scholarly journals Serial Murders

2021 ◽  
pp. 844-853
Author(s):  
Yurii Antonyan
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Personal Meaning ◽  
Serial Killers ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Serious Injuries

Introduction: the article is devoted to very dangerous crimes that can be both sexual and non-sexual in nature. It provides key characteristics of serial killers, especially sexual ones, and discloses their criminal behavior. Purpose: uncovering of internal causes of such offenses through criminals’ motivation and external contributing factors. Consideration of motivation is reasonable, as motives contain motivating forces of behavior, its personal meaning, i.e. what these criminal actions are committed for, what is their subjective benefit for the individual. Discussion: rapes and murders committed with extreme cruelty, violence against children and causing them serious injuries, various kinds of sexual perversions have always caused natural disgust, and consequently, unwillingness to engage in direct study of the identity of offenders. The article is based on the study of personality and behavior carried out by the author himself. Results the author identifies main features defining the specifics of serial murders, such as frequency of committing crimes; cliched nature of criminal acts; crime commission in conditions of non-obviousness; manifestation of a special externally unmotivated cruelty. The researcher classifies causes of serial murders, such as need for revenge; a way of self-affirmation; concealing traces of other crimes; purging humanity of immoral personalities, dishonoring the human race; psychological dependence on criminals’ own behavior; connection with some religious cults.

The Using of Stochastic Modeling Methods in Criminological Forecasting of Individual Criminal Behavior of Serial Killers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.N. Rumyantseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Stochastic Modeling ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Serial Killers ◽  
Devil's Staircase ◽  
Staircase Method ◽  
Modeling Methods ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
Devil’S Staircase ◽  
The Individual

The article considers the stochastic modeling method used in criminology, which is understood as predicting changes in a system with variables ranging randomly with individual probabilities, which allows us to describe the state and probabilistic development of crime, its determinants, individual types, as well as the identity of criminals. The author investigates the possibilities of using this method for criminological purposes, when modeling and predicting the individual criminal behavior of serial killers. The hypothesis and the main conclusions obtained by M. V. Simkin and V. Roychowdhury in stochastic modeling of murders committed by A. R. Chikatilo, in particular, the possibility of using the Cantor`s or «devil's staircase» are checked. Thus, the author analyzed the data on 60 murders committed by M. V. Popkov, also known as the «Angarsk maniac», on the territory of the Irkutsk region in the period from 1992 to 2006. It is suggested that the total number of crimes committed by the «Angarsk maniac» also resembles the «devil's staircase», and the method used can indeed be extended to similar crimes. The author focuses on the fragment of the «Popkov staircase» in the period 1997-1998 as an abnormal surge in the activity of the criminal: an attempt is made to explain the number and frequency of murders by the Kantor staircase method and the pathological drive to kill people diagnosed in the criminal (homicidomania with sadistic elements). Investigation of the actual data on the probabilities of murders committed by M. V. Popkov, obtained by calculation and the theoretical model R. Lange is almost identical, which allows us to model the daily probability of murder as a function of the number of days that have passed since the last crime.

scholarly journals MODEL OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF PERSONAL MEANINGS

2018 ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. F. Baryakhtar
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Personal Meaning ◽  
Coherent System ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Personal Meanings ◽  
Personality Integration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

The study focuses on the model of structural components of personalmeaning and is based on the spatial organization of human life. The article describes the components of the semantic sphere in all the  conceptual diversity of psychological approaches to the  phenomenology of the process in question. The author analyzes  theoretical and methodological orientation of modern psychology at  the personal potential of semantic entities as a condition for  integrated wholesome personality. One’s personality is represented  by the subject and, at the same time, by the object of one’s own life. Personal meaning is defined as a complex system formation, which  includes cognitive (life views, ideals, values, beliefs, and interests),  emotive (emotional and evaluative attitude to oneself and to others)  and cognitive (behavior, interpersonal interaction, focus and behavior in different social conditions) components. The process of meaning  integration is accompanied by harmonization and unification of the  structural components in a coherent system, i.e. the system of  personal meanings. The system as a whole acquires new qualities,  not present in the individual components, the personal meaning  being the apex of personality integration. Components of the proposed model structurally reflect the methodological potential  of the concept of personal meaning. The research aims at creating  an integrated approach to the study of the semantic determination of personality. 

THE SCIENCE OF JUDICIAL PSYCHOLOGY

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
Petru TĂRCHILĂ
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Psychosocial Characteristics ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Behavioral Profile ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Determinant Factor

Judicial psychology is the science that analyzes and tries to understand the criminal phenomenon in general and its determinant factor in particular, by the complexity of factors that generate it and by the diversity of its forms of manifestation. Although the determining factor of criminal behavior is always subjective being generated by the psychic of the offender, this aspect must be correlated with the context in which it manifests itself: social, economic, cultural context etc. Judicial psychology investigates the behavior of the individual in all its aspects, seeking a scientific explanation of the mechanisms and factors enhancing criminal favors, thus enabling the identification of the preventive measures to be taken to reduce the categories of offenses. It studies the psycho-behavioral profile of the offender, identifying the causes that determined its behavior in order to take preventive measures.The domain of judicial psychology is mainly deviance, conduct that departs from the moral or legal norms that are dominant in a given culture. The object of judicial psychology is the criminal act, correlated with the psychosocial characteristics of the participants in the judicial action (offender, victim, witness, investigator, magistrate, lawyer, civil party, educator, etc.). The science of judicial psychology also analyzes how these characteristics appear and manifest themselves in concrete and special conditions of their interaction in three phases of the criminal act: the pre-criminal phase, the actual criminal phase and the post-criminal phase.

Temporal Focus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbie J. Shipp
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Future ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Temporal Focus

Temporal focus is the individual tendency to characteristically think more or less about the past, present, and future. Although originally rooted in early work from psychology, research on temporal focus has been steadily growing in a number of research areas, particularly since Zimbardo and Boyd’s (1999) influential article on the topic. This chapter will review temporal focus research from the past to the present, including how temporal focus has been conceptualized and measured, and which correlates and outcomes have been tested in terms of well-being and behavior. Based on this review, an agenda for research is created to direct temporal focus research in the future.

Individual Uniqueness in the Neonatal Functional Connectome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiushi Wang ◽  
Yuehua Xu ◽  
Tengda Zhao ◽  
Zhilei Xu ◽  
Yong He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Identification ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Functional Connectome ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Identification Analysis ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The functional connectome is highly distinctive in adults and adolescents, underlying individual differences in cognition and behavior. However, it remains unknown whether the individual uniqueness of the functional connectome is present in neonates, who are far from mature. Here, we utilized the multiband resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 40 healthy neonates from the Developing Human Connectome Project and a split-half analysis approach to characterize the uniqueness of the functional connectome in the neonatal brain. Through functional connectome-based individual identification analysis, we found that all the neonates were correctly identified, with the most discriminative regions predominantly confined to the higher-order cortices (e.g., prefrontal and parietal regions). The connectivities with the highest contributions to individual uniqueness were primarily located between different functional systems, and the short- (0–30 mm) and middle-range (30–60 mm) connectivities were more distinctive than the long-range (>60 mm) connectivities. Interestingly, we found that functional data with a scanning length longer than 3.5 min were able to capture the individual uniqueness in the functional connectome. Our results highlight that individual uniqueness is present in the functional connectome of neonates and provide insights into the brain mechanisms underlying individual differences in cognition and behavior later in life.

A Case Study Demonstrating the Utility of Surveillance Video in Assessing Gait Dynamics and Behavior During a Slip and Fall

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 550-554
Author(s):  
Leah S. Hartman ◽  
Stephanie A. Whetsel Borzendowski ◽  
Alan O. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Personal Injury ◽  
Objective Data ◽  
Surveillance Video ◽  
Gait Dynamics ◽  
Fall Incident ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

As the use of surveillance video at commercial properties becomes more prevalent, it is more likely an incident involving a personal injury will be captured on film. This provides a unique opportunity for Human Factors practitioners involved in forensic investigations to analyze the behavior of the individual prior to, during, and after the event in question. It also provides an opportunity to gather unique and objective data. The present work describes a case study of a slip and fall where surveillance video and onsite measurements were combined and analyzed to quantify a plaintiff’s gait pattern. Using this type of analysis, we were able to determine that the plaintiff was likely aware that the floor was slippery and adjusted her gait and behavior prior to the slip and fall incident.

scholarly journals Individual Alpha Peak Frequency, an Important Biomarker for Live Z-Score Training Neurofeedback in Adolescents with Learning Disabilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Rubén Pérez-Elvira ◽  
Javier Oltra-Cucarella ◽  
José Antonio Carrobles ◽  
Minodora Teodoru ◽  
Ciprian Bacila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Absolute Power ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Alpha Peak

Learning disabilities (LDs) have an estimated prevalence between 5% and 9% in the pediatric population and are associated with difficulties in reading, arithmetic, and writing. Previous electroencephalography (EEG) research has reported a lag in alpha-band development in specific LD phenotypes, which seems to offer a possible explanation for differences in EEG maturation. In this study, 40 adolescents aged 10–15 years with LDs underwent 10 sessions of Live Z-Score Training Neurofeedback (LZT-NF) Training to improve their cognition and behavior. Based on the individual alpha peak frequency (i-APF) values from the spectrogram, a group with normal i-APF (ni-APF) and a group with low i-APF (li-APF) were compared in a pre-and-post-LZT-NF intervention. There were no statistical differences in age, gender, or the distribution of LDs between the groups. The li-APF group showed a higher theta absolute power in P4 (p = 0.016) at baseline and higher Hi-Beta absolute power in F3 (p = 0.007) post-treatment compared with the ni-APF group. In both groups, extreme waves (absolute Z-score of ≥1.5) were more likely to move toward the normative values, with better results in the ni-APF group. Conversely, the waves within the normal range at baseline were more likely to move out of the range after treatment in the li-APF group. Our results provide evidence of a viable biomarker for identifying optimal responders for the LZT-NF technique based on the i-APF metric reflecting the patient’s neurophysiological individuality.

scholarly journals Nutritional Support of Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Function in Infants and Young Children—An Update and Novel Insights

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Kathrin Cohen Kadosh ◽  
Leilani Muhardi ◽  
Panam Parikh ◽  
Melissa Basso ◽  
Hamid Jan Jan Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Neurocognitive Development ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Proper nutrition is crucial for normal brain and neurocognitive development. Failure to optimize neurodevelopment early in life can have profound long-term implications for both mental health and quality of life. Although the first 1000 days of life represent the most critical period of neurodevelopment, the central and peripheral nervous systems continue to develop and change throughout life. All this time, development and functioning depend on many factors, including adequate nutrition. In this review, we outline the role of nutrients in cognitive, emotional, and neural development in infants and young children with special attention to the emerging roles of polar lipids and high quality (available) protein. Furthermore, we discuss the dynamic nature of the gut-brain axis and the importance of microbial diversity in relation to a variety of outcomes, including brain maturation/function and behavior are discussed. Finally, the promising therapeutic potential of psychobiotics to modify gut microbial ecology in order to improve mental well-being is presented. Here, we show that the individual contribution of nutrients, their interaction with other micro- and macronutrients and the way in which they are organized in the food matrix are of crucial importance for normal neurocognitive development.

scholarly journals Leptospirosis in Ruminants in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A Serological Survey with Mixed Methods to Identify Risk Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Dyah Ayu Widiasih ◽  
Johanna Frida Lindahl ◽  
Wayan T. Artama ◽  
Adi Heru Sutomo ◽  
Pande Made Kutanegara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease occurring worldwide with reproductive symptoms and production losses in livestock, while humans can suffer fatal renal failure. In Yogyakarta Special Province, Indonesia, there have been several outbreaks with high case fatality, demonstrating the public health importance, but there is limited understanding of the epidemiology. This study used an EcoHealth approach to ensure transdisciplinarity and community participation. Seroprevalence of Leptospira in animals was studied between October 2011 and May 2013 in 15 villages. Serum samples from 1404 cattle and 60 small ruminants were screened by a Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), first in pools, and then the individual positive samples were identified. Focus group discussions including farmers, village officials, and official stakeholders were used to explore knowledge and behavior of zoonotic diseases, particularly leptospirosis. Two small ruminants were seropositive for Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae. From the cattle, 3.7% were seropositive, and the most common serovars were Leptospira hardjo, followed by L. icterohemorrhagiae. Out of all farms, 5.6% had at least one positive cattle. Risk factor analyses showed that the risk of the farm being seropositive increased if the farmer used water from an open source, or if farming was not the main occupation. This study showed the presence of Leptospira spp. in ruminants in Yogyakarta and identified use of open water as a risk factor for the livestock. We also observed that the knowledge related to leptospirosis was low, and risky farm management practices were commonly employed.

High Performance Coaches’ Mental Health and Wellbeing: Applying the Areas of Work Life Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fraser Carson ◽  
Julia Walsh ◽  
Luana C. Main ◽  
Peter Kremer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Life Model ◽  
Workload Control ◽  
Sport Athlete ◽  
The Individual

In the last five years, mental health and wellbeing has attracted greater public, government, and research interest. In sport, athlete mental health and wellbeing has been a focus across all competition levels. The high performance coach responsible for athlete performance, health and wellbeing has not attracted the same attention despite working in an intense high-pressure work environment. Using the Areas of Work Life Model as a theoretical framework, this Insights paper discusses the existing coaching literature to ascertain both contributing factors for promoting positive mental health and wellbeing, and negative influences that increase stress and potential burnout. The six dimensions (workload; control; reward; fairness; community; and values) resonate throughout the coaching literature, but to-date, no study has applied the model to this group. Analysis of the extracted articles indicated that high performance coaches should become more self-aware around how to cope with stress and stressful situations, while sports organisations should invest in both the individual coach and the organisational culture to enhance work engagement. Coaches are performers and should prepare themselves to ensure they can perform at their peak; and managing their own mental health and wellbeing is an important component to this.

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