scholarly journals The testosterone barrier in sport

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl Sánchez García
Keyword(s):  
Women Athletes ◽  
Normal Condition ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
High Level ◽  
Process Sociology

World Athletics (formerly known as IAAF) has recently published the eligibility regulations for female classification that apply to running events from 400 meters up to the mile. The regulations have prevented some elite women athletes with DSD (Difference of Sexual Development) to compete or have made some of them to change their preferred running event in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. According to World Athletics, female hyperandrogenism (a biological anomaly that naturally produces a high level of testosterone) must be in some way “compensated” to respect the fair play of the competition. Nonetheless, such argument rests upon a problematic assumption: hyperandrogenic women are not “natural” women —at least when it comes to compete in sports— so their “not-normal” condition must be fixed to meet the standards. Norbert Elias’s process-sociology helps to place the case of hyperandrogenic sportswomen within a broader context of power relations. In this fashion, we see that the case becomes problematic because these women athletes are perceived as a threat/disruption of one of the vertebral categories of sport: sex/gender. The testosterone barrier is to sex/gender what the colour barrier was to race in sports: a disciplinary strategy to maintain what is considered the “natural” sports categories of a certain era.

Bracketed Morality in Sport

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-45
Author(s):  
Visnja Djordjic
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Moral Integrity ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Moral Atmosphere ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Behavior

Summary Although sport can promote moral values and prosocial behavior in youth, numerous research shows that sports engagement alone does not guarantee that outcome. Instead of striving for fair-play and sport excellence which not exclude justness, solidarity and moral integrity, contemporary sport frequently follows the Lombardian ethic, where „winning isn’t everything, it’s the only thing”. Moral pause or bracketed morality, as described in sport, refers to the phenomenon of tolerance and acceptance of aggressive behavior or cheating, that will be morally condemned outside sports arenas. Accordingly, lower levels of moral reasoning and behavior have been identified in athletes and non-athletes in the sports-related situation in comparison to other life situations; in athletes when compared to non-athletes, in more experienced athletes, high-level athletes, team-sport athletes, and male athletes. Moral reasoning and behavior of athletes are influenced by contextual and personal factors, with coaches having a particularly important role to play. The positive influence of sport on the moral development of athletes might be related to pre-service and in-service education of coaches how to develop adequate moral atmosphere, and how to plan for moral decision-making as an integral part of everyday practice.

The Awkwardness of Australian Engagement with Asia: The Dilemmas of Australian Idea of Regionalism

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
BAOGANG HE
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Full Member ◽  
Regional Institutions ◽  
International Power ◽  
Asian Context ◽  
High Level ◽  
Pacific Community

AbstractAustralia has experienced difficulties engaging with Asia-Pacific regional integration. Despite Australian attempts to punch above its weight in regional forums and to be a regional leader, it is still not regarded as a full member or as quite fitting into the region. It is an ‘awkward partner’ in the Asian context, and has experienced the ‘liminality’ of being neither here nor there. The former Rudd government's proposal for an ‘Asia Pacific Community’ (APC) by the year 2020 was a substantive initiative in Australia's ongoing engagement with Asia. It has, however, attracted a high level of criticism both at home and abroad. The main critical analysis of the proposal has focused on institutional building or architecture, or its relationship with existing regional institutions, but overlooks a host of often fraught questions about culture, norms, identities, and international power relations. The APC concept needs to be scrutinized in terms of these questions with a critical eye. This paper examines the cultural, cognitive, and normative dimensions of Rudd's proposal. It analyses four dilemmas or awkward problems that the APC faces.

scholarly journals Timeless evolution of walking and pace strategy of women’s race walking

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 278-284
Author(s):  
Panagiotα Fitili ◽  
Vasilios Giovanis
Keyword(s):  
Women Athletes ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Pace Strategy ◽  
Pacing Strategy ◽  
Race Walking ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

Background and Study Aim. The purpose of this research was to study the timeline evolution of walking, as well as the Pacing Strategy Profiles of high-level women in the 20 km of race walking. Material: The practical example of applying the theoretical basis was made during the Women’s Greek Championship (Megara 2016), in which 12 athletes aged 19 to 40 participated (28.50 ± 7.20). Material and Methods. The certified distance of the 20km route was divided into 10 sections of 2 km each. The same happened with the times (intermediate, final) corresponding to the individual sections (2 km) of the route. The athletes were divided into 4 groups: the first 3, those who finished 15% slower than the first, those who finished 15% - 30% slower, and those who finished more than 30% slower than the winner. Finally became comparison of the first 6 and last 6 athletes’ groups. Results. The individual pace strategies that describe the tactics of the athletes in this race have been calculated. It was found that the winners of the race used Even Pacing Strategy, maintaining a steady speed on most of the route. As the level of women athletes became lower, Variable Pacing Strategy was used, while the athletes who finished last did not seem to be able to maintain any particular pacing strategy. Conclusions. It is suggested that athletes should follow Even Pacing Strategy during the race in order to improve their performance.

Bioethics and Graduate Medical Education: The Great Match

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNETH V. ISERSON
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Graduate Medical Education ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Graduate Medical ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Level

Given the money, prestige and power at stake in high-level sports, ethical lapses are hardly surprising. Nor are the rules, people, and organizations we entrust to punish infractions and ensure fair play. Similarly, the high stakes involved in medical education invite ethical slips. Yet, there are not only few referees in this all-important “game,” but also the subject itself has been almost entirely off-limits in the academic literature.

Psychological and Sport-Specific Characteristics of Football Players

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (5_suppl) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid Junge ◽  
Jiri Dvorak ◽  
Dieter Rosch ◽  
Toni Graf-Baumann ◽  
Jiri Chomiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Anger Expression ◽  
The State ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Competitive Anxiety ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
High Level

It is hypothesized that players of different levels of play might differ not only in their football skills but also in their way of playing football and with respect to psychological factors such as concentration, reaction time, or competitive anxiety. The psychological characteristics of a player might influence his way of playing football (in particular with respect to fair play) and also his risk of injury. A group of 588 football players were studied by questionnaire; additionally, reaction time tests were performed. Psychological characteristics were assessed by three established self-evaluation questionnaires: the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory, the State Competitive Anxiety Test, and the State-Trait-Anger-Expression-Inventory. Football-specific characteristics that were investigated included playing experience and positions played, style of play, number of training hours and games, as well as aspects of fair play. Reaction time was tested twice: without the influence of physical exercise and immediately after a 12-minute run. A significant reduction in reaction time was observed after physical exercise. In high-level players, the reaction time immediately after the 12-minute run was significantly shorter than it was in low-level players. The questionnaire answers given regarding fair play clearly indicated that fair play is not paid sufficient respect. The relationship between psychological characteristics and attitudes toward fair play was analyzed and discussed.

"SPARTIAN" GAMES IN EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES FOR TEENAGERS WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
Larisa Kasmakova ◽  
Tatyana Selitrenikova
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Extracurricular Activities ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Hearing Impairments ◽  
Research Outcomes ◽  
Adaptive Physical Education ◽  
High Level

The purpose: to develop adaptive physical education methods for hearing impaired teenagers based on the ‘SpArtian’ Games and substantiate its effectiveness. Methods and organization of the research: the research involved 44 schoolchildren with disabilities. We carried out the analysis of physical fitness indices according to 6 control tests and the comparison of results with the age standard. We applied the Eysenck method for the assessment of mental status of hearing impaired adolescents. We studied the attitude of hearing impaired adolescents to the ‘Fair play’ principles. Results and discussion: The research revealed the features of physical fitness, mental health and the attitude of hearing impaired adolescents to the ‘Fair play’ principles. We used the research outcomes to develop adaptive physical education techniques for hearing impaired adolescents, based on the ‘SpArtian’ games. Pedagogical experiment lasted for 7 months. Conclusion: The introduction of the experimental methodology resulted in: 1) the increased indices of physical fitness of hearing impaired adolescents; 2) the decreased number of boys and girls with a high level of anxiety, frustration, aggressiveness, rigidity; 3) the increased number of adolescents understanding the ‘Fair play’ principles.

scholarly journals How Russian Rap on YouTube Advances Alternative Political Deliberation: Hegemony, Counter-Hegemony, and Emerging Resistant Publics

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 205630511983520
Author(s):  
Anastasia Denisova ◽  
Aliaksandr Herasimenka
Keyword(s):  
Power Relations ◽  
Rap Music ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
Political Commentary ◽  
Unexplored Area ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

The late 2010s have seen the unprecedented rise of Russian rap culture on YouTube. This study delves into the unexplored area of the relationship between rap music, politics, and the Internet audience in Russia. It focuses on the analysis of the production of the most popular rap videos—their narratives, power relations, and socio-political themes, as well as the prevailing patterns in the discussion on socio-political issues by the YouTube audience. The study brings three contributions that identify the power relations in the Russian society that manifest in the field of rap music. First, the Russian-speaking users demonstrate a high level of criticality toward the pro-Kremlin rap music on YouTube and challenge the lies of propaganda rap. Second, pro-government rappers follow the Soviet authoritarian ethos and praise belonging to the collective of elites, while liberal ones adhere to the individual responsibility. Third, we demonstrate the prevalence of patriarchal gender values, including macho politics and unquestioned sexism, which are representative of gender politics in the country. This article proves the importance of socio-political commentary on YouTube and points to the rap videos as the popular hubs for the socio-political debates. Users flow to rap videos and utilize the comment section to have their say on the political context and power relations rather than the music, to engage with others, and to contribute to the emerging collective debate. The comment sections on these rap videos have a unique value for the Russian users who exploit them as the negotiation space in the void of other platforms for social dialogue in Russia.

Of Extensive and Elusive Corruption in Uganda: Neo-Patronage, Power, and Narrow Interests

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godfrey B. Asiimwe
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Zero Tolerance ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
Political Corruption ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Bureaucratic Corruption ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
High Level ◽  
Resistance Movement

Abstract:This article explores the prevalence of high-level political and bureaucratic corruption in postindependence Uganda, with particular focus on the narrow interests it serves and its impact on development and service delivery. It argues that high-level political corruption endures largely because it is situated within the framework of “neo”-patron-clientelism and skewed power relations. The article shows how institutions have not been able to effectively engage the inner-circle ruling elite due to a skewed power structure that serves narrow political interests. Grand bureaucratic and petty forms of corruption are equally extensive and challenging, though only the former have been affected by “zero tolerance” policies. The article concludes, however, that through its interplay of inclusion and exclusion, political corruption has generated contestations which undermine it and challenge the National Resistance Movement (NRM) regime.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF PUPILS’ OLYMPIC VALUES: KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, ATTITUDES

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 401
Author(s):  
Asta Šarkauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
General Education ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Final Version ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
High Level ◽  
5Th Grade

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of 5th grade pupils regarding Olympic values. Methods: A qualitative study using the survey method was conducted from January until March, 2019. The participants of this study were 416 fifth grade pupils (49.0 % girls), ranging from 11 to 12 years old, from seven randomly selected general education schools in Klaipeda County (Lithuania). The questionnaire design was considered suitable for discovering the range of knowledge, skills and attitudes about Olympic values. The survey was created and pilot tested internally. The final version contained 35 questions, including five demographic questions and 30 questions related to the Olympic values. Results: The Olympic value, which was found to be the most developed, is Friendship: which is at a high level. The Olympic values of Excellence and Respect both were at an average level. The worst results were with the Olympic value of Fair Play. Conclusion: Pupils have a high level of knowledge of Olympic values (Excellence, Respect, Friendship, Joy of Effort, and Fair Play), but have poorer results regarding their skills and attitudes. The level of attitudes towards the Olympic value of Fair play is low.  

scholarly journals The Asexual Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus Expresses Functional Determinants of Aspergillus nidulans Sexual Development

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 1724-1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Große ◽  
Sven Krappmann
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Aspergillus Nidulans ◽  
Gene Product ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Sexual Cycle ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Type Gene ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT The major fungal pathogen of humans, Aspergillus fumigatus, lacks a defined sexual cycle, although the presence of genes encoding putative mating type idiomorphs and regulators of Aspergillus sexual development heightens the potential for cryptic sexuality in this deuteromycete. To test the functionality of these genetic determinants, we transferred the alpha box-encoding mat1-1 idiomorph from an A. fumigatus isolate to the homothallic fertile species Aspergillus nidulans. Abundant formation of fruiting bodies (cleistothecia) containing viable ascospores establishes functionality of this mating type gene product in the transgenic strain. Using a similar approach, we also established that the conserved transcriptional regulator from A. fumigatus, the nsdD gene product, can act as a functional, positively acting factor for A. nidulans cleistothecium development; moreover, high-level expression of NsdD in the endogenous host A. fumigatus profoundly alters hyphal development by triggering the formation of coiled hyphae. Our findings demonstrate that the presumably asexual pathogen A. fumigatus encodes functional regulators of mating and sexual development, thereby potentiating the case for cryptic sexuality in this fungal pathogen.

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