Porphyry (c.233–309 AD)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Siorvanes
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Living Species ◽  
The One ◽  
Ecological Preservation ◽  
Ancient Philosopher

The late ancient philosopher Porphyry was one of the founders of Neoplatonism. He edited the teachings of Plotinus into the form in which they are now known, clarified them with insights of his own and established them in the thought of his time. But, in reaction to Plotinus, he also advanced the cause of Aristotle’s philosophical logic. Indeed, Porphyry is responsible for the resurgence of interest in Aristotle, which continued to the Middle Ages and beyond. Because of Porphyry, later Greek philosophy recovered both its Platonic and its Aristotelian roots, and Neoplatonism aimed to combine inspired thought with academic precision. He was a scholar of great learning, with interests ranging from literary criticism and history to religion. An example is his defence of vegetarianism, which anticipated the modern debate on ecological preservation. Humans and animals belong to the same family. Seeking to preserve life is a matter of extending philanthropy and respect to all living species, which are our natural siblings. Ideally we ought to display ‘harmlessness’ even towards plants, except that our bodies, being composite and mortal, need to consume something else for food. Thus we should be ever conscious of the destructive effect that our eating habits and consumerism have on the creation of which we are part, and should try to keep to a simple lifestyle. Porphyry’s attention to logic, metaphysics and all other topics was driven by his firm belief that reason exercised by pure mind leads to the true essence of things, the One God. Intellectual activity detaches the soul from passions and confusions, and concentrates its activity on the real things. Porphyry attacked Christianity and Gnosticism because he thought they appealed to the irrational. Mysteries and rituals are fitted for those who are unable to practise inward contemplation. Salvation comes to those leading the life of the philosopher-priest.

The Formation of Genres in the Renaissance and After

2021 ◽  
pp. 179-193
Author(s):  
Alastair Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Print Culture ◽  
New World ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Social Basis ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
Practical Information ◽  
The One

This chapter analyses the formation of genres in the Renaissance period and after. It is true that the early modern historical context made possible the revival of several ancient genres and the fresh invention of new ones. Explorations and new world discoveries, for example, stimulated a return to classical georgic, which appealed to the appetite for practical information on the one hand and on the other for images of exotic places. Again, the development of a print culture was a prerequisite for several important kinds. For the most part, however, ‘formation’ may be misleading. The Renaissance was not always characterized by new forms; often it worked by adapting old forms or imparting to them a new spirit. The majority of the principal kinds had already been available in the Middle Ages. Occasionally, a new genre had no ancient precedent, so that one had to be faked. This was the case with the ‘poetics’ genre; its social basis was the novel activity of literary criticism. The chapter then considers genre metaphors, as well as the writing metaphor.

Bastard Feudalism and the Framing of Thirteenth-Century England

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Coss
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Work ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

In the introduction to his great work of 2005, Framing the Early Middle Ages, Chris Wickham urged not only the necessity of carefully framing our studies at the outset but also the importance of closely defining the words and concepts that we employ, the avoidance ‘cultural sollipsism’ wherever possible and the need to pay particular attention to continuities and discontinuities. Chris has, of course, followed these precepts on a vast scale. My aim in this chapter is a modest one. I aim to review the framing of thirteenth-century England in terms of two only of Chris’s themes: the aristocracy and the state—and even then primarily in terms of the relationship between the two. By the thirteenth century I mean a long thirteenth century stretching from the period of the Angevin reforms of the later twelfth century on the one hand to the early to mid-fourteenth on the other; the reasons for taking this span will, I hope, become clearer during the course of the chapter, but few would doubt that it has a validity.

scholarly journals Children, Media and Food. A New Paradigm in Food Advertising, Social Marketing and Happiness Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3588
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Elías Zambrano ◽  
Gloria Jiménez-Marín ◽  
Araceli Galiano-Coronil ◽  
Rafael Ravina-Ripoll
Keyword(s):  
Eating Habits ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Qualitative Technique ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
The One

The growing number of children who are obese or overweight in certain countries or geographical areas is a fact, as evidenced by the continuous studies and reports on the subject, endorsed or carried out by the World Health Organisation and independent research. In this context, food and beverage advertising can contribute to this. The main objective of this research is to evaluate compliance with the Food and Drink Advertising Code for Children (PAOS Code) in Spain and its relationship with nutritional habits on television, specifically on channels aimed at children. The methodology is therefore mixed: on the one hand, a qualitative technique based on discourse analysis and, on the other, a quantitative technique based on the content analysis of the advertising broadcast for seven consecutive days on three specialised channels and two generalist channels on Spanish television. The results reveal a systematic noncompliance with this code, which translates into inadequate eating habits among children. The immediate conclusion is that 9 out of 10 parts of food and drink advertising do not comply with any of the rules of the PAOS Code and that self-regulation by the advertising companies is negligible and insufficient.

School-based obesity interventions in the metropolitan area of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil: pooled analysis from five randomised studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Renata da R. M. Rodrigues ◽  
Bruna K. Hassan ◽  
Michele R. Sgambato ◽  
Bárbara da S. N. Souza ◽  
Diana B. Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Habits ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intention To Treat ◽  
School Year ◽  
School Based ◽  
Obesity Interventions ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

Abstract School-based studies, despite the large number of studies conducted, have reported inconclusive results on obesity prevention. The sample size is a major constraint in such studies by requiring large samples. This pooled analysis overcomes this problem by analysing 5926 students (mean age 11·5 years) from five randomised school-based interventions. These studies focused on encouraging students to change their drinking and eating habits, and physical activities over the one school year, with monthly 1-h sessions in the classroom; culinary class aimed at developing cooking skills to increase healthy eating and attempts to family engagement. Pooled intention-to-treat analysis using linear mixed models accounted for school clusters. Control and intervention groups were balanced at baseline. The overall result was a non-significant change in BMI after one school year of positive changes in behaviours associated with obesity. Estimated mean BMI changed from 19·02 to 19·22 kg/m2 in the control group and from 19·08 to 19·32 kg/m2 in the intervention group (P value of change over time = 0·09). Subgroup analyses among those overweight or with obesity at baseline also did not show differences between intervention and control groups. The percentage of fat measured by bioimpedance indicated a small reduction in the control compared with intervention (P = 0·05). This large pooled analysis showed no effect on obesity measures, although promising results were observed about modifying behaviours associated with obesity.

Zur Entstehung und Entwicklung des begriffes „Konzept“ in der kognitiven Semantik

2021 ◽  
pp. 251-259
Author(s):  
Nedas Jurgaitis ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Cognitive Semantics ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The One ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Linguistic Units

The present article deals with the genesis of the notion “concept” in German cognitive semantics. The aim of the study is to present the origin and development of the notion “concept” from a diachronic perspective. The genesis of the notion “concept” in linguistics, particularly cognitive semantics, is an object of discussion. It reveals a connection between ancient ideas about word meaning and trends in modern linguistics. The roots of the notion can be traced back to ancient Greek philosophy – the concept debuts as a primal notion of mental experiences in Aristotle’s writings. However, the controversial translation of ancient works leaves room for scientific discussion regarding the prototype of the notion. In the Middle Ages, the word concept originated in European languages from Latin, later establishing itself in scientific discourse through the influence of Neo-Scholasticism, Frege’s conception of logic and the semiotic triangle, as well as the principle of the arbitrariness of linguistic signs. Finally, the notion concept gains importance in the transition from objective to the subjective perception of the meaning of linguistic units (the shift from structuralism to cognitivism) and becomes under the influence of cognitive psychology, the central term in cognitive linguistics in the 1970s and 1980s. The unconventional use of the notion in linguistic studies, on the one hand, makes meta-analyses of the semantics of certain concepts more difficult; on the other hand, it favours disciplinary and methodological diversity in today’s linguistic research.

A review: Nidan panchak in Ayurveda

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pravin A. Tangade
Keyword(s):  
Eating Habits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Important Method ◽  
The People ◽  
Examination Methods ◽  
The One

There are many ways of diagnosis in Ayurveda but one of them is Nidan panchak . Nidan panchak is the one of the most important method to diagnose disease, its causes and prognosis. Nidan panchak is consist of five sub types which are Nidan  (causes), Purvroop  (symptoms), Roop (signs), Upshaya  (examination methods) and Samprati  (pathogensis). The diagnosis of disease in Ayurveda is done by Prakriti of the patient. Prakriti of the patient depends on the Dosha  (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) Diagnosis of disease depends on Tridoshas which are Vata, Pitta, Kapha. By the imbalance of these Tridoshas disease occurs in the body. These imbalances in the body Doshas is due to lifestyle, diet and eating habits of the people. Diagnosis is the important component for the treatment of disease. In Ayurveda there are many techniques other than Nidan panchak which are used for the diagnosis of the disease they are Naadi pareeksha, Dashvidh pareeksha, Asthvidh pareeksha but in this article importance of Nidan panchak is explained.

The Oxford Handbook of Quintilian

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Programme ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Visual And Performing Arts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of

M. Fabius Quintilianus was a prominent orator, declaimer, and teacher of eloquence in the first century ce. After his retirement he wrote the Institutio oratoria, a unique treatise in Antiquity because it is a handbook of rhetoric and an educational treatise in one. Quintilian’s fame and influence are not only based on the Institutio, but also on the two collections of Declamations which were attributed to him in late Antiquity. The Oxford Handbook of Quintilian aims to present Quintilian’s Institutio as a key treatise in the history of Graeco-Roman rhetoric and its influence on the theory and practice of rhetoric and education, from late Antiquity until the present day. It contains chapters on Quintilian’s educational programme, his concepts and classifications of rhetoric, his discussion of the five canons of rhetoric, his style, his views on literary criticism, declamation, and the relationship between rhetoric and law, and the importance of the visual and performing arts in his work. His huge legacy is presented in successive chapters devoted to Quintilian in late Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance, Northern Europe during the Renaissance, Europe from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century, and the United States of America. There are also chapters devoted to the biographical tradition, the history of printed editions, and modern assessments of Quintilian. The twenty-one authors of the chapters represent a wide range of expertise and scholarly traditions and thus offer a unique mixture of current approaches to Quintilian from a multidisciplinary perspective.

Two Hiberno-Latin Texts on the Gospels

Traditio ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 387-401
Author(s):  
Robert E. McNally
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Latin Literature ◽  
Biblical Exegesis ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Isidore Of Seville ◽  
Clear Insight ◽  
Venerable Bede ◽  
Alcuin Of York ◽  
Insight Into

The two texts presented here as a contribution to Hiberno-Latin literature are only a fragment of the still unedited Bible commentaries which came forth from the Irish Bible Schools of the Early Middle Ages. These two pieces are valuable sources for the development of biblical exegesis in the pre-Carolingian age, which, except for the accomplishment of the Venerable Bede (d. 735), is distinguished neither for the richness nor the depth of its theological writing. The years between the death of St. Isidore of Seville (d. 636) and Alcuin of York (d. 804) were dominated by the intellectual activity of the Irish monks, whose reputation for learning was mainly founded on their Bible scholarship. But the fruit of this scholarship is not well known. Though the two texts edited below do not represent all the intellectual factors involved in the biblical exegesis of the ancient schools of Ireland, they do reflect the spirit and method of these schools; and they do afford a clear insight into the cultural problem of the development of medieval exegesis at its earliest stage.

Aristotle's Unmoved Movers

Traditio ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Merlan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Picture ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Concentric Spheres ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Middle Ages

According to Aristotle all heavenly movement is ultimately due to the activity of forty-seven (or fifty-five) ‘unmoved movers'. This doctrine is highly remarkable in itself and has exercised an enormous historical influence. It forms part of a world-picture the outlines of which are as follows. The universe consists of concentric spheres, revolving in circles. The outermost of these bears the fixed stars. The other either bear planets or, insofar as they do not, contribute indirectly to the movements of the latter. Each sphere is moved by the one immediately surrounding it, but also possesses a movement of its own, due to its mover, an unmoved, incorporeal being. (It was these beings which the schoolmen designated as theintelligentiae separatae.) The seemingly irregular movements of the planets are thus viewed as resulting from the combination of regular circular revolutions. The earth does not move and occupies the centre of the universe. Such was Aristotle's astronomic system, essential parts of which were almost universally adopted by the Arabic, Jewish, and Christian philosophers of the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals MEDICAL COLLEGE STUDENTS HEALTH CHANGES DURING THE STUDY PERIOD

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 348
Author(s):  
Rita Geske ◽  
Alevtīna Leice ◽  
Iveta Strode ◽  
Maira Lāce
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Medical College ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Lipid Parameters

The goal of this research is to analyze the change of students’ physical health during the one year of studies in context of lifestyle. The research participants were 103 Medical College’s students aged 19 to 56 years. All tests, measurements and questionnaires were done at falls of 2015 and 2016. Students’ physical health was evaluated in accordance with Apanasenko’s methods based on investigative anthropometric and functional testing measurements. These measurements included body mass index, lungs vital capacity, strength index, Robinson index and Recovery Heart Rate. Students’ lifestyle habits were determined with the help of questionnaire that included question groups regarding the self-evaluation of health status, health problems and illnesses, eating habits, and physical activities. During the research, lipid parameters in blood were also measured determining the total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

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