‘First Generation’ Romantic Poets

Author(s):  
Sally Bushell

This short film introduces students to the concept of two generations in the Romantic period. It considers why this might be the case for this period of literature when it is not for others, proposing three reasons: the relative brevity of the period, the effect of a period of war followed by peace, the division of major male writers into these two groups. The second half of the film then focusses on the First Generation and the contemporary concept of “the Lake School”. This relates primarily to William Wordsworth and his decision to write in withdrawal from the world in the North of England. Core principles of British Romanticism are articulated by him – that poetry is of the people and in the language of the people and that it is fundamentally expressive. Wordsworth was joined in the lakes by Coleridge and Southey, allowing these poets to be called “The Lake School”. However, these principles were not universally accepted and Francis Jeffrey (editor of The Edinburgh Review) took every opportunity to attack them.

1961 ◽  
Vol 107 (449) ◽  
pp. 795-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Prince

Witchcraft, the extra-natural interference in the welfare of the community by women, has long since ceased to be a source of major concern in Western society. In many other areas of the world, however, the witch remains a very active and vital image in the consciousness of the people, This is certainly true for the Yoruba*—a negro group occupying large areas of Nigeria, Dahomey and Togoland along the north-west coast of Africa. With the Yoruba (irrespective of his social level, religion or education), belief in the witch and in her powers is all but universal.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-21
Author(s):  
Marina Vasilevna Kutsaeva

The article deals with the problem of maintaining and preserving Mari ethnic culture in the conditions of an internal diaspora. The purpose of the article is to identify the conditions for maintaining and to determine the prospects for preserving Moscow Maris’ ethnic culture in Moscow’s multicultural urban space. Methods. In 2019–2021, the author of the article conducted a sociolinguistic survey in the Mari diaspora of the Moscow region; the selective sample includes 106 respondents (100 respondents belong to the first generation of the Mari diaspora, six to the second). One of the aspects of the survey was to study markers of ethnic identity in two generations of the diaspora. Results. The results, obtained in the interviews, reveal that Mari culture (knowledge and observance of Mari traditions and customs) is one of the key markers of ethnic identity in the first generation (coming only third after the small homeland and the Mari language markers). Respondents in the second generation demonstrate remnant knowledge of ethnic cultural practices due to a weak intergenerational transmission of the Mari language. The author concludes that in order to preserve ethnic traditions and customs in the diaspora, it is extremely important to maintain an ethnic language; at the same time, as the world practice of revitalizing minority languages shows, ethnic culture can be viewed as a source of initiation into an ethnic language, and later become a channel for its maintenance.


2020 ◽  
pp. 16-70
Author(s):  
Marijn S. Visscher

The chapter considers the geographical literature of early Seleucid writers. It is argued that the first generation of Seleucid geographers appropriated the eastern regions of the Seleucid Empire with their works, often prioritizing useful political narratives over geographical accuracy. As literature, these works seem inexorably linked to the ambition of the early Seleucid court, especially its desire to assert its dominance over vast and previously unchartered territories. Patrocles, for instance, wrote a description of the coastal regions of the Caspian Sea and the Asian river system, parts of which appear to be pure invention. However, his puzzling claims evoked the image of a world empire stretching as far as the edge of the Ocean, bolstering the prestige of the Seleucids. Another work on the north-eastern regions of the empire, by Demodamas, establishes an image of transcendental rule, an image which he anchors in a specifically Hellenistic view of the succession of empires. Thirdly, Megasthenes used his Indica to convey the idea of imperial domination through knowledge, expressed in a colonial key and backed up by targeted cultural reimaginations and precise measurements. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the challenge to Seleucid geography from Alexandria in the form of Eratosthenes, who overturned the Seleucid knowledge of Asia and India while reflecting a distinctly Ptolemaic view of the world.


Author(s):  
Галина Викторовна Сёмина

В статье автор исходит из понимания феномена культуры (как в искусстве, так и в философии) как культуры, способной жить и развиваться только в одновременном диалоге с другими культурами, который В.С. Библер назвал «культурологическим парадоксом». В процессе проведенного исследования выстроено понимание того, что культура есть мир «вещей», основанный на диалоге их создателей не только с людьми настоящего, но и с последующими поколениями, так как рассказывают потомкам о мировоззрении прошедшей эпохи, о ценностях культуры предков, о мировидении создателей произведений. Автор считает этот аспект достаточно важным и значимым для решения проблем по дальнейшему сохранению культурного наследия народов Северного Кавказа в глобализирующемся мире, стремящемся к всеобщей унификации и нивелирующим тем самым самобытность культур этносов. Культурфилософский анализ предметов как «вещей» способствует выявлению их смыслов, несущих на себе печать человека как homo faber, как созерцателя и как пользователя, которому не только открыто их предназначение, но и без которого в принципе невозможно их существование. В качестве примера рассмотрены узорные карачаево-балкарские ковры - кийизы. Проведена сравнительная параллель между возможными интерпретациями орнаментальных мотивов жыйгыч кийизов - узких полосок, покрывавших полки в патриархальных жилищах этих этносов, и предполагаемым диалогом с Другим. Материал дает основание сделать вывод о том, что эти ковры-занавеси «читаются» по типу «культурного текста» - неких закодированных таким образом посланий предков. In the paper, the author proceeds from the understanding of the phenomenon of culture (both in art and in philosophy), as a culture capable of living and developing only in a simultaneous dialogue with other cultures, which V.S. Bibler called "a cultural paradox". In the process of the study, the understanding is built that culture is a world of "things", basing on the dialogue of their creators not only with the people of the present, but also with subsequent generations. They tell descendants about the worldview of the past era, about the values of ancestral culture, about the worldview of the creators of works. The author considers this aspect important and significant enough to solve the problems of further preserving the cultural heritage of the peoples of the North Caucasus in a globalizing world, striving for universal unification and thereby leveling the identity of ethnic cultures. Cultural-philosophical analysis of objects as "things" helps to identify their meanings, bearing the stamp of a human being, as a homo faber, as a contemplator and as a user, to whom not only their purpose is open, but also without which, in principle, their existence is impossible. The patterned Karachay-Balkarian rugs - kiyizes - are considered as an example. A comparative parallel was drawn between possible interpretations of the ornamental motifs of the zhyigych kiyizes -narrow strips covering shelves in the patriarchal dwellings of these ethnic groups, and the alleged dialogue with the Other. The material gives reason to conclude that these curtain rugs are "read" according to the type of "cultural text" which is a kind of coded message from the ancestors.


Al-Burz ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-56
Author(s):  
Gheyas-uddin Siddiqui ◽  
Zubair Ahmed Siddiqui

After 9/11 the rapid geopolitical changes took place in the world scenario. Being an alliance of super power Afghanistan and Pakistan particularly the province of Balochsitan has been affected deficiently. The people are very much enthusiastic to know about the people and culture of Balochistan. Balochistan’s history dates back with Mehrgarh civilization, which is 10,000 years old. So far, socially and culturally it is very rich. Various ethnic groups, languages, dress, food, living style etc. have developed a colorful cultural in the area. Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan spreads over 347,190 sq Km, and the population is around seventy five million, which is about 5% of the country. It has thus the unique characteristics having the largest area and least density Province of Pakistan. It is bordered with three provinces of the country, Iran and Afghanistan on the North West. Balochistan has an interesting topography of widespread high mountainous ranges, vast plain land and the largest coastal belt of the country, The climate is temperate along the coast. The in land deserts and arid zones are hot, while the mountains region is cold. In this research paper the traditional norms values and culture those are under practice with in their tribal laws are discussed, to give a clear picture about Balochistan, its people and culture.


Author(s):  
Gerard Toal

The Georgian Military Assault on Tskhinval(i) began with an artillery barrage by truck-mounted Grad missiles that rained down in a largely indiscriminate manner on the urban area. OSCE monitors in the city counted rounds exploding at intervals of fifteen to twenty seconds. Then Georgian forces began a ground offensive. Scores were killed, mostly civilians but also combatants and, significantly, Russian soldiers serving as peacekeepers. Those wounded were taken to make­shift basement “hospitals” as fighting raged on the streets above them. Many bled to death. Inal Pliyev’s initial claim, made in the fog of war, that two thousand civilians died proved to be more than a tenfold exaggeration, but it was his number that traveled around the world before any verifiable body count got underway. And attached to the false number was the disputatious charge of “genocide” from the script of the conflict already written by the Ossetian authorities. News of the Georgian attack and Russian response reached Beijing (four hours ahead of Tbilisi), where U.S. president George W. Bush was standing in a line of visiting dignitaries in the Great Hall of the People to greet President Hu Jintao. A few places ahead of him was Vladimir Putin. They briefly talked, and when Bush returned to his hotel he placed a call to President Dmitry Medvedev. Medvedev, according to Bush, was angry and charged that Mikheil Saakashvili was a war criminal responsible for the deaths of more than fifteen hundred civilians as well as Russian peacekeepers. Bush told Medvedev that the United States was concerned about the “disproportionality” of the Russian response, adding, “We are going to be with them.” In his memoir Bush recounts how he sought de-escalation while wondering if Russia would have been as aggressive if the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) had approved Georgia’s Membership Action Plan (MAP) application. Later, at the Opening Ceremony of the Olympics, Bush was in the same row as Putin and asked those in between to shift seats so they could speak. Through a translator Putin also described Saakashvili as a war criminal.


Author(s):  
Burkhan A. Berberov ◽  

Introduction. The riddle which reflects the world outlook of the people is a popular genre in the Karachay-Balkar folklore. However, the richest materials collected over decades have not been studied so far. The present study aims at examining the history and poetics of the Karachay-Balkar riddle drawing on the works of leading foreign and Russian theorists. This has involved i) the discussion of the socio-cultural factors that were conducive to the emergence of the genre, ii) the description of the five principal thematic circles, iii) the analysis of the key structural formulas of the Karachay-Balkar riddle, and iv) the description of the expressive language of the puzzle. Data and research methods. Academic collections, including pre-revolutionary sources, were used as the database for the research, which involved comparative-historical, system-structural, semiotic, textological, and analytical methods. Results. The Karachay-Balkar puzzle may be seen as a bilateral artistic subculture, with one side facing the archetypal invariant, and the other characterized by variability, granted the historical and geographical contexts, the landscape of the North Caucasus, the life, and the culture of the highlanders. The conceptualization of the world in riddles involves five main ontological conceptual spheres: anthropocentric, ethnocultural, natural, cosmogonic, mental, and ethical. The riddle images are most often associated with ethnically marked objects. The distinct character of the Karachay-Balkar riddle is due to frequent use of rhymed poetic forms, verse formulas, proper names, as well as to a wealth of their expressive devices (metaphor, comparison, alliteration, antithesis, sarcasm, and humor). Also, the riddles have a great pedagogical potentiality. Conclusions. The analysis of the Karachay-Balkar riddles resulted in identifying the distinct features in the conceptualizations of the world by the North Caucasian highlanders, as well as in drawing a picture of their values in the material and spiritual spheres.


2017 ◽  
pp. 212-218
Author(s):  
Divyeshkumar Bhatt

Canada, the land of multiculturalism, is the land of greater diversities and the specter of vivid cultures and people from diverse roots who have made it their home. The entire cultural scenario of Canadian culture presents the multi faceted cultural fusions. Even etymologically, the term „Canada‟ itself has the roots in St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata which means „village‟ or „settlement‟. It is one of the world‟s most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations. Since the establishment of the European settlement by Samuel de Chaplain in 1603, Canada has remained a queer attraction and destination for the people of foreign lands all across the world for one or another reasons. Beginning with the French and English dominative influences, Canadian artistic and cultural pool has evolved its own unique artistic legacies through the fusion and co-existence of mosaic variety of different cultures of people who practiced their own traditions along with the impact of their life stories on the Canadian lands. The works of South Asian creative writers display a rich arena of diverse sensibilities. In the penning practices of some of them one finds a great attachment with their home land and the strong connect with the native milieu and the avid struggles in the land far from the home site finds clear expression. Such writings are critically branded as the Diaspora Writings. This paper tries to evaluate on the compare and contrast basis the thematic patterns of the two generations of Indian origin creative writers Uma Parameswaran and Rupi Kaur. The researcher finds a queer interest in weighing the ways both the female creative writers‟ unique style of dealing with their feministic approach in that the researcher finds clearly embossed the societal versus individual gaze. In particular, where the senior one tries to explore the foreign terrains with the strong attachments with the home land and her relations with the other members of society, the junior remains confided within individualistic one-to-one relations with a liberalistic vein from the male dominance.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-296
Author(s):  
Amran Nur Amran ◽  
Ismail Rahman

Hiri Island is located in the north of Ternate Island, internet access on the island is still lacking. This has an impact on the lack of information obtained by the people on Hiri Island, including information about the Covid-19 outbreak. the world health organization (WHO) stated that on January 30, 2020, the world had a Corona Virus Pandemic (Covid-19). Hiri Island has a variety of plants, so it is necessary to provide counseling to the community in the area regarding the use of natural ingredients as a traditional medicine in preventing transmission of the coronavirus, as well as providing information about the process of transmission of the virus, one of which transmission media is through hands. So it is necessary to make a handwashing product (hand sanitizer) to prevent transmission of the virus through hand media. In the implementation of the service, there was a change in the method, which initially socialization by gathering the community was changed to direct distribution of hand sanitizers as well as a short explanation to the public about the importance of hand hygiene and the importance of maintaining health by utilizing herbal medicines around the community.


1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Katharine P. Riddle

The year 1965 was the year when the American Protestant churches, almost with one voice, declared intolerable the fact that more than half the people of the world live in perpetual hunger.1 Although the North Atlantic countries – predominantly Christian — enjoy a standard of living and a level of economic affluence unprecedented in history, hunger is still on the increase in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The brutal disparity between the “haves” and the “have-nots” is an offense to the Christian conscience. This situation caused the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. to call on its “Division of Overseas Ministries to press on with its analysis of United States church programs abroad with the view of making recommendations as to how the churches may, more effectively and more ecumenically, play their proper role in meeting the needs of the hungry.”2 In response to this mandate, a survey3 was conducted during 1965 by two agencies of the Division of Overseas Ministries, the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Life (CARL) and Church World Service. This article is based on the findings and recommendations that resulted from the survey and on the guidelines for future programming suggested by it.


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