scholarly journals Effect of Squalene in Morphometric and Cognitive Aspects in D-Galactose induced Alzheimers Disease in Male Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kukkarasapalli Praveen ◽  
Yellamma Kuna
Keyword(s):  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Alzheimers Disease ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Alzheimers disease is a type of dementia, even though extensive research work has been carried out since decades till now, there is no specific therapeutic drug available for the permanent cure of the Alzheimer’s Disease. Now a days the marine bioactive compound squalene plays a therapeutic role morphometric and cognitive aspects in D-Galactose induced alzheimers disease in male albino rats. The morphometric aspects which refer to the quantitative analysis of a concept that encompasses size, shape and other physical parameters is useful for assessing the impact of mutants on shape, their fossil records, developmental changes in the form between ecological factors and as well as evaluating the quantitative genetic aspects of shape. To evaluate the spatial or place learning in experimental rat, the most popularly known water maze test is Morris Water Maze (MWM) experiment. The most important utilization of the Morris Water Maze includes that its high reliability across a wide range of tank configurations and testing procedures, its cross-species utility in several chosen experimental animals such as mice and rats including humans in a virtual maze. The marine bioactive compound Squalene plays a major impact on brain function and behaviour by enhancing the learning and memory in the AD- Model rats.

scholarly journals Beneficial effect of retigabine on memory in rats receiving ethanol

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Zwierzyńska ◽  
Agata Krupa-Burtnik ◽  
Bogusława Pietrzak
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Ethanol Administration ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Retigabine belongs to the novel generation of antiepileptic drugs but its complex mechanism of action causes that the drug might be effective in other diseases, for instance, alcohol dependence. It is known that ethanol abuse impaired the function of brain structures associated with memory and learning such as the hippocampus. In our previous study, retigabine reduced hippocampal changes induced by ethanol in the EEG rhythms in rabbits. This study is focused on the impact of retigabine on memory processes in male rats receiving alcohol. Methods Memory was evaluated in various experimental models: Morris water maze, Contextual, and Cued Fear Conditioning tests. Retigabine was administered for 3 weeks directly to the stomach via oral gavage at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Rats received also 20% ethanol (5 g/kg/day in two doses) via oral gavage for 3 weeks and had free access to 5% ethanol in the afternoon and at night. Morris water maze was performed after 1 and 3 weeks of ethanol administration and after 1 week from the discontinuation of ethanol administration. Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning tests were carried out after 24 h and 72 h of alcohol discontinuation. Results The drug significantly decreased ethanol-induced memory disturbances during alcohol administration as well as slightly improved learning processes after the discontinuation of ethanol administration. Conclusions This beneficial effect of retigabine-ethanol interaction on memory may be a relevant element of the drug’s impact on the development of addiction.

scholarly journals Modelling H2 and its effects on star formation using a joint implementation of gadget-3 and KROME

2021 ◽  
Vol 504 (2) ◽  
pp. 2325-2345
Author(s):  
Emanuel Sillero ◽  
Patricia B Tissera ◽  
Diego G Lambas ◽  
Stefano Bovino ◽  
Dominik R Schleicher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Density Profiles ◽  
Star Forming ◽  
Chemical Enrichment ◽  
Numerical Resolution ◽  
Stellar Radiation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT We present p-gadget3-k, an updated version of gadget-3, that incorporates the chemistry package krome. p-gadget3-k follows the hydrodynamical and chemical evolution of cosmic structures, incorporating the chemistry and cooling of H2 and metal cooling in non-equilibrium. We performed different runs of the same ICs to assess the impact of various physical parameters and prescriptions, namely gas metallicity, molecular hydrogen formation on dust, star formation recipes including or not H2 dependence, and the effects of numerical resolution. We find that the characteristics of the simulated systems, both globally and at kpc-scales, are in good agreement with several observable properties of molecular gas in star-forming galaxies. The surface density profiles of star formation rate (SFR) and H2 are found to vary with the clumping factor and resolution. In agreement with previous results, the chemical enrichment of the gas component is found to be a key ingredient to model the formation and distribution of H2 as a function of gas density and temperature. A star formation algorithm that takes into account the H2 fraction together with a treatment for the local stellar radiation field improves the agreement with observed H2 abundances over a wide range of gas densities and with the molecular Kennicutt–Schmidt law, implying a more realistic modelling of the star formation process.

scholarly journals Rapamycin attenuated zinc-induced tau phosphorylation and oxidative stress in animal model: Involvement of dual mTOR/p70S6K and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chencen Lai ◽  
Qian Chen ◽  
Yuanting Ding ◽  
Songbai Su ◽  
Heng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Zinc Sulfate ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Tau Phosphorylation ◽  
Alzheimers Disease ◽  
Tau Pathology ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Alzheimers disease is pathologically featured by abnormal accumulation of amyloid-beta plaque, neurofibrillary tangles, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Metal dysregulation including excessive zinc released by presynaptic neurons plays an important role in tau pathology and oxidase activation. The activities of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/ ribosomal S6 protein kinase (p70S6K) are elevated in the brains of patients with Alzheimers disease. Zinc induces tau hyperphosphorylation via mTOR/P70S6K activation in vitro. However, the involvement of mTOR/P70S6K pathway in zinc-induced oxidative stress, tau degeneration, synaptic and cognitive impairment, has not been fully elucidated in vivo. Here we assessed in the effect of pathological concentration of zinc in SH-SY5Y cells by using biochemical assays and immunofluorescence staining. Rats (n = 18, male) were lateral ventricularly-injected with zinc and treated with rapamycin (intraperitoneal injection) for one week and assessed using Morris water maze. Evaluation of the oxidative stress, tau phorsphylation and synaptic impairment were performed using the hippocampus tissue of the rats by biochemical assays and immunofluorescence staining. Results from Morris water maze showed that the capacity of spatial memory is impaired in zinc-treated rats. Zinc sulfate significantly increased the levels of P-mTOR Ser2448, P-p70S6K Thr389, and P-tau Ser356, and decreased levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 in SH-SY5Y cells and in zinc-treated rats compared with control groups. Increased expressions of reactive oxygen species were observed in zinc sulfate-induced SH-SY5Y cells as well as in the hippocampus of zinc-injected rats. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, rescued the zinc-induced increases in mTOR/p70S6K activations, tau phosphorylation and oxidative stress, as well as Nrf2/HO-1 inactivation, cognitive impairment and synaptic impairment reduced the expression of synapse-related proteins in zinc-injected rats. In conclusion, our findings imply that rapamycin prevents zinc-induced cognitive impairment and protects neurons from tau pathology, oxidative stress and synaptic impairment, by decreasing mTOR/p70S6K hyperactivity and increasing Nrf2/HO-1 activity.

scholarly journals Chronic Supplementation with a Mix of Salvia officinalis and Salvia lavandulaefolia Improves Morris Water Maze Learning in Normal Adult C57Bl/6J Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1777
Author(s):  
Anne-Laure Dinel ◽  
Céline Lucas ◽  
Damien Guillemet ◽  
Sophie Layé ◽  
Véronique Pallet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Salvia Officinalis ◽  
Cam Kinase Ii ◽  
Cam Kinase ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
The Impact

Background: Two different species of sage, Salvia officinalis and Salvia lavandulaefolia, have demonstrated activities in cognitive function during preclinical and clinical studies related to impaired health situations or single administration. Different memory processes have been described to be significantly and positively impacted. Objective: Our objective is to explore the potential of these Salvia, and their additional activities, in healthy situations, and during prolonged administration, on memory and subsequent mechanisms of action related to putative effects. Design: This mouse study has implicated four investigational arms dedicated to control, Salvia officinalis aqueous extract, Salvia lavandulaefolia-encapsulated essential oil and a mix thereof (Cognivia™) for 2 weeks of administration. Cognitive functions have been assessed throughout Y-maze and Morris water maze models. The impact of supplementation on lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, neurogenesis, neuronal activity, neurotrophins, neurotrophin receptors, CaM kinase II and glucocorticoid receptors has been assessed via post-interventional tissue collection. Results: All Salvia groups had a significant effect on Y-maze markers on day 1 of administration. Only the mix of two Salvia species demonstrated significant improvements in Morris water maze markers at the end of administration. Considering all biological and histological markers, we did not observe any significant effect of S. officinalis, S. lavandulaefolia and a mix of Salvia supplementation on lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and neuronal plasticity (neurogenesis, neuronal activity, neurotrophins). Interestingly, CaM kinase II protein expression is significantly increased in animals supplemented with Salvia. Conclusion: The activities of Salvia alone after one intake have been confirmed; however, a particular combination of different types of Salvia have been shown to improve memory and present specific synergistic effects after chronic administration in healthy mice.

Primary Care and Diagnostic Testing Outside the Hospital

1989 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Stoeckle
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Doctor's Office ◽  
The Impact

This article enumerates and describes the wide range of sites at which primary care is now offered; analyzes the impact of diagnostic testing procedures used in locations outside the doctor's office, such as imaging centers, hospices, and nursing homes; and looks at the effect of this decentralization on patients and medicine.

scholarly journals Effects of Chronic Stress on Cognition in Male SAMP8 Mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1078-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhua Wang ◽  
Jie Yuan ◽  
Jingjuan Pang ◽  
Jiang Ma ◽  
Bing Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Cognitive Deficit ◽  
Brain Aging ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Samp8 Mice ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Senescence Accelerated Mouse

Background/Aims: Chronic stress can lead to cognitive impairment. Senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) is a naturally occurring animal model that is useful for investigating the neurological mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease. Here we investigated the impact and mechanisms of chronic stress on cognition in male SAMP8 mice. Methods: Male 6-month- old SAMP8 and SAMR1 (senescence-accelerated mouse resistant 1) mice strains were randomly divided into 4 groups. Mice in the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) groups were exposed to diverse stressors for 4 weeks. Then, these mice performed Morris water maze (MWM) test to assess the effect of UCMS on learning and memory. To explore the neurological mechanisms of UCMS on cognition in mice, we evaluated changes in the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) and synaptophysin (SYN), which are essential proteins for synaptic plasticity. Five mice from each group were randomly chosen for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting analysis of SYN and PSD95. Results: The Morris water maze experiment revealed that the cognitive ability of the SAMP8 mice decreased with brain aging, and that chronic stress aggravated this cognitive deficit. In addition, chronic stress decreased the mRNA and protein expression of SYN and PSD95 in the hippocampus of the SAMP8 mice; however, the SAMR1 mice were unaffected. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that decreased cognition and synaptic plasticity are related to aging. Moreover, we show that chronic stress aggravated this cognitive deficit and decreased SYN and PSD95 expression in the SAMP8 mice. Furthermore, the SAMP8 mice were more vulnerable to the detrimental effects of chronic stress on cognition than the SAMR1 mice. Our results suggest that the neurological mechanisms of chronic stress on cognition might be associated with a decrease in hippocampal SYN and PSD95 expression, which is critical for structural synaptic plasticity.

scholarly journals SOLANUM BETACEUM IMPROVES COGNITIVE FUNCTION BY DECREASING N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE ON ALZHEIMER RATS MODEL

2019 ◽  
pp. 167-170
Author(s):  
INDRI SAFITRI ◽  
HANIK BADRIYAH HIDAYATI ◽  
AGUS TURCHAN ◽  
SUHARTATI ◽  
SITI KHAERUNNISA
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Assay Methods ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Solanum Betaceum

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Solanum betaceum towards cognitive function, i.e. memory, and the level of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and brain derived neurothropic factor (BDNF) as a drug candidate therapy for Alzheimer rats model.Methods: Fifty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups (K0, K1, P1, P2 and P3). Four groups (K1, P1, P2 and P3) of Alzheimer’s disease(AD) rats were induced by aluminum chloride with dose 2 g/L for 21 days period and three groups (P1, P2 and P3) in 22th day administered parallellywith 100 mg/kg b.w/day; 200 mg/kg b.w/day; and 400 mg/kg b.w/day of S. betaceum respectively for14 days. The level of NMDAR and BDNF wasmeasured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods, whereas memory was measured by the Morris water maze test.Results: S. betaceum administration increased cognitive function significantly (p=0.037) of AD induced-rats by decreasing the time to reach the targetof Morris water maze and maintaining the low levels of NMDAR significantly (p=0.006), but the level of BDNF did not increase significantly (p=0.346).These results indicated that ethanol extracts of S. betaceum could decrease brain NMDAR and increase cognitive function by promote better memoryfunction but did not significant increased the level of BDNF in AD-induced rats.Conclusion: This study revealed that the treatment of AD-induced rats with S. betaceum extracts significantly improve memory function and decreasethe level of NMDAR.

scholarly journals Software for analyzing the behavioural test “Morris Water Maze”

2020 ◽  
Vol 203 ◽  
pp. 01029
Author(s):  
Arseny Zorin ◽  
Daria Chernyuk ◽  
Olga Vlasova ◽  
Marina Bolsunovskaya ◽  
Ilya Bezprozvanny
Keyword(s):  
Morris Water Maze ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Universal Method ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Detection And Tracking ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Quality Product ◽  
Behavioural Test ◽  
Aging Models

The Morris Water Maze Behavioural Test is a universal method for testing cognitive functions in experimental rodents, and it is especially effective in detecting deviations in memory functions and learning, which makes it indispensable in the study of neurodegenerative diseases, effect of therapeutic drugs, rodent stroke and aging models etc. However, despite the wide range of possible applications, data analysis makes the use of this test difficult. Currently, automated tracking and analysis programs of rodent moving are becoming to be popular. Thus, our goal was to develop and create an available quality product, which will allow the scientist to carry out research as efficiently as possible doing various options of the “Morris water maze” using latest modern parameters. In this article, we analyze different types of the Morris water maze methodology and the current scientific parameters of this test to understand the necessary and optimal capabilities of the future program, then to overcome the limitations of the systems currently available we have combined detection and tracking techniques into one standalone tool. The result of the work is a software product that allows to quickly and accurately detect the trajectory of animal moving in the water, and also provides parameters for evaluating the cognitive functions of memory and learning.

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