PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PROXIMATE ANALYSES OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA A. JUSS

Plant chemicals abound in different parts of plants, in different compositions. Thus, the comparative screening of the leaf, stem-bark and root of Azadirachta Indica becomes imperative. The presence of nine phytochemicals which include; Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Glycosides, Phenols, Steroids, Tannins, Reducing sugars and Anthraquinones, and the quantity of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and glycoside in the leaf, stem-bark and root of Azadirachta indica were investigated. The plant parts were collected from a plantation grown in Okpotegu Echara, Ikwo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Plant samples were air dried at room temperature, ground into uniform powder, sieved, bottled and labeled, ready for physico – chemical analysis. Results of the investigation revealed that anthraquinones were beyond detection limits in all the plant parts tested in both ethanol and aqueous extracts. Alkaloids were not detectable in leaf, stem-bark and root samples of aqueous extract. Glycosides were not detectable in leaf sample of ethanol and aqueous extracts. Quantitatively, the phytochemical compositions of each part showed higher concentrations of Alkaloids in the leaf, stem-bark and root (11.63%, 4.93% and 3.79%), compared to flavonoids (2.19%, 2.72% and 0.92%), saponins (0.70%, 1.12% and 0.44%), tannins (0.33 mg/100, 0.50mg/100 and 0.17mg/100) and glycosides (0.23%, 0.27% and 0.19%), respectively. Obviously, except for the higher percentage (11.63%) of alkaloids in the leaf, the phytochemicals in the stem-bark are higher as shown by the results, which could support the reason that the bark is preferably chewed commonly together with the stem as chew stick for its germicidal and antifungal action.

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Physicochemical, Druggable, ADMET Pharmacoinformatics and Therapeutic Potentials of Azadirachtin - a Prenol Lipid (Triterpenoid) from Seed Oil Extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics ◽

10.22270/jddt.v11i5.4981 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 33-46

Author(s):

T. Loganathan ◽

A. Barathinivas ◽

C. Soorya ◽

S. Balamurugan ◽

T. G. Nagajothi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Pharmacological Properties ◽

Plant Parts ◽

Plant Seeds ◽

Neem Seed Oil ◽

Oil Extract ◽

Bioactive Secondary Metabolite ◽

Different Parts

Azadirachtin (AZA) is the most abundant bioactive secondary metabolite (BASM) in neem seed oil extract (NSOE) of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. AZA is localised in different parts of the plant (seeds, fruits, flowers, leaves, stem, bark and root) however, with varying degree of concentration. It has been documented that maximum concentration of AZA is present to the tune of 48000 μg g-1 in the seeds. It has been established that the environmental conditions determines the overall content and composition of BASM in different parts of the plant. Neem plant parts are most commonly used as therapeutic agents in remote villages in India for its ethnomedicinal therapeutic potentials; however, its physicochemical, druggable and pharmacological properties inadequately described. In the present study an attempt has been made to evaluate the physicochemical, druggable and pharmacological properties of Azadirachtin in NSOE of A. indica from ADMET perspectives. Keywords: NEEM; Azadirachta indica; Azadirachtin; Pharmacoinformatics; ADMET; Drug-Likeness; Toxicology

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Endogenous GA3 levels of artichoke plants: At different parts and various developmental stage

Planta Medica ◽

10.1055/s-0032-1320835 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 78 (11) ◽

Author(s):

N Ercan ◽

F Ayar-Şensoy

Keyword(s):

Developmental Stage ◽

Different Parts

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Antibacterial activity of wood vinegars from Tamarindus indica, Mangifera indica and Azadirachta indica

10.1055/s-0039-3399954 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

P Kupittayanant ◽

P Lohtongkam

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

Tamarindus Indica

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Traditional, Pharmacological and Patenting Potential of Neem (Azadirachta indica): A Review

Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences ◽

10.32463/rphs.2017.v03i04.20 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 383-391

Author(s):

Mohd Asif Khan ◽

Shashi Bhooshan Tiwari ◽

Himanshu Gupta ◽

Huma Noor

Keyword(s):

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Indian Subcontinent ◽

National Academy Of Sciences ◽

Neem Tree ◽

Commercial Plant ◽

Pharmacological Potential ◽

Pharmacologically Active ◽

In The Beginning ◽

Prevention And Cure ◽

Academy Of Sciences

Since ancient time, herbal drugs were highly used in the prevention and cure of various human illnesses. In India, Azadirachta indica being commonly known as Neem or Margosa is one of the multi-functional trees; belonging to Meliaceae family. In 1992, the US National Academy of Sciences was published a report entitled ‘Neem- a tree for solving global problems’. It is still considered as ‘village dispensary’ throughout the India. There are two species of Azadirachta which have been investigated; Azadirachta indica that is found in the Indian subcontinent and Azadirachta excelsa Kack that is homegrown to Indonesia and Philippines. A large number of pharmacologically active substances have been identified and isolated from the different parts of neem including azadirachtin, meliacin, gedunin, salanin, nimbin, valassin and various other components which are derived from these main compounds. Many different studies have been evaluated and authenticated for its various traditional and pharmacological activities like itching, leprosy, wound healing, spermicidal, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antidiabetic and analgesic etc. In the beginning of 1979, patenting on neem was started by CSIR to separate the active compounds from neem oil. Its great implantation fights with soil erosion, global warming, deforestations and desertification world-wide. In 2002, World Neem Conference raised the neem tree as an industrial or commercial plant. This review is going to explore comprehensively; traditional, pharmacological potential along with patenting, environmental & industrial significant of various parts of neem tree with safety concerns.

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PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND LARVICIDAL EFFECT EVALUATION OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA (L) LEAF EXTRACT ON DERMESTES MACULATUS (DE GEER, 1774) INFESTATION OF SMOKED CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822)

FUDMA Journal of Sciences ◽

10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-89 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 41-45

Author(s):

Sadam Sulaiman Indabo ◽

Rufai Zakari

Keyword(s):

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Standard Procedure ◽

Clarias Gariepinus ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Range Finding ◽

Dermestes Maculatus ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Fish Samples ◽

Initial Source

Dermestes maculatus is a major pest of stored fish in Nigeria, fish is preserved with highly persistent synthetic chemicals. There have been an increasing effort at developing plant-based toxicants that are environmentally friendly. Therefore, this study was conducted to screen the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica for phytochemical constituents. The efficacy of the methanolic leaf extract of the plant against D. maculatus was also evaluated. The leaves of A. indica were obtained, processed and taken to laboratory for methanolic extraction. Phytochemical screening was carried out to identify saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, glycosides, triterpenes and carbohydrates using standard procedure. Both clean and infested samples of smoke-dried Clarias gariepinus were purchased from Sabon Gari Market, Zaria. The infested samples were used as initial source of D. maculatus larvae. Range finding test was carried out prior to the bioassay. During the bioassay, clean un-infested fish samples were weighed and introduced into kilner jars and respective dosages of 0.2g, 0.4g, 0.6g and 0.8g of extract were added. Another set of fish samples without the extract were maintained as control. The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design with three replicates. Fifteen larvae of D. maculatus were introduced into both treated and control containers and covered. Mortality was recorded after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Data obtained revealed an increase in mortality with increasing dose and time. Mortality ranged from 1.67 to 11.00. Therefore, leaf extract of A. indica should be incorporated in the development of larvicide against D. maculatus.

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Track 2.b Introduction: Design & Democracy

Conference Proceedings of the Academy for Design Innovation Management ◽

10.33114/adim.2019.2b ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 213

Author(s):

Virginia TASSINARI ◽

Ezio MANZINI ◽

Maurizio TELI ◽

Liesbeth HUYBRECHTS

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Design Research ◽

Core Theme ◽

The Past ◽

Noam Chomsky ◽

Local Contexts ◽

Democratic Discourse ◽

Different Parts

The issue of design and democracy is an urgent and rather controversial one. Democracy has always been a core theme in design research, but in the past years it has shifted in meaning. The current discourse in design research that has been working in a participatory way on common issues in given local contexts, has developed an enhanced focus on rethinking democracy. This is the topic of some recent design conferences, such PDC2018, Nordes2017 and DRS2018, and of the DESIS Philosophy Talk #6 “Regenerating Democracy?” (www.desis-philosophytalks.org), from which this track originates. To reflect on the role and responsibility of designers in a time where democracy in its various forms is often put at risk seems an urgent matter to us. The concern for the ways in which the democratic discourse is put at risk in many different parts of the word is registered outside the design community (for instance by philosophers such as Noam Chomsky), as well as within (see for instance Manzini’s and Margolin’s call Design Stand Up (http://www.democracy-design.org). Therefore, the need to articulate a discussion on this difficult matter, and to find a common vocabulary we can share to talk about it. One of the difficulties encountered for instance when discussing this issue, is that the word “democracy” is understood in different ways, in relation to the traditions and contexts in which it is framed. Philosophically speaking, there are diverse discourses on democracy that currently inspire design researchers and theorists, such as Arendt, Dewey, Negri and Hardt, Schmitt, Mouffe, Rancière, Agamben, Rawls, Habermas, Latour, Gramsci, whose positions on this topic are very diverse. How can these authors guide us to further articulate this discussion? In which ways can these philosophers support and enrich design’s innovation discourses on design and democracy, and guide our thinking in addressing sensitive and yet timely questions, such as what design can do in what seems to be dark times for democracy, and whether design can possibly contribute to enrich the current democratic ecosystems, making them more strong and resilient?

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In Quest of a Second Boom

Contemporary Arab Affairs ◽

10.1525/caa.2018.000015 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1-2) ◽

pp. 257-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shirzad Azad

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

Middle East ◽

Crucial Role ◽

Gulf Cooperation Council ◽

East Region ◽

Personal Motivation ◽

Policy Measures ◽

The Republic ◽

Middle East Region ◽

Different Parts

In spite of her troubled presidency at home and premature, ignominious exit from power, Park Geun-hye made serious attempts to bolster the main direction of the Republic of Korea’s (ROK) foreign policy toward the Middle East. A collaborative drive for accomplishing a new momentous boom was by and large a dominant and recurring theme in the Park government’s overall approach to the region. Park enjoyed both personal motivation as well as politico-economic justifications to push for such arduous yet potentially viable objective. Although the ROK’s yearning for a second boom in the Middle East was not ultimately accomplished under the Park presidency, nonetheless, the very aspiration played a crucial role in either rekindling or initiating policy measures in South Korea’s orientation toward different parts of a greater Middle East region, extending from the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to Morocco.

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