scholarly journals A Mathematical Model for Calculating Intestinal Villus Surface Area in Broiler Chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-322
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
The Common

Villus surface area (VSA) is measured to reflect the active absorption surface of the intestine under different experimental conditions. In context, it has been recommended to use a suitable model for calculating VSA of different shapes. However, no more attention has been paid to this point. Thus, a mathematical model, to calculate the VSA of ridge-like shape villi, was proposed for increasing the accuracy of VSA measuring. Then, to test the proposed model, a comparison between the common (tube-like) and proposed (ridge-like shape) models was done using real 416 villi morphometrics (height and width) of one-day-old specific pathogen-free broiler chicks. Also, Python program® was used to do a microcomputer simulation for comparing between models. Statistically, the apex surface area of the tube-like shape was greater than that of the ridge-like shape (P<0.0001). While the total VSA of tube-like shape villus was numerically greater than this of ridge-like shape ones. These results were confirmed by the simulation study. In conclusion, since the villus shape affects the VSA, the proposed model can be recommended for calculating the surface area of the ridge-like shape villi instead of the common ones. Besides villus morphometrics, the villus shape-surface area relationship can be used to explain the changes in absorption capacity and related economic parameters such as growth rate and body weight under different experimental conditions.

Leaf green-white variegation is advantageous under N deprivation in Pelargonium×hortorum

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyril Abadie ◽  
Marlène Lamothe ◽  
Caroline Mauve ◽  
Françoise Gilard ◽  
Guillaume Tcherkez
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Common Occurrence ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Metabolic Analysis ◽  
Leaf Variegation ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
The Common

Variegation (patchy surface area with different colours) is a common trait of plant leaves. In green-white variegated leaves, two tissues with contrasted primary carbon metabolisms (autotrophic in green and heterotrophic in white tissues) are juxtaposed. It is generally believed that variegation is detrimental to growth due to the lower photosynthetic surface area. However, the common occurrence of leaf variegation in nature raises the question of a possible advantage under certain circumstances. Here, we examined growth and metabolism of variegated Pelargonium × hortorum L.H.Bailey using metabolomics techniques under N deprivation. Our results showed that variegated plants tolerate N deficiency much better, i.e. do not stop leaf biomass production after 9 weeks of N deprivation, even though the growth of green plants is eventually arrested and leaf senescence is triggered. Metabolic analysis indicates that white areas are naturally enriched in arginine, which decreases a lot upon N deprivation, probably to feed green areas. This process may compensate for the lower proteolysis enhancement in green areas and thus contribute to maintaining photosynthetic activity. We conclude that under our experimental conditions, leaf variegation was advantageous under prolonged N deprivation.

scholarly journals The Brandon mathematical model describing the effect of calcination and reduction parameters on specific surface area of ex-ADU UO₂ powders

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Trong Hung Nguyen ◽  
Ba Thuan Le
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Uranyl Carbonate ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fabrication Parameters ◽  
Good Agreement

The report “Brandon mathematical model describing the effect of calcination and reduction parameters on specific surface area of UO2 powders” [14] has built up a mathematical model describing the effect of the fabrication parameters on SSA (Specific Surface Area) of ex-AUC (Ammonium Uranyl Carbonate) UO2 powders. In the paper, the Brandon mathematical model that describe the relationship between the essential fabrication parameters [reduction temperature (TR), calcination temperature (TC), calcination time (tC) and reduction time (tR)] and SSA of the obtained ex-ADU (Ammonium Di-Uranate) UO2 powder product has established. The proposed model was tested with Wilcoxon’s rank sum test, showing a good agreement with the experimental parameters. The proposed model can be used to predict and control the SSA of ex-ADU UO2 powders

scholarly journals Effect of Campylobacter-Specific Maternal Antibodies on Campylobacter jejuni Colonization in Young Chickens

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 5372-5379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orhan Sahin ◽  
Naidan Luo ◽  
Shouxiong Huang ◽  
Qijing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Free Layer ◽  
Systemic Immune Response ◽  
Natural Production ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Kinetics Of

ABSTRACT Using laboratory challenge experiments, we examined whether Campylobacter-specific maternal antibody (MAB) plays a protective role in young chickens, which are usually free of Campylobacter under natural production conditions. Kinetics of C. jejuni colonization were compared by infecting 3-day-old broiler chicks, which were naturally positive for Campylobacter-specific MAB, and 21-day-old broilers, which were negative for Campylobacter-specific MAB. The onset of colonization occurred much sooner in birds challenged at the age of 21 days than it did in the birds inoculated at 3 days of age, which suggested a possible involvement of specific MAB in the delay of colonization. To further examine this possibility, specific-pathogen-free layer chickens were raised under laboratory conditions with or without Campylobacter infection, and their 3-day-old progenies with (MAB+) or without (MAB−) Campylobacter-specific MAB were orally challenged with C. jejuni. Significant decreases in the percentage of colonized chickens were observed in the MAB+ group during the first week compared with the MAB− group. These results indicate that Campylobacter-specific MAB plays a partial role in protecting young chickens against colonization by C. jejuni. Presence of MAB in young chickens did not seem to affect the development of systemic immune response following infection with C. jejuni. However, active immune responses to Campylobacter occurred earlier and more strongly in birds infected at 21 days of age than those infected at 3 days of age. Clearance of Campylobacter infection was also observed in chickens infected at 21 days of age. Taken together, these findings (i) indicate that anti-Campylobacter MAB contributes to the lack of Campylobacter infection in young broiler chickens in natural environments and (ii) provide further evidence supporting the feasibility of development of immunization-based approaches for control of Campylobacter infection in poultry.

scholarly journals Effects of probiotic and phytogenic products on performance, gut morphology and cecal microflora of broiler chickens

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Perić ◽  
N. Milošević ◽  
D. Žikić ◽  
S. Bjedov ◽  
D. Cvetković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Gut Morphology ◽  
Cecal Microflora

Abstract. The trial involved 684 Cobb 500 broiler chicks in order to investigate the effects of probiotics and phytogenic additives on performance, gut morphology and cecal microbial concentrations. Birds were assigned to three treatments: control feed, treatment with addition of probiotics in feed and water and treatment with addition of phytogenic blend in feed. The results showed a significant improvement (P<0.01) in body weight gain and a numerical, but non significant (P>0.05) improvement in feed conversion ratio by adding both probiotics and phytogenics in feed. There were no statistically significant differences among treatments regarding total aerobes, anaerobes, lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria, enterococci, and Escherichia coli populations (P>0.05) in cecum of broilers. The gut morphology examination showed that probiotics had beneficial effect on jejunum morphology causing a significant (P<0.005) increase in villus height and villus surface area compared to other two groups. On the other hand, phytogenic additive had no effect (P>0.05) on villus height or villus surface area, but reduced the villus/crypt ratio (P<0.05), which may indicate that the improved production results in the group with added phytogenics are not directly connected with changes in gut integrity, but with other physiological mechanisms.

scholarly journals Universal Kinetic Model to Simulate Two-Step Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oil

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2994
Author(s):  
A. Alcantara ◽  
F. J. Lopez-Gimenez ◽  
M. P. Dorado
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Concentration Variation ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Kinetics Of

To date, to simulate biodiesel production, kinetic models from different authors have been provided, each one usually applied to the use of a specific vegetable oil and experimental conditions. Models, which may include esterification, besides transesterification simulation, were validated with their own experimental conditions and raw material. Moreover, information about the intermediate reaction steps, besides catalyst concentration variation, is either rare or nonexistent. Here, in this work, a universal mathematical model comprising the chemical kinetics of a two-step (esterification and transesterification) vegetable oil-based biodiesel reaction is proposed. The proposed model is universal, as it may simulate any vegetable oil biodiesel reaction from the literature. For this purpose, a mathematical model using the software MATLAB has been designed. Using the mathematical model, the estimation of mass variation with time, of both reactants and products, as well as glyceride conversion and homogeneous catalyst concentration variation (instead of only alcohol/catalyst solution) are allowed. Moreover, analysis of the influence of some important variables affecting the reaction kinetics of biodiesel production (e.g., catalyst concentration), along with comparison and model validation with data from different authors may be carried out. In addition, Supplementary material with a collection of 290 rate constants, derived from 55 different experiments using different vegetable oils and conditions is provided.

Effects of feeding various levels of full fat soybean extruded at high temperature on performance, serum components and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 580
Author(s):  
Safa Zhaleh ◽  
Abolghasem Golian ◽  
Seyed Ali Mirghelenj ◽  
Avisa Akhavan ◽  
Abdollah Akbarian
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Serum Triglyceride ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Dietary Level ◽  
Crypt Depth ◽  
Morphological Criteria

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary levels of extruded full fat soybean (EFFSB) on growth performance, physiological enzymes and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens at market age. A batch of FFSB was wet-extruded at 170°C for 15 s to provide the EFFSB. Ross 308 male broiler chicks (144 one-day old) were divided into 12 groups of 12 birds each and allocated to one of the starter, grower and finisher diets containing 0%, 7.5% and 15% of EFFSB. Feed intake and weight gain of chicks fed the diet containing 15% of EFFSB were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced compared with those fed the control diet during 0–10 days of age, but were not influenced during grower and finisher stages and the whole period (P > 0.05). The triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations in blood serum were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with an increase in dietary levels of EFFSB at 42 days of age. Length of villi and villus absorptive surface area in duodenum section were linearly decreased (P < 0.05) with an increase in dietary level of EFFSB (P < 0.05), although crypt depth and villus length : crypt depth ratio were not affected (P > 0.05). These morphological criteria were not affected by the dietary level of EFFSB measured in jejunum and ileum sections (P > 0.05). It is concluded that the use of EFFSB in feed may reduce the duodenal surface area and serum triglyceride and LDL cholesterol concentrations, but has no effect on performance of broiler chickens at market age.

scholarly journals Modern Hybrid Rye, as an Alternative Energy Source for Broiler Chickens, Improves the Absorption Surface of the Small Intestine Depending on the Intestinal Part and Xylanase Supplementation

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1349
Author(s):  
Janine Donaldson ◽  
Sylwester Świątkiewicz ◽  
Anna Arczewka-Włosek ◽  
Siemowit Muszyński ◽  
Sylwia Szymańczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Ileal Mucosa ◽  
Alternative Energy Source ◽  
Hybrid Rye

The current study investigated the effects of the inclusion of modern hybrid rye (Brasetto variety) to a corn–wheat-based diet, with or without xylanase, on the absorptive surface of the small intestine of broilers. A total of 224 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly divided into four experimental groups with seven replicate cages of eight birds/replicate. A 2 × 2 factorial study design was used, with rye inclusion (0% or 20%) and xylanase supplementation (0 or 200 mg/kg of feed) as factors. Inclusion of rye increased duodenal and ileal crypt depth, villi height, the villus-to-crypt ratio and absorption surface area (p < 0.05), and ileal mucosa thickness and crypt width (p < 0.05). Xylanase supplementation attenuated the effects of rye in the duodenum and ileum and decreased the villi height and villus-to-crypt ratio in the jejunum (p < 0.05). Rye and xylanase had no effect on the spatial distribution of claudin 3 and ZO-1 protein, but xylanase supplementation reduced the amount of claudin 3 in the duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05). The findings of this study indicate that 20% inclusion of modern hybrid rye to the diets of broilers improved the structure of the duodenum and ileum, but these effects were attenuated by xylanase supplementation.

A mathematical model for volatility flocking with a regime switching mechanism in a stock market

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (07) ◽  
pp. 1299-1335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeong-Ohk Bae ◽  
Seung-Yeal Ha ◽  
Yongsik Kim ◽  
Sang-Hyeok Lee ◽  
Hyuncheul Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Regime Switching ◽  
Market Volatility ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Stock Market Volatility ◽  
Financial Applications ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Common ◽  
Geometric Brownian Motions

We present a mathematical model for stock market volatility flocking. Our proposed model consists of geometric Brownian motions with time-varying volatilities coupled with Cucker–Smale (C–S) flocking and regime switching mechanisms. For all-to-all interactions, we assume that all assets' volatilities are coupled to each other with a constant interaction weight, and we show that the common volatility emerges asymptotically and discuss its financial applications. We also provide several numerical simulations and compare them to existing analytical results.

scholarly journals A Novel Adjuvant “Sublancin” Enhances Immune Response in Specific Pathogen-Free Broiler Chickens Inoculated with Newcastle Disease Vaccine

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangke Liu ◽  
Jiang Zhang ◽  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Yong Guo ◽  
Tao He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Lymphocyte Proliferation ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
B Lymphocyte ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Specific Pathogen Free ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Specific Pathogen

Sublancin is a glycosylated antimicrobial peptide produced by Bacillus subtilis 168 possessing antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of sublancin on immune functions and serum antibody titer in specific pathogen-free (SPF) broiler chickens vaccinated with Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. For this purpose, 3 experiments were performed. Experiment 1: SPF broiler chicks (14 days old) were randomly allotted to 1 of 7 groups including a blank control (BC), vaccine control (VC), and 5 (3-7) vaccinated and sublancin supplemented at 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg activity/L of water, respectively. Vaccinated groups (2-7) were vaccinated with ND vaccine by intranasal and intraocular routes at the 14th day. On 7, 14, 21, and 28 days post vaccination (dpv), the blood samples were collected for the determination of serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titer. Experiment 2: SPF broiler chicks were divided into 1 of 3 groups, i.e., blank control (BC), vaccine control (VC), and sublancin treatment (ST). On 7, 14, and 21 dpv, the blood samples were collected for measuring HI antibody titer by micromethod. Experiment 3: the design of this experiment was the same as that of experiment 2. On 7 and 21 dpv, pinocytosis of peritoneal macrophages, B lymphocyte proliferation assay, measurement of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and serum cytokine quantitation were carried out. It was noted that sublancin promoted B lymphocyte proliferation, increased the proportion of CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulations, and enhanced the antibody titer in broiler chickens. In addition, it was also observed that sublancin has the potential to induce the secretion of IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-4. In conclusion, these findings suggested that sublancin could promote both humoral and cellular immune responses and has the potential to be a promising vaccine adjuvant.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF PREDICTING THE INDICATORS OF ACCREDITATION OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2017 ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
Olga Mikhaylovna Tikhonova ◽  
Alexander Fedorovich Rezchikov ◽  
Vladimir Andreevich Ivashchenko ◽  
Vadim Alekseevich Kushnikov
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Oriented Graph ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Linear Differential ◽  
The University ◽  
The Mathematical Model

The paper presents the system of predicting the indicators of accreditation of technical universities based on J. Forrester mechanism of system dynamics. According to analysis of cause-and-effect relationships between selected variables of the system (indicators of accreditation of the university) there was built the oriented graph. The complex of mathematical models developed to control the quality of training engineers in Russian higher educational institutions is based on this graph. The article presents an algorithm for constructing a model using one of the simulated variables as an example. The model is a system of non-linear differential equations, the modelling characteristics of the educational process being determined according to the solution of this system. The proposed algorithm for calculating these indicators is based on the system dynamics model and the regression model. The mathematical model is constructed on the basis of the model of system dynamics, which is further tested for compliance with real data using the regression model. The regression model is built on the available statistical data accumulated during the period of the university's work. The proposed approach is aimed at solving complex problems of managing the educational process in universities. The structure of the proposed model repeats the structure of cause-effect relationships in the system, and also provides the person responsible for managing quality control with the ability to quickly and adequately assess the performance of the system.

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