Beneficiation of Faya Clay for Drilling Mud Production Using Froth Floatation and Jig Gravity Concentration Techniques

The comparative study for upgrading Faya clay, in Faya Town of Plateau State, Nigeria to oil and Gas drilling mud grade was carried out. The clay was sourced from three veins A, B, and C. The samples were homogenized, crushed and ground. 5 kg of the homogenized sample was used for the experiment and laboratory work. Chemical and mineralogical characterization of the clay sample was carried out using; X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffractorneter (XRD). The clay sample was beneficiated using two methods: froth flotation and gravity concentration method (Jigging). The chemical composition of the crude clay revealed that it contains 16.6% Al2O3, 35.6% SiO2, 0.559% K2O, 0.084% CaO, 6.133% Fe2O3, 0.91 % TiO2 and 38.7 % BaO. The result of XRD analysis shows that quartz is predominant in the sample with 61.7% wt quartz (SiO2). Other minerals found in the sample include 28.59% wt of dickite (Al2 Si205 (0H)), 8.89% wt goethite (Fe0 (0H 4) and 0.83% wt muscovite (KO.92 NaO.08) (Al.86 FeO.07 TiO.02) (Si.3 O.3 AlO.97) O10 (OH)2 at 2 . Froth flotation method is more efficient for the beneficiation of Faya clay as it improves the BaO composition of the clay from 38.7% to 52.2%, with a recovery of 97.2%, an enrichment and ratio of concentration of 1.4 compared with the jigging method, which improved BaO composition from 38.7% in the crude clay to 47.5%, with a recovery of 90.96% and an enrichment ratio of 0.7; and ratio of concentration of 0.7. Froth floatation improved the specific gravity of the clay from 3.3 to 4.31; while jigging improved the specific gravity from 3.3 to 4. 05. Therefore, froth flotation method is more appropriate for the concentration of Faya clay ahead of jigging method of processing.Keywords: Upgrading, Characterization, Faya - clay, Drilling, Production

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Characterization and Suitability of Nigerian Barites for Different Industrial Applications

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11040360 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 360

Author(s):

Itohan Otoijamun ◽

Moses Kigozi ◽

Adelana Rasak Adetunji ◽

Peter Azikiwe Onwualu

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Functional Groups ◽

Drilling Fluid ◽

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

American Petroleum Institute ◽

Infrared Analysis ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Drilling Mud ◽

X Ray

This work aimed to characterize barite samples from selected different locations in Nigeria and determine their suitability for various industrial applications. The properties determined include mineralogy, chemical composition, morphology, functional groups, and specific gravity. Samples were obtained from ten locations in Nasarawa and Taraba states as well as a standard working sample (WS) obtained from a drilling site. The samples were characterized using scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Fourier infrared analysis (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Specific gravity (SG) was determined using the pycnometer method. Results of SEM-EDX analysis show that the WS has a Ba-S-O empirical composition of 66.5% whereas these of the ten samples investigated vary between 59.36% and 98.86%. The FTIR analysis shows that the functional groups of S-O, SO42−, Ba-S-O, OH of the ten samples match that of the WS. Results of XRD show that the ten samples have the same mineralogical composition as the WS and all meet American Petroleum Institute (API) standards for industrial barite. Similar matching results are shown from EDXRF spectra intensity, position, and composition analysis of the ten samples compared to the WS. Specific gravity (SG) results show that six out of the ten samples have SG above 4.2 which is the recommended minimum for the American Petroleum Institute (API) standard. The other four samples will require beneficiation to meet the standard for drilling mud application. Using all the parameters of the assessment together, results show that while some (6) of the samples can be used for drilling fluid application, some (4) require beneficiation but all ten samples can be used for other industrial applications including healthcare, construction, plastic, cosmetics, paper, and rubber industries. The results of the study can be used for value addition in developing beneficiation procedures, processes, and technology for purification along with new materials for the industries.

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Froth Flotation of Rubber and Resin Components of Milkweed and Other Plants That Contain Resins, Rubber, Balata, or Related Gummy Substances

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3546671 ◽

1944 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 524-528

Author(s):

Wm T. Turrall ◽

J. Klassen ◽

H. Smedley

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Ball Milling ◽

Early Stage ◽

Froth Flotation ◽

Continuous Process ◽

Waste Material ◽

Flotation Reagents ◽

Wild Lettuce ◽

Flotation Treatment ◽

Flotation Method

Abstract Some of the more important features of froth flotation in the separation of rubber-resin from milkweed and other plants are summarized as follows. 1. It removes the bulk of the waste material at an early stage of the operation. 2. In the flotation of the rubber-resin component from milkweed, no additional flotation reagents are needed to cause a separation, but they have been found necessary in the flotation treatment of some other plants. 3. The grade and the recovery of the rubber-resin fractions appear to depend on the size of the agglomerates. 4. Agglomeration of the rubber-resin fraction takes place during ball-milling only when certain conditions are favorable, e.g., density and alkalinity. If conditions are not favorable, the rubber-resin remains fine and well dispersed. Flotation on such a product results in the separation of a rubber-resin fraction. 5. It is not necessary to take the specific gravity of the rubber-resin components into consideration. 6. The flotation method is applicable to the concentration of the rubber-resin components from such plants as milkweed, dogbane, goat's-beard, sow thistle, wild lettuce, and possibly many other plants, with or without the use of chemicals. 7. It presents the possibility of a continuous process of rubber-resin extraction from plants.

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The Physico-Chemical and Mineralogical Characterization of Mg-Rich Synthetic Gypsum Produced in a Rare Earth Refining Plant

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13094840 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 4840

Author(s):

Fatai Arolu Ayanda ◽

Mohd Firdaus Mohd Anuar ◽

Syaharudin Zaibon ◽

Shamshuddin Jusop

Keyword(s):

Rare Earth ◽

Acid Soils ◽

Acid Neutralization ◽

Mineralogical Characterization ◽

X Ray ◽

Neutralization Capacity ◽

Acid Neutralization Capacity ◽

Refining Plant ◽

Calcium Magnesium

The physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization of the constituents of magnesium-rich synthetic gypsum produced in a rare earth-refining plant located in Gebeng, Pahang, Malaysia was conducted through elemental chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX)-analyzer, thermal analysis, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. The crystalline nature of the by-product was studied using FTIR spectroscopy. Elemental analysis confirmed the presence of Ca and Mg, which are essential macronutrients required by plants and this Ca alongside the high pH (9.17) of MRSG may confer on the material a high acid neutralization capacity. From the result, it was observed that the studied by-product is a heterogeneous crystalline material comprising of gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) and other major components such as calcium (magnesium) compounds (hydroxide, oxide, silicates, and carbonate) and sulfur. These aggregates may contribute to give an acid neutralization capacity to MRSG. The XRD study of MRSG indicated a high content of gypsum (45.4%), shown by the d-spacing of 7.609 Å (2-theta 11.63) in the diffractogram. The infrared absorption spectra of MRSG indicate close similarities to mined gypsum. The results of the characterization indicated that MRSG has valuable properties that can promote its use in amending soil fertility constraints on nutrient-deficient tropical acid soils.

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A SIMPLE RAPID METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SMALL SAMPLES OF URINE

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.24.5.814 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 814-818

Author(s):

Allen S. Goldman

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Present Report ◽

Total Sample ◽

Mineral Oil ◽

Small Samples ◽

Gradient System ◽

Small Opening ◽

Flotation Method ◽

Made In

THE THERAPY of infants with disturbances in fluid balance is greatly assisted by knowledge of the specific gravity of the urine. Frequently only a few milliliters can be collected at any one time, while a minimum sample of 25 ml is necessary for use of the smallest urinometers currently available. The existing methods of determining specific gravity of one drop of urine are somewhat laborious, and require expensive equipment and the services of a relatively skilled technician. The present report describes a method which is rapid and simple and requires only a few drops of urine in its use. It is similar in principle to the determination of specific gravity of blood by the copper-sulfate method. For use with urine, mixtures are employed of two relatively nonvolatile liquids, immiscible with water, and with specific gravities nearly equally above and below the range in urine. The specific gravity of urine is determined by allowing one drop to fall into each of a series of tubes containing a mixture of the two liqquids made up to various specific gravities ranging from 1.005 to 1.030 (Fig. 1). That mixture in which the drop of urine comes most nearly to remaining still (neither rising nor falling after coming to rest) approximates the specific gravity of the urine. The total sample needed is only a few drops, which can be quite small if a dropper with a small opening (2 mm) is used. The determination takes a few minutes. A year's supply of the mixtures can be made in one afternoon and costs less than $6.00. MATERIALS The two solutions used were selected from the flotation method of Kirk, using a density gradient system. These are Liquid 1, dibutyl-n-phthalate (Eastman), specific gravity 1.04820°; and Liquid 2, kerosene, specific gravity 0.8220°. (Similar results were obtained by substituting California mineral oil, specific gravity 0.842-0.88420°, for kerosene.)

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Mineralogical characterization of clay mineral assemblages from Rio de Janeiro pegmatites to identify kaolinite and/or halloysite deposits

Cerâmica ◽

10.1590/0366-69132020663802928 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (380) ◽

pp. 483-495

Author(s):

V. M. J. Salgado-Campos ◽

L. C. Bertolino ◽

F. J. da Silva ◽

J. C. Mendes

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Chemical Analysis ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Mineralogical Characterization ◽

X Ray ◽

Mineral Assemblages ◽

Saprolite Zone ◽

Scanning Electron

Abstract This study reports the mineralogical characterization of kaolin occurrences in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to identify new kaolinite and halloysite deposits. Samples were collected in 10 pegmatites with varying sizes for X-ray diffractometry, chemical analysis by X-ray fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy studies. The results indicated that the kaolin occurrences were of weathered origin, wherein some places there were occurrences of tubular halloysite. Concerning the regolith stratigraphy, samples located in the saprock zone were found to contain kaolinite and/or halloysite contents from 0 to 10.1%, while those located in the saprolite zone contained kaolinite and/or halloysite contents from 16.3% to 34.9%. Kaolinite and/or halloysite-7Å were formed from plagioclase weathering instead of K-feldspar or mica, and the halloysite-7Å occurrence was related to samples in regions with a higher degree of weathering.

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Performance of Precursor Materials and Fired Ceramics for Structural Blocks

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.820.13 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 820 ◽

pp. 13-17

Author(s):

Neila Gondim Azeredo ◽

Euzébio Barnabé Zanelato ◽

Jonas Alexandre ◽

Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo ◽

Gustavo de Castro Xavier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Building Construction ◽

Structural Ceramic ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Mineralogical Characterization ◽

X Ray ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Ceramic Blocks ◽

Clay Body ◽

Structural Blocks

The physical, chemical and mineralogical characterization of a precursor clay body before firing is of relevance for understanding the technological performance of the fired clay ceramic. In particular, structural clay ceramic blocks used in building construction need to attend standard properties specified by the norms. In the present work the precursor clay body, typically used to fabricate structural blocks in Campos dos Goytacazes, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was characterized in terms of particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction, chemical composition and Atterberg limits. In addition, the performance of structural ceramic blocks, fabricated from the extruded clay body and fired at 850oC, was evaluated. The results indicated that the ceramic mechanical strength complies with the Brazilian norm but the water absorption is higher than the maximum specified by the norm. The characteristic of the clay body contribute to justify the structural blocks performance.

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HIGH RESOLUTION MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SEDIMENTS - LAKE BOLĂTĂU-FEREDEU (ROMANIA)

Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences ◽

10.26471/cjees/2021/016/167 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 199-210

Author(s):

Máté Karlik ◽

◽

Ildikó GYOLLAI ◽

Anna VANCSIK ◽

Krisztián FINTOR ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Chemical Weathering ◽

Soil Formation ◽

Mineralogical Characterization ◽

X Ray ◽

Geochemical Conditions ◽

Formation Conditions ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

Microbial Mediation

The catchment (bedrock and soil) and sediments of lake Bolătău, Romania were studied by high resolution multi-methodological investigations to characterize paleoenvironmental and formation conditions. Particle size analyses, optical and cathodoluminescence microscopy, FTIR-ATR and Raman spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and XRF were applied for microtextural, chemical, micro-mineralogical and embedded organic material characterization and distribution of the sediments, especially concerning geochemical conditions, like pH and redox potential change. Our results support physical and chemical weathering in the process of soil formation with appearance of the new minerals appear (10Å sized phyllosilicates and clay minerals). Comparison of these studies offer possible differentiation of syn- and diagenetic mineralization, the clarification of debris contribution, microbial mediation and complex mineralization via decomposition of cell and extracellular polymeric substance. Based on the analyses on the abrasives, a suboxic environment prevailed in the depositional area and considerable microbial contribution is proposed via accumulation of lake sediments.

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Natural Stones Used in the Orsi-Marconi Palace Façade (Bologna): A Petro-Mineralogical Characterization

Heritage ◽

10.3390/heritage3040062 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 1109-1123

Author(s):

Elena Marrocchino ◽

Chiara Telloli ◽

Martina Pedrini ◽

Carmela Vaccaro

Keyword(s):

Degradation Products ◽

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Structural Aspect ◽

Historical Building ◽

Mineralogical Characterization ◽

X Ray ◽

Polarized Microscopy ◽

Mineralogical Study ◽

Natural Stones ◽

Materials Used

Ancient buildings are important components of the Italian Cultural Heritage and, since the Etruscan Period, Bologna (north-eastern Italy) has always been one of the most flourishing cities both culturally and economically in the Italian and European panorama. The Orsi-Marconi Palace in Bologna presents a monumental façade decorated with many sandstone ornaments of the 16th century. Different samples from different parts of the façade of the building were collected and firstly characterised by macroscopic observations to determine the structural aspect. A petro-mineralogical study on the surfaces of the samples was conducted using a stereomicroscope and Optical Transmitted Light Polarized Microscopy. In addition, X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Powder Diffractometer analyses were carried out to better understand the mineralogical composition of the sandstone materials used and the degradation products from the façades of this historical building. The aim of this work was to better understand how to revalue the sandstone decorations severely affected by deterioration phenomena.

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Preparation and Characterization of Clays from Different Areas in Ban Bo Suak, Nan Province, Thailand

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.127 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 659 ◽

pp. 127-131

Author(s):

Usanee Malee ◽

Sakdiphon Thiansem

Keyword(s):

Clay Sample ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Scientific Process ◽

Quartz Content ◽

Xrd Pattern ◽

X Ray ◽

Kiln Site ◽

Before And After ◽

Tone Color

The scientific process was used to explain characterization and physical properties of the clay sample close to the ancient Nan kiln site. These samples were obtained from JQA, FQB, PQC and NQD. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique were used to determine the chemical composition and phase transformation before and after fired at 800-1250 °C. XRF result was confirmed that all clay samples mainly contained SiO2(>80 wt. %) XRD pattern indicated that quartz was the majority of phase in the all of them. High amount of Fe2O3(>1.6 wt. %) was related to the red-brown tone color. The clay sample could be fired up to 1280 °C without wrapping behavior; it was found that FQB clay had the highest firing resistance due to the maximum quartz content.

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Mineralogical Characterization of Dolomitic Aggregate Concrete: The Camarasa Dam (Catalonia, Spain)

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min10020117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 117

Author(s):

Encarnación Garcia ◽

Pura Alfonso ◽

Esperança Tauler

Keyword(s):

Portland Cement ◽

Type A ◽

Alkali Silica Reaction ◽

Type B ◽

Mineralogical Characterization ◽

Group Mineral ◽

X Ray ◽

Concrete Type ◽

Further Development

The Camarasa Dam was built in 1920 using dolomitic aggregate and Portland cement with two different compositions: type A (dolomite and Portland cement) and type B (dolomite and sand-cement). The sand cement was a finely powdered mixture of dolomite particles and clinker of Portland cement. The mineralogy of concrete was studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray powder diffraction. Reaction of dedolomitization occurred in the two types of concrete of the Camarasa Dam, as demonstrated by the occurrence of calcite, brucite, and/or absence of portlandite. In the type A concrete, calcite, brucite, and a serpentine-group mineral precipitated as a rim around the dolomite grains and in the paste. The rims, a product of the dedolomitization reaction, protected the surface of dolomite from the dissolution process. In type B concrete, in addition to dolomite and calcite, quartz and K-feldspar were present. Brucite occurred in lower amounts than in the type A concrete as fibrous crystals randomly distributed in the sand-cement paste. Although brucite content was higher in the type A concrete, type B showed more signs of loss of durability. This can be attributed to the further development of the alkali-silica reaction in this concrete type.

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