Birth Control: Reversal or Postponement?

1960 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 59-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo A. Orleans
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Vital Rates ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Communist China ◽  
Annual Population

Whereas throughout most of the world the results of the 1953 censusregistration of Communist China, reporting a population of 582·6 million, evoked anxiety and even alarm, the Communists expressed only pride and overwhelming confidence. As a people “liberated from the oppressive chains of capitalism,” Communist leaders felt that their horizons were unlimited and that feeding and caring for a population of this size presented no problems under a system in which people are “the most precious of all categories of capital.” The simultaneous release of vital rates which indicated a birth rate of 37 per thousand population and a death rate of 17 per thousand, further stressed the “great vitality of the people of new China.” The 2 per cent, natural increase (excess of births over deaths), resulting in an annual population growth of some 12 million, was declared, in line with Marxist doctrine, to be an asset in a country with vast new lands and unexploited natural resources, where additional people create additional wealth.

نُدرة الموارد وعلاقتها بالبيئة من وجهة نظر إسلاميّة The Issue of Scarcity of Resources and Its Relationship to the Environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 01
Author(s):  
حسن بن إبراهيم الهنداوي (Hassan Hendawi)
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Scarcity Of Resources ◽  
Economic Dilemma

الملخّصإنّ الفقر والإملاق من المشكلات الرئيسة التي يواجهها العالم اليوم، ومن أسبابها ندرة الموارد الاقتصادية الشديدة وندرة الغذاء والماء. فندرة الموارد وقلتها كانت ذات أثر مباشر في قتل الملايين من الأنفس البشريّة. وتعدّ ندرة الموارد عند الاقتصاديين الخطر الأساس الذي يهدد الوجود البشري في هذا العصر. ويعتبرها الاقتصاديّون كذلك معضلة اقتصادية ناتجة عن رغبات الإنسان غير المتناهية مقابل موارد محدودة ومتناهية. ومن الأمور التي يقترحها الاقتصاديون من اجل التغلب على هذه المشكلة أن النّاسن ينبغي عليهم أن يختاروا الموارد الضرورية والحاجية لتلبية رغباتهم. فمفهوم الندرة من منظور الاقتصاد التقليدي يعني موارد محدودة في العالم مقابل حاجات ورغبات غير محدودة. وسبب ذلك عند الاقتصاديين أن الطبيعة لا توفر موارد كافية لتلبية حاجات الناس ورغباتهم غير المتناهية. ونظرة الإسلام التي يمثلها القرآن الكريم والسنة النبوية الشريفة لمسألة الندرة نظرة مختلفة تماما عن نظرة الاقتصاد التقليدي. ويعنى هذا البحث ببيان أن الندرة ليست مشكلة الطبيعة التس سخّرها الله تعالى للإنسان،  ولكن المشكلة في أخلاقيات الناس وتصرفاتهم في الموارد الطبيعية وطريقتهم في الانتفاع بها التي أدت إلى إدخال الضرر والفساد على الموارد الموجودة.الكلمات المفتاحية: الإسلام، ندرة الموارد، الاقتصاد المعاصر، الموارد الطبيعية، الطبيعة. **************************************               AbstractAmong the main problems that the world is facing today are poverty and destitution caused by severe scarcity of economic resources and the scarcity of food and water. The lack of resources has already caused the death of millions of human beings. The scarcity of resources is counted by economists as the primary danger that threatens the human existence. Economists also consider it an economic dilemma caused by infinite human desires against limited and finite resources. In order to overcome this problem among the suggestions made by economists is that human beings should choose only necessary resources to satisfy their desires. The conventional concept of scarcity is that the resources in the world are limited vis-à-vis the unlimited human needs and desires. The reason for that according to economists is that the nature does not provide sufficient resources to meet people’s endless needs and desires. Islamic approach as represented by the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah to the issue of scarcity is essentially different from the conventional viewpoint of economists. This paper proposes and explains that the problem is not in the nature which Allah has made subservient to man, but it is in the ethics of the people and their behaviour and way of utilization of natural resources, which ultimately damage and corrupt the available resources.Keywords: Islam, Scarcity of Resources, Modern Economy, Environmental Resources, Nature.

scholarly journals The Borneo Islamic Heritage and The Significance of Idahan Jawi Manuscript

Al-Albab ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68
Author(s):  
Suraya Sintang ◽  
Rosdiana Onga ◽  
Siti Aidah Hj Lukin ◽  
Asmady Idris
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Native People ◽  
The Third ◽  
Brunei Darussalam ◽  
The People ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Borneo Island is the third largest island in the world, rich in natural resources, biodiversity and cultural diversity. The uniqueness of Borneo is that it is home to three countries; Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam, each with their own valuable cultural heritage. One of the unique aspects of the Borneo archipelago is the shared wealth of civilizations derived from the dissemination of Islam. Treasures known as the “Borneo Islamic Heritage" are not only valuable as cultural artefacts that need to be preserved, but they can also be elevated and commercialised as regional economic drivers. This paper discusses the Idahan manuscript written in Jawi script as one of the treasures of Islamic intellectual legacy in Borneo. The method of study is based on content analysis which depicts the descriptive history of the discovery of the Idahan Jawi manuscript. This manuscript not only serves as evidence of the early embrace of Islam in Sabah, but also as a reference to matters pertaining to religion and the laws of Islamic jurisprudence. This factor leads the Idahan community be considered as the first native people embracing Islam at the east coast of Sabah. The contribution of this study is to enhance understanding of the development of Islamic heritage in Borneo Island and to inculcate the spirit of solidarity among the people living in the region.

Birth Control in China: Local Data and Their Reliability

1981 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 119-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucien Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Birth Control ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Secondary Peak ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Increase Rate ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Control Campaign

In 1979, at about the same time that the birth control campaign received renewed impetus, China released impressive data on demographic trends. If these and other more recent data are reliable, the decline of the natural increase rate has been both belated and spectacular. Contrary to what has been assumed the birth rate would seem to have reached its peak during the 1960s (43·6 per 1,000 in 1963). After a secondary peak in the late 1960s, it then declined precipitously during the 1970s, declining by almost half (46·7 per cent) over nine years (33·59 per 1,000 in 1970; 17·9 per 1,000 in 1979). The natural increase rate was, for its part, more than halved during the same period (25·95 per 1,000 in 1970; 11·7 per 1,000 in 1979).

scholarly journals The development of the marriage rate, the divorce rate, the birth rate and the death rate

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
J. Dufek
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Divorce Rate ◽  
Marriage Rate ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Characteristics Development

The article aims to analyze the development of the basic characteristics of the demographic dynamics in the CR in urban areas divided according to size in 1993−2004 and to express the changes in the development of the natural increase. Urban areas in the CR were divided into 3 groups according to their size (size-related groups): urban areas of up to 2 000 inhabitants − a country type, urban areas with 2 000 to 10 000 inhabitants − a transition type, urban areas with more than 10 000 inhabitants − towns. In 2004, there were 26% of inhabitants living in the country group, 20% in the transition group and 54% in towns. There was a decline in marriage rate in all the groups; in the country, with its higher level, the decline was more moderate. The divorce rate shows a moderate increase except 1999, when it dramatically fell thanks to the legislation. The divorce rate was the highest in towns and the lowest in the country. The birth rate continued its sharp decline in urban areas of all sizes during the first four years of the researched period, then it levelled off, and it has even been slightly rising in the last years. It was considerably lower in bigger towns than in the other two groups, which had practically an identical development. There was a kind of balance at the end of the period. The death rate was generally going down; it was the highest in the country areas, however, it was approximating the values in the other two groups. The dramatic fall of the natural increase levelled off and it also showed a moderate rise. Trends are expressed with polynomial functions. The article presents the characteristics development in graphs and the reasons for changes are being commented upon.

scholarly journals Impact of deliberate termination of pregnancy on the natural population dynamics

2010 ◽  
pp. 397-403
Author(s):  
Snezana Stojsin
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Natural Population ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Termination Of Pregnancy ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancies ◽  
Artificial Abortion

Deliberate interruption of pregnancy is a very important social problem. The artificial abortion is a dominant procedure in the methods of birth control. The terminations of unwanted pregnancies are in direct correlation with the birth-rate and thus influence the rate of natural increase. The aim of this paper is to show influence of artificial abortion on natural population dynamics. This paper analyzes two sources of data: statistical and empirical research. .

Before and After 1947

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Family Planning Programme ◽  
Urban Sector ◽  
The Family ◽  
Before And After

This chapter considers population trends in the decades either side of Independence. It does so in three broad phases. The first phase is the 1920s and 1930s—when there was unprecedented population growth, and public discussion about birth control increased. The second phase is the turbulent 1940s; here particular attention is given to the demographic effects of the Bengal famine in 1943–44 and Partition in 1947. The final phase is the 1950s and 1960s—when there was a big fall in the death rate and, very cautiously, a family planning programme was introduced. The chapter also considers developments relating to the urban sector, migration, and regional demographic variation. It concludes by noting that, with little sign of a fall in the birth rate, by 1971 there was increasing disappointment and concern about the performance of the family planning programme.

Communist China's Attitude Towards Nuclear Tests

1965 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 96-107
Author(s):  
Hungdah Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Western China ◽  
Technical Data ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Communist China ◽  
Test Ban

On October 15, 1957, Communist China and the Soviet Union signed an agreement on new defence technology according to which the Soviet Union would supply China with technical data for manufacturing nuclear weapons. In May 1958 Foreign Minister Ch'en Yi told German correspondents in Peking that China would make atomic bombs. On June 20, 1959, the Soviet Union, according to China, unilaterally abrogated the 1957 agreements on weapons development. On July 31, 1963, China issued a statement denouncing the Moscow Partial Test Ban Treaty as “a big fraud to fool the people of the world.” On October 16, 1964, China announced that an atomic device had been exploded in western China and proposed that “a summit conference of all the countries of the world be convened to discuss the question of the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons.”

scholarly journals Female Life Expectancy Rates and Factors Affecting them: An Analytical-Quantitative Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Muneer Abdallah Karadsheh ◽  
Rahma Ibrahim Al-Mahrooqi ◽  
Shaikha Hamed Al-Madailwi
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
World Population ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The World ◽  
Annual Population

The study aimed to detect the expectations of life expectancy of women since birth according to the diversity of the communities and to examine the most important social, cultural, economic, and demographic determinants. These have been identified as: the proportion of annual population increase, rates of infant mortality, the rate of the crude death, the rate of population density per cubic meter, the population of the state, the period during which the population doubles, the total fertility rate, the rate of birth control use, the level of individual income, the proportion of youth in the community (population less than 15 years), and the rate of urbanization. The study relied on the annual global data for 242 countries provided by the United Nations for all countries in the world which is known as the World Population Data Sheet. The study found that females live longer than males, and variables such as infant mortality, the proportion of youth in a community, the rate of crude mortality, total fertility of women and rate, and the relative use of birth control methods in the community, all play an influential role in determining the levels of the woman’s life expectancy. 

scholarly journals Socio-Economics, Religion and Family Planning in a Muslim Society: A Study of Islamabad (Pakistan)

2018 ◽  
Vol III (I) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Sajid Mahmood Aawan ◽  
Syed Ali Shah ◽  
Syed Rashid Ali
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Planned Parenthood ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Ecological Patterns ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Considerations

Demographic characteristics of varying societies vary from area to area depending on the ecological patterns of different societies. The commencement, receipt, and popularization of the movement of birth control were not identical all across the world. The idea of birth control reflects one of the most interesting episodes in the history of modern ideas. It is widely known as all the methods used to regulate or prevent the birth of children. It is deliberate prevention or delaying of births by various artificial means. Family Planning or Planned Parenthood is the term generally used to refer more broadly to policies, programs, and services designed to assist people in practicing birth control. The present study claims that all apparently religious doctrines against family planning are actually the expression of their local worldview. Accordingly, the people consider their opposition to the idea of family planning justified in Islam, though in reality, they derive their feelings from their socio-economic considerations.

Will the Circular Economy and Related Concepts Save the World?

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tauheed Mehtab ◽  
Tauheed Mehtab ◽  
Tauheed Mehtab
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
The Real ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Man ◽  
To Come ◽  
Life On Earth

The humans have been utilizing the resources for their sustenance since the birth of mankind. In fact, every living specie is dependent on the natural resources available to them for the nature to sustain their life on earth. As a result, the humans have reached on such a stage where they are standing on the verge of natural resources to extinct. However, the governments of various countries are taking serious actions in order to implement policies driven on the basis of circular economy to make sure the resources are utilized quite efficiently and also saved for the coming generations to come. It’s time for the common man to become aware about this serious issue of creating products of materials that cannot be reused or recycle. It is time we understand that the cycle of consumerism has to be not backed by production by the capitalists but rather using the resources and materials quite intelligently, smartly and in a limited manner to sustain living for the resent as well as for the generation to come. It’s time to understand the real meaning of sustainability and make it a part of the regime of this generation as mandatory prerequisite for the plans to be executed ahead. The need of the hour is to educate the people and bring the sustainable way of living in trend infusing it into the lifestyle of the people.

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