scholarly journals LIFE AND THE PROBLEM OF TOLERANCE IN THE WORLDVIEW OF IMAM MATURIDI

Adam alemi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 152-162
Author(s):  
B. Botakaraev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Part ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Theological Schools ◽  
Over Time

Despite the fact that the Muslim ummah was united at the time of the emergence of Islam, over time, disputes over issues of faith and law arose between them. Conquest movements and the acquaintance of Muslims with other peoples over time led to the emergence of various trends, the dissemination of arguments and theoretical questions related to socio-political problems. At the end of this process, currents emerged that began to divide into different schools. During this period, religious and theological schools began to take their own forms. Most of these schools opposed different currents of the time and formed important schools, communicating openly or secretly with other currents. And a significant part of society began to adhere to their views. One of these schools of Maturidism originated in Transoxiana. Khorasan and Transoxiana were important regions of Iran and the Islamic world from the early centuries until the arrival of the Mongols. This region attracted attention for its geographical and natural features. Abu Mansour al-Maturidi is the leader of Ahl al-Sunnah in Transoxiana. Imam Maturidi systematically reconstructed the views associated with Islamic beliefs written in Abu Hanifa's book “Fikkhul Akbar”. Maturidi's views on Islamic theology were named by the Maturidi school because of its ability to give scientific character to its beliefs. Since most of the Hanafi scholars held the views of the faith of Imam Maturidi, he was also accepted as a mutakallim of the Hanafi school, which was formed within the views of Abu Hanifa.

scholarly journals TEOLOGI MU’TAZILAH: Sebuah Upaya Revitalisasi

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-48
Author(s):  
Safii Safii
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Negative Image ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Context ◽  
Freedom Of Thought

This article elaborates an important role in the history of Mu'tazila theology in the Islamic World. Services that have been provided by this school seems to be forgotten by the Muslims, even it became despised and persecuted theology. In fact, this theology has made a large contribution in defending against attacks originating from the Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, and Materialist. In the modern context, the spirit of this theology is relevant to be recalled that the freedom of thought as an integral part of the human being can grow and develop so that science and technology in the Islamic world can grow back. It must be recognized that this is indeed the flow had already given a negative image by traditional Islamic theology and hadith experts. Theology is imaged as a carrier of heresy

scholarly journals The Philosophical Proof for God’s Existence between Europe and the Islamic World: Reflections on an Entangled History of Philosophy and Its Contemporary Relevance

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Rudolph ◽  
Roman Seidel
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Cosmological Argument ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Ontological Proof ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

AbstractThe Argument for God’s Existence is one of the major issues in the history of philosophy. It also constitutes an illuminating example of a shared philosophical problem in the entangled intellectual histories of Europe and the Islamic World. Drawing on Aristotle, various forms of the argument were appropriated by both rational Islamic Theology (kalām) and Islamic philosophers such as Avicenna. Whereas the argument, reshaped, refined and modified, has been intensively discussed throughout the entire post-classical era, particularly in the Islamic East, it has likewise been adopted in the West by thinkers such as the Hebrew Polymath Maimonides and the Medieval Latin Philosopher and Theologian Thomas Aquinas. However, these mutual reception-processes did not end in the middle ages. They can be witnessed in the twentieth century and even up until today: On the one hand, we see a Middle Eastern thinker like the Iranian philosopher Mahdī Ḥāʾirī Yazdī re-evaluating Kant’s fundamental critique of the classical philosophical arguments for God’s existence, in particular of the ontological proof, and refuting the critique. On the other hand, an argument from creation brought forward by the Islamic Theologian and critic of the peripatetic tradition al-Ghazāli has been adopted by a strand of Western philosophers who label their own version “The Kalām-cosmological Argument”. By discussing important cornerstones in the history of the philosophical proof for God’s existence we argue for a re-consideration of current Eurocentric narratives in the history of philosophy and suggest that such a transcultural perspective may also provide inspiration for current philosophical discourses between Europe, the Middle East and beyond.

Conservation grazing

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 255-255
Author(s):  
Julian Hosking
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Permanent Grassland ◽  
Livestock Species ◽  
Wood Pasture ◽  
Farm Livestock ◽  
Over Time

‘Conservation grazing’ is normally interpreted to mean livestock grazing for wildlife conservation purposes. Farm livestock grazing is essential for the management of many of the United Kingdom’s most important habitats. For example, permanent grassland, heathland, wood pasture, floodplain and coastal marshes all require some grazing to maintain the structure and composition upon which a wide variety of wild plants and animals depend for their survival. Farming activities have played a significant role in shaping these habitats over time and the continuation of certain livestock husbandry practices is often crucial for their sustained existence. The key livestock species utilised for conservation grazing are cattle, equines (mainly ponies), sheep, goats and occasionally pigs. Wild herbivores (e.g. deer and rabbits) may also play a significant part in conservation grazing outcomes.

Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binyamin Abrahamov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
The Core ◽  
Theological Schools ◽  
The Middle Ages

The chapter deals with two important approaches in Islamic theology, defining the terms that apply to these two trends and elucidating their main teachings. Scripturalist theology characterizes small groups in Islam which finally disappeared in the Middle Ages, however, leaving some traces on other theological schools. Contrary to the disappearance of the scripturalist theology, the traditionalist theology has remained the core of Islamic theology. It was a flexible theology that used both the Qurʾān and the Sunna and rational considerations. Through these two devices it challenged the rationalist theology and tried to refute both the rationalist methods and specific theological issues based on reason.

Community, Justice, and Jihad

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-30
Author(s):  
Mona Abul-Fadl
Keyword(s):  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Political Involvement ◽  
Group Consciousness ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Community Justice ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

The CommunityIslam is more than a Faith in the heart of every Muslim. It is also a sourceof identity. The fundamental rites and devotions constituting its 'Pillars'simultaneously confirm the faith of the individual and affirm the bonds ofCommunity. It is this symbiosis of Faith and Community that over time gaverise to a Muslim historical consciousness. From it too stems the predilectionfor an active social and political involvement on the part of Muslims as groupsand individuals.The elements of this consciousness emanate from an Islamic world-viewand they have interacted in various situations and contexts to condition theresponses of Muslims throughout history. To explore these elements it isessential to examine three basic concepts: Umma, 'Adl, and Jihad or respectively,Community, Justice and the Just Striving. All three concepts areembedded in the matrix of Tawhid and are interwoven and integrally related toone another. In their context a Muslim group consciousness has been forgedfor over a millenium. As such, they justly provide the parameters forunderstanding Muslim history and forecasting the future of Islam in theworld.Cornmunity/al'Umma: Legacy of Prophethood andVehicle of Muslim ConsciousnessThe Community in Islam is a purposeful entity composed of a group, or ajamah whose members, by virtue of a common faith, way of life and sense of ...

scholarly journals Traditional Music and an Organological Study of Some Musical Instruments of Plateau State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-129
Author(s):  
Oghenemudiakevwe Igbi ◽  
Rebecca Ufuomaroghene Ogbeide
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Traditional Music ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
The People ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
Plateau State ◽  
Over Time

Music is one of the oldest and most practiced arts in Nigerian traditional societies. The revered place of music in the lives of Nigerians is indisputable, as a consequence of its towering roles in nearly all communal events and activities. In Nigeria, music is utilized in diverse facets especially in religious, economic, martial, and political life of the people. In other words, it is unusual to preclude music from any societal event. Though these attributes pervade all Nigerian traditional societies, it is even more fascinating that every ethnic group or culture has their peculiar music with which they are recognized. Thus, there is bound to be dissimilarities in the manner in which various societies regard music as a concept, phenomenon, or how it functions in traditional life. The thrust of this paper therefore, is to examine music as a phenomenon, its roles in society, and how it is conceived by the people of Plateau. Data were gathered using ethnographic method, while interviews formed a significant part of the research tools. Some existing videos and those collected from the field were analysed by the authors. Findings from data gleaned reveal that there is a plethora of music types among the Plateau people. It is also gathered that music forms a fundamental aspect of life on the Plateau, and is widely used in virtually all communal events. However, research efforts into the different traditional music types of the people of Plateau need to be intensified and sustained over time, in order to document findings that will further lead to addressing the protracted challenge of dearth of literature in the traditional music of the area under study.

scholarly journals AGRICULTURAL INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE IN SERBIA

TEME ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Đorđe Ćuzović ◽  
Svetlana Sokolov-Mladenović
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Change Analysis ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Trade Index

Intra-industrial trade is the exchange of products between countries in the same sector of the economy. A significant part of export and import in goods takes place within the same sector of the economy. This paper analyzes the intra-industrial trade in agricultural products of Serbia and its foreign trade partners from 2004 to 2018. The Grubel-Lloyd intra-industrial trade index was used as a measure. The value of GLI in agricultural products increased over the observed period, ranging from 0.485 to 0.590 as in 2018, while the number of IIT-dominated groups ranged from 26 to 35. The results obtained indicate that vertical IIT is more prevalent than horizontal IIT and that the export of products with lower prices dominates, i. e. those that are, according to the assumptions of the model, of lower quality than the imported products. Dynamic change analysis shows that certain changes in the IIT pattern occur over time, but that changes are gradual without sudden peaks in the IIT structure.

scholarly journals Spanish Civil War According to the Turkish Embassy Reports

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
savaş sertel
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
The World ◽  
Advanced Civilization ◽  
European Students ◽  
Umayyad Caliphate ◽  
Over Time

Spain throughout history has hosted many civilizations. With its climate,geography, fresh water resources and vegetation, it is one of the most favorableplaces to live in the world. Therefore, many communities lived here. Especially, theestablishment of the Umayyad Caliphate was a very big chance for Spain. In theperiods when the Islamic world was the most advanced civilization, the biggestphilosophers and scientists of Europe raised in this geography. Scholars such as IbnRüşt and Ibn Meymun taught European students. While, the Kings in Europe areproud of the several thousand volumes of books in their libraries bragged, 400thousand volumes of books existed in the library of the Andalusian Caliphate. Thedestroyed Muslim and Jews with the Reconquista took also the richness and thecivilization of Spain. By contrast, Spain has found something new: Geographicaldiscoveries and gold. After these events, Spain became one of the world's largestcolonial empire, but in XIX and XX. Century, Spain lost power and withdraws to theIberian peninsula Over time, Spain has become one of Europe's most powerlesscountries sicne their economy was based on primitive agriculture. In this process,the Kingdom, dictatorships, military coups and republics were established. In theseprocesses Spain has seen continuous coups and coup attempts. In 1936, the armyhad rebelled once more against the legitimate Government. However this time therebels were supported by the foreign powers. Imperialist States were the financiersof the bloody civil war occurred between 1936-1939.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Sarah Stroumsa
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Speculative Thought ◽  
Over Time

This introductory chapter provides a background of al-Andalus. Within the Islamic world, “al-Andalus” (Islamic Spain) constituted a distinct cultural unit with its own unique characteristics. The borders of this territory changed over time, following the advance of the Christian conquests. Toward the end of the second/eighth century, al-Andalus covered most of the peninsula (today's Spain as well as Portugal), while in the eighth/fifteenth century, the shrunken Emirate of Granada alone, at the southernmost tip of the peninsula, remained in Muslim hands. This book's period of interest extends mainly from the tenth to the sixth/twelfth century, when Jews living under Islam in the Iberian Peninsula played a significant cultural role, and when philosophy flourished in al-Andalus. The philosophy and theology that were produced in this cultural unit developed as a continuation of speculative thought in the Islamic East and remained in constant dialogue with it. Yet the philosophical and theological works of Andalusian authors are not servile replicas of Maghreban or Eastern sources. They have a distinctive character that, while showing their different sources, displays their originality and their Andalusian provenance.

THE CONCEPT OF INTELLIGENCE AND REVELATION IN THE MU’TAZILAH SCHOOL OF THOUGHT

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Hanan
Keyword(s):  
Word Of God ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
The People ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Relationship

The school of Mu'tazilah thought in the development of Islamic thought is a very interesting and significant study. It is interesting, because the Mu'tazilah school is the oldest and the largest school of Islamic theology that has played an important role in Islamic world thought. Another interesting thing is that Mu'tazilah is a representation of the consciousness of the Islamic world in its progress and modernity. Intellect is the power of thought to understand something, in which there is a possibility that the understanding gained by reason can be wrong can also be true. Revelation is the word of God conveyed to his prophet both for himself and to be conveyed to the people. Knowledge is the relationship between subject and object, while science is knowledge that has been scientifically tested and the truth is clear. Reason and revelation are used to gain knowledge for mankind. Between reason and revelation there is a space where both can meet and even interact with each other and there is a space where they must separate. At the time the revelation recommended the development of science and the preservation of culture by providing space for freedom for reason to think dynamically, creatively and openly, there was a meeting space between reason and revelation. So that the relationship between reason and revelation is not contradictory but is very related between one another, even both of them perfect each other

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