scholarly journals A Survey of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of Some Fresh Water Fish Species Sold in Makurdi - Benue State, Nigeria.

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-96
Author(s):  
FO Okita ◽  
HI Obadiah ◽  
UF Umele ◽  
IT Orhembega
Keyword(s):  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
State University ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminth ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Parent Stock

This research was carried out to quantify the burden of gastrointestinal helminthes of fish sold in Makurdi, Nigeria. A total of 800 fish samples consisting of four species (Alestes nurse, Tilapia zilli, Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus) were purchased from fisher men at Wadata and Wurukum landing sites and taken to the Zoology Laboratory of Benue State University Makurdi for analysis. The length and weight of the fish samples were taken prior to dissection and parasites were recovered and identified following standard procedures. Data generated was analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi square. Results indicated an overall prevalence of 90(11.25%) consisting of four parasite groups: Nematodes 74 (660.7%), Cestodes 10(8.93%), Trematodes 18(16.07%) and Acanthocephalans 10(8.93%) (P<0.05). Infection rate was higher (57.78%) in fish length range 21.00 - 25.9cm while those that fell within 6.00 -10.90cm and 11.00 – 15.90cm were not parasitized (P<0.05). It was also observed that fish within the standard weight range of 80.00g – 120.9g had the most number of parasites (p>0.05). Parasite density was highest (2.33%) in O. niloticus. The helminthes recovered were found to inhabit the Intestine 66(58.93%), Stomach 22(19.64%), Liver 20(8.92%), Gills 8(3.57%) and Muscle 6(5.36%) (P<0.05). Proper fish handling and preparation as well as screening of wild juveniles and parent stock is recommended to enhance aquaculture and prevent zoonosis

Helminth parasites of cultured Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zillii in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-94
Author(s):  
M.U Effiong ◽  
N.E Obot
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Fish Parasites ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Tilapia Zillii ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Key Words Fish ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

The study examined helminth parasites of cultured Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zillii in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. A total of 60 fish samples (30 each of C.gariepinus and T. zillii) were subjected to parasitological examinations. Results revealed a total of 47(78.33%) fishes infected with various species of parasites: Nematodes (Camallanus polypteri, Paracamallanus cyathopharynx, and Procamallanus laevionchus), Cestodes (Polyonchobothrium torulosus and P. clariae) and Trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus and Glossiduim pedatum) in decreasing order of abundance. Out of the 60 fish samples examined, 47 were infected with 219 parasites: 142(64.84%) nematodes, 40(18.26%) cestodes and 37(16.89%) trematodes. A total of 159(72.60%) parasites were recovered from C. gariepinus out of which 103(64.78%) were nematodes, 19(18.45%) were cestodes and 37(35.92%) were trematodes. While 60(27.40%) parasites were recovered from T. zilli, of which 39(65.00%) were nematodes and 21(35.00%) cestodes. No trematode was observed in the tilapia. The overall prevalence of parasitic infection was 78.33%. The results of chi square analysis showed that females of both species had significantly higher (P<0.05) prevalence of infection 27(84.4%) than males 20(71.4%). Also, C. gariepinus had higher infection rate of 25(83.33%) when compared to 22(73.33%) recorded in T. zillii. Key words: fish parasites, aquaculture, prevalence, C. gariepinus, T. zillii

High Burden of Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites in Catfishes: Clarias gariepinus and Heteropneustes fossilis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayatri Shah ◽  
Shyam Narayan Labh
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Heteropneustes Fossilis ◽  
High Burden ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminth ◽  
Parasitic Burden

Abstract Objective: Catfishes harbour a greater variety and occurrence of larval helminth parasites because they are exposed to more infective helminth larvae in their diet due to their predatory habit which makes them more susceptible to higher parasitic burden. This study was conducted at department of zoology in Post Graduate Campus, Biratnagar, Nepal to determine the prevalence of helminth parasites in the gastrointestinal tract of two species of catfishes i.e Clarias gariepinus and Heteropneustes fossilis collected from the different water resources of Biratnagar, Eastern Nepal.Results: Out of 280 fish examination, 264 (94.28%) fishes were found to be infected with helminths parasites. Clarias gariepinus infection rate was 84.0% with three species of parasites, one each of nematode i.e. Procamallanus laevionchus, cestode i.e. Proteocephalus species, and trematode i.e. Allocreadium species. Heteropneustes fossilis have prevalence rate of 100% with five species of helminth parasites i.e. two nematode species namely Procamallanus heteropneustes and Eustrongyloides species, one cestode namely Lytocestus indicus, one trematode i.e. Phyllodystomum folium and an acanthocephalan i.e. Pomphorhynchus species were detected.

Sex and Age-related Parasitism of Clarias gariepinus in earthen ponds in African Regional Aquaculture Centre, Aluu, Rivers State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P.P Ayawei ◽  
H.O Imafidor ◽  
G.D.B Awi-Waadu ◽  
A Abah
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Earthen Ponds ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Rivers State

This study aimed at investigating the sex and age-related parasitic burden of Clarias gariepinus cultured in earthen ponds. Eighty–five (85) fish samples were selected randomly for analyses from three earthen ponds. Sexing was done by the observation of the urinogenital papillae. For parasitological analysis, skin and gill scrapes were taken for external parasites while the stomach and intestines were slit open, rinsed and observed for helminthic worms. Parasites identified included; Chilodonella sp. (0.3%), Ichthyophthirius sp. (41.1%), Trichodina sp. (55%), Icthyobodo sp., (1.0%) and Gyrodactylus sp. (2.4%). From the study 31 out of 56 males and 20 out of 27 females were infected with parasites. Prevalence of infection in males and females were 55.36% and 74.07% respectively. Mean intensity of parasites was also higher for females (150.75) than for males (62.68) Chi square analysis however, revealed no significant effect (p<0.05) of parasitism on gender. It was further observed that juvenile males and early adult females respectively, had more parasites with 55.3 and 92.4 parasite mean intensities. Among age groups, the mid juveniles (25-99g) (19%), late juveniles (100-299g) (65%) and early adults (300-500g) (14%) were most infected, although there was no significant effect (p<0.05). Sex-related prevalence could be based on hormonal changes and reproduction in females, and competitive search for mates by males. Age-related infection was predicated upon active feeding habits reported among fish of these ages It is therefore recommended that routine health checks be carried out for pond cultured fish. Furthermore, that older fish be sorted and kept together, as they would have stronger immunity than younger fish. Keywords; Zoonoses, fish infection, late juveniles, earthen pond, Clarias gariepinus, sex, age

scholarly journals Effects of selected heavy metals on morphology of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus along Ruiru River, Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNETH OUMA ODONGO ◽  
SYPRINE A. OTIENO ◽  
REKHA R. SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Fish Gills ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Metal Levels

Abstract. Ouma KO, Otieno SA, Sharma RR 2019. Effects of selected heavy metals on morphology of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus along Ruiru River, Kenya. Bonorowo Wetlands 9: 86-101. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of heavy metals in tilapia and catfish species along Ruiru River. Sediments, water, and fish samples were collected using systematic random sampling techniques. Three sites were established at downstream of river, 1000 meters of Ruiru Town. The other three were established at upstream of river, 1000 meters of Ruiru Town. Fish samples were transported to the laboratory at National Museums of Kenya for identification. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to examine metals. Fish gills and livers were also examined for histopathological changes. Using one-way analysis of variance, researchers analyzed data on heavy metal levels in water, sediments, and fish gills, livers and muscles. Correlation coefficients were also calculated to assess the relationship between fish length and weight and metal concentrations in fish liver, gills, and muscles, as well as between levels of heavy metals in water and in sediments. In April, 0.167±0.014 mg/L, August, 0.054±0.003 mg/L, and December, 0.222±0.101 mg/L (F = 2.10, p = 0.202), mean chromium levels in water were not statistically significant, but were statistically significant at the downstream sites 0.236±0.019 mg/L, 0.058±0.001 mg/L, and 0.222±0.101 mg/L during the three months (F = 125.63, p<0.001). Significant positive correlations between the levels of iron in sediments and water were found at both upstream and downstream sites, with r = 0.7319, p = 0.025, and r = 0.8506, p = 0.0037, respectively. The linkage between lead levels in sediments and water at upstream sites was not significant (r = 0.343, p = 0.366), while it was significant (r = 0.7523, p = 0.019) at downstream sites. Chromium levels in sediments and water at upstream sites indicated a positive but non-significant connection (r=0.5339, p=0.138). In the downstream sites, there was a substantial positive correlation between chromium levels in sediments and water (r = 0.9787, p<0.001). Metals accumulated in fish tissues in the following order: liver>gills>muscle, and Clarias gariepinus tissues from downstream sites exhibited higher amounts of metals than Oreochromis niloticus tissues from the same sites. In all tissues, both kinds of fish exhibited higher levels of iron than lead, with chromium being the lowest. The liver and gills of fish from the upstream research sites had normal features on histology. Hepatocytes with larger nuclei were found in the livers of fish from downstream sites. The secondary lamellae of the gills had degenerated and fused. Metal levels in sediments were found to be greater than in water, according to the study. Fish from the downstream sites also showed morphological alterations in the liver and gills. The study's findings suggest that people who eat such fish may be exposed to metal poisoning. The National Environment Management Authority should implement measures to reduce industrial trash flow into the Ruiru River, according to the report.

scholarly journals Comparative Studies on the Proximate Composition of the Various Body Part of Clarias gariepinus and Scomber scomrus

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-618
Author(s):  
K.U. Ogbe ◽  
O.I. Omada
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Scomber Scombrus ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Fish Samples

Study on the proximate a composition of flesh and other body parts of Clarias gariepinus and scomber scombrus was carried out in January, 2020  using standard procedures. For Clarias gariepinus the highest protein (25.69%) was observed in the head, followed by flesh (21.70%) and while the  lowest protein (18.61%) was discovered in the bone. Highest fats (3.61%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by head (2.25) while (0.80%) recorded in the fins as the lowest fats. In fibre the highest (1.87%) was observed in head followed by (1.72) in the bone. The lowest fibre (0.60%) was reported in the flesh. The highest ash (22.03%) was recorded in fins, followed by bone (19.83%) while the lowest (1.30%) was discovered in the flesh. The highest moisture (75.76%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by fins (73.23) while the lowest (56.48%) was observed in the head. For scomber scombrusthe highest protein (29.44%) was observed in the head, followed by bone (28.40%) and while the lowest protein (24.30%) was discovered in the flesh. Highest fats (6.42%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by head (1.48%) while (0.95%) recorded in the bone as the lowest fats. In fibre the highest (1.11%) was observed in fin followed by (0.69%) in the flesh. The lowest fibre (0.59%) was reported in the head. The highest ash (6.37%) was  recorded in  head, followed by bone (5.07%) while the lowest (0.33%) was discovered in the flesh .The highest moisture (68.68%) was recorded in the flesh, followed by head (66.56%) while the lowest (37.20%) was observed in the fin. .The highest carbohydrate (5.58%) was recorded in the bone, followed by fin (5.28%). The study showed that the best body parts in terms protein content of the two fish samples were the head. The Head has the highest crude protein content thus it can be recommended as a possible effective ways to solve protein malnutrition Keywords: proximate, Scomber scombrus, Clarias gariepinus, head, flesh, fins, bones

Chemical assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on processed Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) from different energy sources

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
L.A. Agbabiaka ◽  
I.I. Adedokun ◽  
S.A. Ojukannaye ◽  
D.C. Agbai
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Chemical Assessment

Chemical assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on processed African catfish was carried out. Fish samples were processed using charcoal, firewood and gas oven following standard procedures. Gas chromatographic analysis was employed for PAHs determination. Results showed that mean PAHs concentrations in fish samples were observed to be: 737.86ng/μl in firewood-smoked samples, 1451.82ng/μl in charcoal and 1990.23ng/μl in oven-dried fish. The highest mean concentration of PAHs was 906.93±0.01 ng/μl for pyrene from the charcoal-smoked samples. Lower molecular weight PAHs were generally dominant in tested samples. The number of PAHs ring showed significant variation (p<0.05) with respect to processing methods. Inference from the results showed that differently processed fish samples were of good quality and are suitable for human consumption. However, the charcoal processed samples appeared to be the best when considering the case of incomplete combustion of the wood during the drying process. Therefore, the use of charcoal in fish processing is hereby recommended. Also, it is suggested that fish processors be trained on the appropriate handling and processing methods to adopt in order to enhance the production of high-quality contaminants-free fish products. Keywords: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH), anthropogenic, combustion, smoking methods, contaminants.

scholarly journals Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of Clarias gariepinus in Abuja, Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
SM Kawe ◽  
RO God'spower ◽  
MR Balarabe ◽  
RI Akaniru
Keyword(s):  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminth

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND LARVICIDAL EFFECT EVALUATION OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA (L) LEAF EXTRACT ON DERMESTES MACULATUS (DE GEER, 1774) INFESTATION OF SMOKED CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Sadam Sulaiman Indabo ◽  
Rufai Zakari
Keyword(s):  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Range Finding ◽  
Dermestes Maculatus ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Initial Source

Dermestes maculatus is a major pest of stored fish in Nigeria, fish is preserved with highly persistent synthetic chemicals. There have been an increasing effort at developing plant-based toxicants that are environmentally friendly. Therefore, this study was conducted to screen the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica for phytochemical constituents. The efficacy of the methanolic leaf extract of the plant against D. maculatus was also evaluated. The leaves of A. indica were obtained, processed and taken to laboratory for methanolic extraction. Phytochemical screening was carried out to identify saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, glycosides, triterpenes and carbohydrates using standard procedure.  Both clean and infested samples of smoke-dried Clarias gariepinus were purchased from Sabon Gari Market, Zaria. The infested samples were used as initial source of D. maculatus larvae. Range finding test was carried out prior to the bioassay. During the bioassay, clean un-infested fish samples were weighed and introduced into kilner jars and respective dosages of 0.2g, 0.4g, 0.6g and 0.8g of extract were added. Another set of fish samples without the extract were maintained as control. The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design with three replicates. Fifteen larvae of D. maculatus were introduced into both treated and control containers and covered. Mortality was recorded after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Data obtained revealed an increase in mortality with increasing dose and time. Mortality ranged from 1.67 to 11.00. Therefore, leaf extract of A. indica should be incorporated in the development of larvicide against D. maculatus.   

Evaluation of a New Clinical Test of Fusion Status: A Pilot Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 113-118
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Ohio State University ◽  
Background Suppression ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
State University ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Central Fusion ◽  
Eye Examination ◽  
The Ohio State University ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Background Suppression is associated with binocular vision conditions such as amblyopia and strabismus. Commercial methods of testing fusion often only measure central fusion or suppression at near. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess a new iPad picture fusion test that assesses foveal and central fusion at near. Methods Participants aged 5 years and older presenting for eye examination at The Ohio State University College of Optometry were enrolled. Results from visual acuity, dry and wet refraction/retinoscopy, stereopsis and cover testing were recorded from the patient chart. The iPad picture fusion test, Worth four-dot, Worth type test with foveal letter targets, and Polarized four-dot were performed by one examiner in a randomized order at 40 cm. Testing was repeated with the anaglyphic filters reversed. Crosstabulation and McNemar chi-square analysis were used to compare the results between fusion testing devices. Results Of the fifty participants (mean age = 17.5), twelve reported suppression and one reported diplopia. Testability was excellent for all tests (98% to 100%). There were no significant differences between tests in reported results (P ≥ 0.22 for all comparisons). No difference in reported fusion or suppression status was observed with change in orientation of the anaglyphic filters. Six participants reported foveal suppression alone at near which was not identified with Worth four-dot at near. Conclusion The iPad picture fusion test provided excellent testability and agreement with commonly used tests of fusion and allowed testing of both central and foveal fusion at near. Nearly half (46%) of participants with suppression reported foveal suppression, supporting the importance of testing for foveal suppression.

scholarly journals Response of Clarias gariepinus to Allium sativum-based diet on growth performance and Staphylococcus aureus challenge infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 755-759
Author(s):  
A.A. Nwabueze ◽  
J.K. Ekelemu ◽  
O.A. Owe
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Fish Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fish Samples

The response of Clarias gariepinus to Allium sativum on growth performance and as anti-bacterial agent in Staphylococcus aureus challenge infection was evaluated. A. sativum was included at 0% (control), 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% in fish diet. Twenty fish samples each were randomly distributed into four tanks (T1, T2, T3 and T4). Fish were fed twice daily at 5% body weight for twelve weeks. All fish were challenged with 0.5ml of pure culture of S. aureus. A significant (P<0.05) increase in body weight, total length and standard length was observed. A. sativum at 3.0% inclusion promoted highest growth with feed conversion ratio (1.25-1.41), protein efficiency ratio (1.72-0.56), specific growth rate (1.92-2.09), condition factor (0.83-1.99) and survival rate (60-95). Fish-fed A. sativum diet showed that 4.5% inclusion had the least S. aureus activity. Bacteria load significantly (P<0.05) decrease at week 12. Culture water had dissolved oxygen of 4.0 - 4.2 mg/L, pH 6.0 - 7.0 and temperature of 26.0-28.0oC. This study has shown that A. sativum supplemented diets enhanced growth of C. gariepinus and functioned as antibacterial agent against S. aureus. A. sativum at 3.0% inclusion in diet is recommended for better fish growth and 4.5% A. sativum for antibacterial action. Keywords: Fish, herb, growth, infection

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