Membrane Crystallization and Membrane Condenser: Two Membrane Contactor Applications

In recent years different new membrane processes have been designed and developed. In this paper two innovative processes (i.e., membrane condenser and membrane crystallization) will be described and discussed. Membrane crystallization can be used in desalination in combination with membrane distillation and pressure driven membrane processes (such as nanofiltration or reverse osmosis) to achieve high recovery factor combined to salt crystals production.The innovative membrane condenser can be used for the selective recovery of evaporated waste water and contaminants from industrial gases. This process can be also used for pre-treating gas streams that require further separation for the recovery of a defined species (such as pre-treatment of flue gas when used for CO2 capture, biogas for bio methane production, etc.). The current status, the separation principle, the utilized membrane materials and membrane configurations, and the application fields are described and discussed. The future development direction of these two processes is also given. Keywords: Membrane Crystallization; Membrane Condenser; Water recovery; Membrane Technologies;

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Membrane condenser as emerging technology for water recovery and gas pre-treatment: current status and perspectives

BMC Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1186/s42480-019-0020-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Adele Brunetti ◽

Francesca Macedonio ◽

Giuseppe Barbieri ◽

Enrico Drioli

Keyword(s):

Current Status ◽

Innovative Technology ◽

Water Recovery ◽

Treatment Unit ◽

Treatment Stage ◽

Treatment Technologies ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

And Control

Abstract The recent roadmap of SPIRE initiative includes the development of “new separation, extraction and pre-treatment technologies” as one of the “key actions” for boosting sustainability, enhancing the availability and quality of existing resources. Membrane condenser is an innovative technology that was recently investigated for the recovery of water vapor for waste gaseous streams, such as flue gas, biogas, cooling tower plumes, etc. Recently, it has been also proposed as pre-treatment unit for the reduction and control of contaminants in waste gaseous streams (SOx and NOx, VOCs, H2S, NH3, siloxanes, halides, particulates, organic pollutants). This perspective article reports recent progresses in the applications of the membrane condenser in the treatment of various gaseous streams for water recovery and contaminant control. After an overview of the operating principle, the membranes used, and the main results achieved, the work also proposes the role of this technology as pre-treatment stage to other separation technologies. The potentialities of the technology are also discussed aspiring to pave the way towards the development of an innovative technology where membrane condenser can cover a key role in redesigning the whole upgrading process.

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Treatment and reuse of reactive dye effluent from textile industry using membrane technology

10.51415/10321/1388 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Martha Noro Chollom

Keyword(s):

Textile Industry ◽

Reactive Dye ◽

Effluent Treatment ◽

Water Recovery ◽

Textile Processing ◽

Membrane Processes ◽

Membrane Performance ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

The Cost

The textile industry consumes large volumes of water and in turn produces substantial quantities of polluted effluents. Approximately 30% of reactive dyes used during the textile processing remain unfixed on fibres and are responsible for the colouration in effluents. Various conventional methods are being used to treat textile effluent. However, the disadvantage of these methods is that total colour removal is not achieved and chemical by-products are introduced from the use of chemicals. The water quality produced therefore does not meet the requirement for textile reuse. Membrane based processes provide interesting possibilities of separating hydrolysed dye stuff and dyeing auxiliaries, thereby reducing colouration and COD content. They can be employed to treat reactive dye bath effluent to recover the salts and water for the purpose of reuse. This study aimed at integrating membrane processes into the reactive dye bath of a textile industry. The objectives were to determine the quality of permeate produced in terms of removal of organics, ascertain its reusability for dyeing, investigate the production rate in terms of permeate fluxes and finally to investigate the cleanability and flux recovery of the membranes. Three effluent samples were chosen for this study based on the dyeing recipe; Light shade, Medium shade and Dark shade. Ultrafiltration (UF) and Nanofiltration (NF) membrane processes were employed to treat the reactive dye bath effluents to recover the salts and water. Investigations were conducted firstly with UF as a pre-treatment to NF. Secondly, evaluations were carried out on the performance of two types of NF membranes (SR90 and NF90) in terms of permeate quality and fluxes for the investigated samples. The effect of cleaning on membrane performance was done. A reusability test was carried out on the permeate samples for dyeing. It was found that the use of UF as a pre-treatment yielded an increase in permeate of 5–25% of the NF fluxes and 90% in organics reduction for all treated samples, hence increasing the water recovery. High rejection of ˃90% by NF90 for COD, TOC and colour were obtained for all the treated samples. SR90 rejection was 80–90% for colour and ˃90% for COD and TOC. Salt recovery for NF90 was 60–90% and for SR90 was 40–50%. The reusability tests carried out showed that permeate recycled from NF90 can be used for any section in the textile industry including the most critical such as dyeing on light shades, while that from SR90 can be used for dyeing dark shades only. It was then concluded that membrane based processes can be integrated into the dye bath of the textile process for the purpose of reuse, thereby saving on the cost of chemicals (salts), reducing fresh water usage and reducing the extent of final effluent treatment.

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The Study of Current Status and Development Direction of Small Scale Cinema as the Local Cultural Space: The Case of Rural Cinema Pilot Scheme in the U.K.

Journal of Product Research ◽

10.36345/kacst.2018.36.6.013 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 119-127

Author(s):

정지은 ◽

정인선

Keyword(s):

Current Status ◽

Small Scale ◽

Cultural Space ◽

Pilot Scheme ◽

Development Direction

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Implications for the Development Direction of Korean Web Novels through the Current Status and Characteristics of Foreign Web Novels

Korean Publishing Science Society ◽

10.21732/skps.2017.79.113 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 79 ◽

pp. 113-143

Author(s):

Yong Jun Lee ◽

◽

Yan Cui ◽

Keyword(s):

Current Status ◽

Development Direction

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Distributed solar desalination with membrane distillation: current status and future perspectives

Water Research ◽

10.1016/j.watres.2021.117154 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 117154

Author(s):

Qiuming Ma ◽

Zhenyuan Xu ◽

Ruzhu Wang

Keyword(s):

Membrane Distillation ◽

Current Status ◽

Future Perspectives ◽

Solar Desalination

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A New Device Hypothesis for Water Extraction from Air and Basic Air Condition System in Developing Countries

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14154507 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (15) ◽

pp. 4507

Author(s):

Paolo Maria Congedo ◽

Cristina Baglivo ◽

Giulia Negro

Keyword(s):

Heat Pumps ◽

Outlet Temperature ◽

Water Recovery ◽

African City ◽

Photovoltaic Panel ◽

Water Storage Tank ◽

New Device ◽

Mixing Chamber ◽

Air Handling Units ◽

Pre Treatment

This work proposes a new device for air treatment with dehumidification and water recovery/storage, with possible mitigation of indoor environmental conditions. The system is based on Peltier cells coupled with a horizontal earth-to-air heat exchanger, it is proposed as an easy-to-implement alternative to the heat pumps and air handling units currently used on the market, in terms of cost, ease of installation, and maintenance. The process provides the water collection from the cooling of warm-humid air through a process that leads to condensation and water vapor separation. The airflow generated by a fan splits into two dual flows that lap the two surfaces of the Peltier cells, one flow laps the cold surfaces undergoing sensible, latent cooling with dehumidification; the other flow laps the hot surfaces and heats up. The airflow undergoes thermal pre-treatment through the underground horizontal geothermal pipe that precedes the Peltier cells. In the water storage tank, which also works as a mixing chamber, the two air streams are mixed to regulate the outlet temperature. The system can be stand-alone if equipped with a photovoltaic panel and a micro wind turbine, able to be used in places where electricity is absent. The system, with different configurations, is modeled in the African city Kigali, in Rwanda.

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Separation and Recycling of Concentrated Heavy Metal Wastewater by Tube Membrane Distillation Integrated with Crystallization

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes10010019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 19 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Xiang-Yang Lou ◽

Zheng Xu ◽

An-Ping Bai ◽

Montserrat Resina-Gallego ◽

Zhong-Guang Ji

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Membrane Fouling ◽

Pure Water ◽

Sharp Decrease ◽

Membrane Distillation ◽

Water Yield ◽

Mixed System ◽

Mixed Solutions ◽

Membrane Flux ◽

Salt Crystals

Tube membrane distillation (MD) integrated with a crystallization method is used in this study for the concurrent productions of pure water and salt crystals from concentrated single and mixed system solutions. The effects of concentrated Zn2+ and Ni2+ on performance in terms of membrane flux, permeate conductivity, crystal recovery rates, and crystal grades are investigated. Preferred crystallization and co-crystallization determinations were performed for mixed solutions. The results revealed that membrane fluxes remained at 2.61 kg·m−2·h−1 and showed a sharp decline until the saturation increased to 1.38. Water yield conductivity was below 10 μs·cm−1. High concentrated zinc and nickel did not have a particular effect on the rejection of the membrane process. For the mixed solutions, membrane flux showed a sharp decrease due to the high saturation, while the conductivity of permeate remained below 10 μs·cm−1 during the whole process. Co-crystallization has been proven to be a better method due to the existence of the SO42− common-ion effect. Membrane fouling studies have suggested that the membrane has excellent resistance to fouling from highly concentrated solutions. The MD integrated with crystallization proves to be a promising technology for treating highly concentrated heavy metal solutions.

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Membrane processes used for separation of effluents from wire productions

Chemical Papers ◽

10.2478/s11696-009-0006-x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Krzysztof Karakulski ◽

Marek Gryta ◽

Antoni Morawski

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Vinylidene Fluoride ◽

Copper Ions ◽

Steel Wire ◽

Complete Removal ◽

Wire Drawing ◽

Membrane Distillation ◽

Membrane Processes ◽

Oil Emulsion

AbstractMetal wires are produced from different metals using drawing methods. The metal used influences both the technology applied and the composition of effluents generated during wires production. Ultrafiltration and nanofiltration are used for the separation of waste emulsions from cable factories. Membrane distillation was proposed for the treatment of acidic saline wastewater generated during steel wire manufacturing (etching). The possibility of the previously mentioned processes application for water reuse is presented. The application of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes (FP 100) with the molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 100 kDa in the ultrafiltration process resulted in the reduction of 99 % of oil and lubricants in the treated emulsions and allowed complete removal of suspended solids and colloidal substances. Such pre-treated emulsion was subsequently purified by nanofiltration (NF-90-2540) and a 98 % rejection of copper ions was achieved, resulting in a decrease of the permeate electrical conductivity from 3200 μS cm−1 to 260 μS cm−1. The obtained permeate was suitable for preparation of fresh oil emulsion utilized for lubrication in the wire drawing process. The spent etching baths (from steel wire production), which mainly contained FeSO4 and about 1 mass % of sulfuric acid, were separated by membrane distillation. The obtained permeates were: clean water with electrical conductivity at a level of 3–5 μS cm−1. Concentrates (190–200 g of Fe per L) from the MD process were cooled to 295 K, which enabled the FeSO4 crystallization. Application of the above-mentioned membrane processes allows producing high quality product water, over 90 % of water was recovered from the treated wastewaters.

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