Physical properties of sessile oak (quercus petraea l) used by the wood industry in Kosovo

The paper shows some physical properties of sessile oak obtained in Kosovo regions. In the study are shown: wood shrinkage, specific gravity, shrinkage coefficient for 1% change of moisture content, ratio of shrinkage in tangential and radial direction etc. The amount of volumetric shrinkage of sessile oak is 15.95%, heartwood part has an average shrinkage 15.41% in The shrinkage of sapwood part is 17.56%. Specific gravity at: wet condition: (1.013gr/cm3); 12% (0.853gr/cm3) and 0% (0.826gr/cm3) of moisture content. Specific gravity of heartwood at: wet condition (1.05gr/cm3); 12% (0.88gr/cm3); 0% (0.85gr/cm3). The specific gravity of sapwood at: wet condition (0.91gr/cm3); 12% (0.77gr/cm3); 0% (0.748gr/cm3). The ratio of average shrinkage between tangential and radial cutting direction is 1.71%. This ratio was significantly higher in sapwood than heartwood. Coefficient of shrinkage (changing 1% of moisture content) in the radial direction is 0.00196, and 0.00323 in tangential direction.

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Pengaruh Penambahan Abu Arang Tempurung Kelapa Pada Tanah Lempung Terhadap Hasil Uji Kompaksi

Paulus Civil Engineering Journal ◽

10.52722/pcej.v3i2.257 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 276-285

Author(s):

Brigita Suzanna ◽

Irwan Lie Keng Wong ◽

Monika Datu Mirring Palinggi

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Clay Soil ◽

Test Method ◽

Coconut Shell ◽

Dry Density ◽

Coconut Shell Ash ◽

American Society ◽

Index Value

The purpose of this research is to determine the physical properties of clay soil and to analyze the effect of adding coconut shell charcoal ash to the clay soil. The soil samples used in this study came from Tanralili District, Maros Regency, two sample points were taken and the variations in the levels of addition of coconut shell charcoal ash is 0%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%. The test method used refers to ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials). The tests carried out were testing the physical properties of the soil in the form of moisture content, specific gravity, Atterberg boundaries, filter analysis, and hydrometer analysis, then a compaction test was carried out to determine the maximum soil density. The results of the test obtained a moisture content value of 28.811%, a specific gravity of 2.58 g / cm3 so that it is classified as organic clay. As well as the plasticity index value of 9.926% with moderate plasticity from the 7% -17% interval. Then from the test results of soil compaction testing with the addition of coconut shell ash, the dry density (gdry) equal to 0.862, 0.886, 0.914, 0.943, 0.962, this means that the soil sample experienced an increase in dry density (gdry) of 11.60%. From the research results it can be concluded that the addition of coconut shell charcoal ash can increase the value of soil dry density so that it can be used to increase the value of the carrying capacity of clay soil.

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Experimental Investigation of Water Soaked Wood at Uniaxial and Biaxial States of Stress

Applied Mechanics Reviews ◽

10.1115/1.3005049 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 48 (10) ◽

pp. 684-688 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. Kowal ◽

S. J. Kowalski

Keyword(s):

Experimental Investigation ◽

Stress State ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Radial Direction ◽

Tangential Direction ◽

Biaxial Stress ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Free Swelling

It is possible to observe a significant difference in swelling strains of unstressed and stressed water soaked wood. This paper points out that the swelling strains depend not only on the magnitude of stress in wood but also on the kind of stress state. Our main aim is to investigate the relation between various states of stress and the swelling strains in water soaked wood. Three different states of stress are studied: tension in the radial direction, compression in the tangential direction with respect to the growth rings, and both these stresses acting together (biaxial stress). Some weighty conclusions follow from the investigations. The main one is that, although the mechanical strains alone are negligibly small compared to the free swelling strains, the coupled mechanical-swelling strains, being a function of the stress state and the moisture content, have a great significance in total strains of water soaked wood.

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SIFAT FISIK BATANG DAN CABANG KAYU MAKADAMIA

PERENNIAL ◽

10.24259/perennial.v2i1.149 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Andi Detti Yunianti

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Quality Indicators ◽

Basic Density ◽

Raw Material ◽

Longitudinal Shrinkage ◽

Wood Production ◽

Efficient Utilization ◽

Tangential Shrinkage

Since there have been a big difference between wood production and industrial need, wood diversification plays an important role in handling wood deficiencies. Wood raw material diversification could developed and increased throughout the use of whole parts of the tree including branch. The current study was aimed at understanding stem and branch physical properties (basic density, air-dry specific gravity, air-dry moisture content and shrinkage) of macadamia wood as quality indicators for efficient utilization in the future. For the purpose of the study, parts of stem and branch of the tree were taken from a macadamia tree. Test specimens of stem were cut 50 cm from the ground while that of branch were selected from the largest diameter at 10 cm distance from the main stem of the tree. All samples were tested for their physical properties according to ISO standards, 1975. Results showed that the basic density, air dry specific gravity and longitudinal shrinkage of the branchwood of macadamia were higher than those of the stem. The air-dry moisture content, radial and tangential shrinkage were low on the branchwood. Keywords : Wood Physical Properties, Branchwood , Macadamia Wood

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Determination of Physico-chemical properties of selected tropical timbers in Anambra State, South Eastern Nigeria

Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria ◽

10.46602/jcsn.v46i2.612 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

Author(s):

G.C NWANISOBI ◽

C. EJIKEME EZECHI ◽

C. U OKEKE

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Cold Water ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Anambra State ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Porosity Index

The analyses on chemical properties of some tropical timbers have been studied. The physical properties of these timbers varied in the pH(4.26 – 6.85) , moisture content(13%-37%), specific gravity(0.16-0.45), charring temperature (61 – 116o C)and porosity index(1.17-2.08%).Also the solubility behaviors of these timbers were mostly insoluble in hot and cold water, NaOH and ethanol and slightly soluble in concentrated HCl and H2SO4 respectively. The Qualitative results show heavy presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannis, glycosides, steroids and terpenoids in some of the timbers.Quantitative determinations were carried out and results show that the woods contain chemical constituents which are useful to both humans and industries.

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Models to predict whole-disk specific gravity and moisture content in planted longleaf pine from cutover and old field sites

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2021-0092 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sameen Raut ◽

Joseph Dahlen ◽

Bronson P. Bullock ◽

Cristian Montes ◽

David Dickens

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Longleaf Pine ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Agricultural Fields ◽

Old Field ◽

Southeast United States ◽

Site Type ◽

Forest Sites

Efforts to restore longleaf pine across the southeast United States have occurred on two distinct site types, cutover forests and old agricultural fields. We measured wood and bark physical properties of unthinned planted longleaf pine from sixteen stands across Georgia, ages 12 to 25, with eight stands sampled from each site type. Three-hundred and twenty trees were felled and 3,572 disks collected from within the trees. Wood and bark specific gravity (SG), moisture content (MC), and proportion of bark were measured. Non-linear mixed effects models were developed to predict the variation in wood and bark SG with respect to relative height, age, and site type. Cutover sites had higher whole-tree wood SG (0.504 vs 0.455) and bark SG (0.374 vs 0.347) than old agricultural fields. The models explained 50% and 37% of the variability in wood and bark SG, respectively. Moisture content models were fitted as a function of SG for wood (R2 = 0.87) and bark (R2 = 0.71). Bark thickness, dry mass, and green volume were higher for cutover forest sites. Trees sampled included both non-defect and defect-containing trees, however, no significant differences in the wood physical properties were found. These results provide important information for the utilization of plantation longleaf pine.

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Effect of Drying Method and Storage Days on Essential Oil Yield and Quality of Rue (Ruta Chalepensis) leaves

Nutrition and Food Processing ◽

10.31579/2637-8914/049 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 01-04

Author(s):

Abdela Befa

Keyword(s):

Refractive Index ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Specific Gravity ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Oil Content ◽

Drying Methods ◽

Fresh Leaf ◽

Ruta Chalepensis ◽

And Storage

The genus Rue (Ruta chalepensis) is an aromatic medicinal plant used in the folk as an herbal remedy medicine for the treatment of a variety of disorders in Ethiopia. Information about the effects of drying methods and storage days on essential oil physical properties is limited. The fresh leaf of rue was collected from the Wondo Genet Agriculture research center and was subjected to sun and shade drying methods and four storage days (0,5,10, and 15) days for each day's moisture content and essential oil extraction using hydro distillation. The obtained essential oils were analyzed for physical properties (specific gravity and refractive index). The highest value of moisture content in percent was recorded at 0-day storage days with the value of 73.533 and the lowest one was recorded at 15-day sundry with the value of 8.400. The highest and lowest value of essential oil content in volume by weight in percent was 0.673 and 0.174 at 0 day and 10-day sun, respectively. The highest and lowest value of essential oil content weight by weight in percent was 0.996 and 0.287 at 0 day and 15-day sun, respectively. The results showed that the rue dried under shade had a higher level of moisture content, essential oil content, volume by weight and weight by weight, specific gravity, and refractive index compared to the rue leaf dried under sun-drying methods. In the case of storage days in all parameters except refractive index and specific gravity, the rue fresh leaf (0 days) was higher in moisture content and essential oil contents compared to others storage days. This study provides evidence that drying herbs for different storage days and different drying methods affect the essential oil content and physical properties of essential oil.

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Intra- and Inter-Tree Variability of Moisture Content in Standing Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.)

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2002.020 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 117-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

T. Constant ◽

G. Nepveu ◽

F. Huber

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Stand Structure ◽

Tree Height ◽

Quercus Petraea ◽

Site Quality ◽

Average Moisture Content ◽

Sessile Oak ◽

Tree Effect ◽

The Individual

Summary Knowledge about the moisture content of trees in the forest or wood yard is scarce. The variation of moisture content within and between 20 boles of sessile oak was investigated using 1543 measurements performed at three heights in each tree and along 4 radii. Five radial positions were defined: sapwood, outer, intermediate and inner heartwood, and the core piece including the pith. Results show that the average moisture content is highly dependent on the individual. The average moisture content was around 80%(oven-dried basis), but it ranges from 65% to 100%depending on the tree. This “tree” effect is discussed and examined using some general characteristics of the trees (region, stand structure, site quality, dendrometric and densitometric traits). Apart from age counted from pith, and the ratio of tree height vs. diameter, no strong correlation appears. Moderate variations in moisture content with radial position and height are also brought to the fore. The specific role of sapwood, which exhibits a more variable moisture content is discussed.

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Distribution of Vascular Bundles and Physical Properties Analysis of Variety DxP Oil Palm Trunk Based on Various Zones and Trunk Heights

Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit ◽

10.22302/iopri.jur.jpks.v28i1.93 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Ayu Wulandari ◽

Erwinsyah Erwinsyah

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Peripheral Zone ◽

Vascular Bundles ◽

Board Density ◽

Oil Palm Trunk ◽

Average Value ◽

Regression Test

In an attempt to obtain a homogenous board density from the palm trunk, this research was carried out to analyze the distribution of vascular bundles and the physical properties of the oil palm trunk (moisture content, density, and specific gravity) in various zones and trunk heights. Oil palm trunk samples were used from 29 years old palm (Planted on 1991) which acquired from Aek Pancur Experimental plantation, Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute (IOPRI). The oil palm trunk sample was cut based on the trunk zones (peripheral, central, and inner), and trunk heights (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 m). The observed parameters were vascular bundles, moisture content, density, and specific gravity. The results showed that the highest number of vascular bundles in the peripheral zone (73.66 vb/cm2). In addition that, the highest density and specific gravity also found in peripheral zone with an average 0,73 gram/cm3 and 0.53, whereas the highest moisture content was found in the inner zone with an average value 141%(w/w). Furthermore, the statistical analysis ((ANOVA and regression test (R2)) in this study showed that the trunk zone factor was more significant than the trunk height for all observed parameters (distribution of vascular bundles, moisture content, density and specific gravity).

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Bamboo as future bio-industrial material: Physical behaviour and bending strength of Malaysia’s Beting bamboo (Gigantochloa levis)

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/951/1/012001 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 951 (1) ◽

pp. 012001

Author(s):

S Osman ◽

M Ahmad ◽

M N Zakaria ◽

A M Zakaria ◽

Z Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Specific Gravity ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Dimensional Stability ◽

Fiber Orientation ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Timber Species ◽

Industrial Material

Abstract In this paper, bending strength and physical properties (specific gravity, dimensional stability and equilibrium moisture content) of a Malaysian bamboo locally known as Beting bamboo (Gigantochloa levis) are addressed. Characterizations of physical and bending strength of G. levis in terms of the variability of location along culm height (top, middle, bottom), culm section (nodes and internodes), fiber orientation (longitudinal, tangential and radial) and culm layer (outer and inner) were conducted. Comparison of these properties is also made to some bamboo and commercial timber species. It was found that G. levis has favorable physical and mechanical properties although the specific gravity of G. levis has tendency to be on the higher side. The characteristics studied were found to have some variability at different locations, sections, and directions. There was variability in terms of bending strength along with the culm height of bamboo. It is indicated from this study that the bending strength and physical properties of G. levis were found to be satisfactory.

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Influence of Moisture Sorption on Swelling of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) Wood

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2001.096 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 55 (6) ◽

pp. 590-594 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

R. Arévalo ◽

R.E. Hernández

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Equilibrium Moisture Content ◽

Radial Direction ◽

Moisture Sorption ◽

Tangential Direction ◽

Order Effects ◽

Swelling Ratio ◽

Swietenia Macrophylla ◽

Dimensional Changes ◽

Moisture Conditions

Summary Samples of mahogany wood (Swietenia macrophylla King) from Peru were used for moisture sorption tests associated with swelling tests at 25°C. Seven adsorption and five desorption moisture conditions were investigated to study the differences in swelling between adsorption and desorption curves at a given equilibrium moisture content. The results demonstrated that dimensional changes in the tangential direction and in volume were greater for desorption than for adsorption. The presence of these second order effects of moisture sorption in mahogany wood were not detected in the radial direction. Finally, the tangential/radial swelling ratio of this wood was lower in both states of sorption, and was lower in adsorption than in the desorption state.

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