF-HALL ◽  
PAUL SCHWARZ ◽  
JURGEN SCHWARZ ◽  
JAMES GILLESPIE
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Beam Irradiation ◽  
Physical Methods ◽  
Fusarium Infection ◽  
Water Treatments

The use of Fusarium-infected barley for malting may lead to mycotoxin production and decreased product quality. Physical methods for the treatment of Fusarium-infected barley may prevent these safety and quality defects and allow the use of otherwise good quality barley. Hot water and electron beam irradiation were evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing Fusarium infection while maintaining germinative energy in barley samples. Hot-water treatments involved temperatures of 45, 50, 55, and 60°C and treatment times of 0, 1, 5, 10, and 15 min. Electron beam irradiation involved doses ranging from 0 to 11.4 kGy. Treatment with water at 45°C for 15 min resulted in a reduction in Fusarium infection from 32 to 1% after 15 min, with only a very slight reduction in germination. Treatment with water at 50°C for 1 min resulted in a reduction in Fusarium infection from 32 to 2%, and no effect on germination was observed for up to 5 min of treatment. At higher water temperatures, Fusarium infection was essentially eliminated, but germination was also severely reduced. Electron beam irradiation of Fusarium-infected barley reduced Fusarium infection at doses of >4 kGy, and a slight increase in germination for dry samples was observed with doses of 6 to 8 kGy. Doses of >10 kGy significantly decreased germination. Physical methods may have potential for the treatment of Fusarium-infected malting barley.

scholarly journals A Unified Effort to Fight an Enemy of Wheat and Barley: Fusarium Head Blight

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 1712-1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia McMullen ◽  
Gary Bergstrom ◽  
Erick De Wolf ◽  
Ruth Dill-Macky ◽  
Don Hershman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Food And Feed

Wheat and barley are critical food and feed crops around the world. Wheat is grown on more land area worldwide than any other crop. In the United States, production of wheat and barley contributes to domestic food and feed use, and contributes to the export market and balance of trade. Fifteen years ago, Plant Disease published a feature article titled “Scab of wheat and barley: A re-emerging disease of devastating impact”. That article described the series of severe Fusarium head blight (FHB) epidemics that occurred in the United States and Canada, primarily from 1991 through 1996, with emphasis on the unparalleled economic and sociological impacts caused by the 1993 FHB epidemic in spring grains in the Northern Great Plains region. Earlier publications had dealt with the scope and damage caused by this disease in the United States, Canada, Europe, and China. Reviews published after 1997 further described this disease and its impact on North American grain production in the 1990s. This article reviews the disease and documents the information on U.S. FHB epidemics since 1997. The primary goal of this article is to summarize a sustained, coordinated, and collaborative research program that was put in place shortly after the 1993 epidemic, a program intended to quickly lead to improved management strategies and outreach implementation. This program serves as a model to deal with other emerging plant disease threats.

scholarly journals Effects of plant growth regulator applications on malting barley in western Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 653-665
Author(s):  
B.D. Tidemann ◽  
J.T. O’Donovan ◽  
M. Izydorczyk ◽  
T.K. Turkington ◽  
L. Oatway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Malt Quality ◽  
Days To Maturity

Malting barley is important in western Canada, yet many malting cultivars do not meet malt quality standards, in part due to lodging. Lodging can decrease barley yield and quality thereby reducing the acceptability for malting. In other countries, plant growth regulator (PGR) applications are used to mitigate lodging. Chlormequat chloride (chlormequat), trinexapac-ethyl (trinexapac), and ethephon were tested at five locations over 3 yr in western Canada for their ability to limit lodging, as well as their effects on yield, agronomic traits, and pre-malt quality characteristics. PGR applications occurred between Zadoks growth stage (GS) 30–33 for chlormequat and trinexapac and GS 37–49 for ethephon. Seeding rates of 200, 300, and 400 seeds m−2 of CDC Copeland barley were used to increase the likelihood of lodging. Increased seeding rate decreased tillers per plant, height, days to maturity, kernel protein, and kernel weight. Ethephon increased the number of tillers per plant and decreased plant height, kernel plumpness, and kernel weight. Trinexapac decreased plant height and kernel weight. Days to maturity was investigated across site-years, with ethephon increasing maturity in 60% of comparisons. Trinexapac and chlormequat had limited effects on maturity. Lodging was investigated across site-years, with trinexapac showing the largest number of lodging reductions and scale of reductions. Ethephon reduced lodging in 36% of comparisons, while chlormequat had inconsistent effects. None of the products affected yield or grain protein. The results suggest PGRs may not be the solution to lodging for CDC Copeland barley on the Canadian Prairies; however, trinexapac shows the most promise of the products tested.

scholarly journals Comparative Mycotoxin Profiles of Gibberella zeae Populations from Barley, Wheat, Potatoes, and Sugar Beets

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (21) ◽  
pp. 6513-6520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishi R. Burlakoti ◽  
Shaukat Ali ◽  
Gary A. Secor ◽  
Stephen M. Neate ◽  
Marcia P. McMullen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Biosynthesis Gene ◽  
Pcr Assays

ABSTRACT Gibberella zeae is one of the most devastating pathogens of barley and wheat in the United States. The fungus also infects noncereal crops, such as potatoes and sugar beets, and the genetic relationships among barley, wheat, potato, and sugar beet isolates indicate high levels of similarity. However, little is known about the toxigenic potential of G. zeae isolates from potatoes and sugar beets. A total of 336 isolates of G. zeae from barley, wheat, potatoes, and sugar beets were collected and analyzed by TRI (trichothecene biosynthesis gene)-based PCR assays. To verify the TRI-based PCR detection of genetic markers by chemical analysis, 45 representative isolates were grown in rice cultures for 28 days and 15 trichothecenes and 2 zearalenone (ZEA) analogs were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. TRI-based PCR assays revealed that all isolates had the deoxynivalenol (DON) marker. The frequencies of isolates with the 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) marker were higher than those of isolates with the 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON) marker among isolates from all four crops. Fusarium head blight (FHB)-resistant wheat cultivars had little or no influence on the diversity of isolates associated with the 3-ADON and 15-ADON markers. However, the frequency of isolates with the 3-ADON marker among isolates from the Langdon, ND, sampling site was higher than those among isolates from the Carrington and Minot, ND, sites. In chemical analyses, DON, 3-ADON, 15-ADON, b-ZEA, and ZEA were detected. All isolates produced DON (1 to 782 μg/g) and ZEA (1 to 623 μg/g). These findings may be useful for monitoring mycotoxin contamination and for formulating FHB management strategies for these crops.

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