scholarly journals MINORITY REVOLTS AND UPRISING IN THE NIGER DELTA

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Johnson Sinikiem ◽  
◽  
John Kalama ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
National Importance ◽  
The People ◽  
Accelerate Development ◽  
Development Policies

The study examined the origin of minority revolts and uprising in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria in order to ascertain the factors responsible and the actors involved. The study observed that the foundation for revolts and uprising in the Niger Delta region were laid by the colonial masters during the pre-colonial and colonial era. The study relied on secondary sources of data and the basic human needs theory as its theoretical framework. The data obtained were analysed qualitatively. Findings from the study revealed that unequal level of trade, alienation, marginalization of the aborigines etc. accounts for minority revolts and uprising in Nigeria’s oil-rich Niger Delta region. However, sustainable peace and development could return to the Niger Delta if conscious effort is made to review all existing development policies and programmes in the regions with a view to charting a new course for the people of the region. Policies and laws that will aid and accelerate development in the Niger Delta should also be given accelerated hearing and treated as an issue of national importance.

scholarly journals Reflections on Pottery Art in the Oil Rich Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A Study of Pottery Art in Akwa Ibom and Rivers States

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-151
Author(s):  
Edem Etim Peters
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
The People

Niger Delta region is very rich in oil and gas deposits, clay, agricultural land, fisheries, extensive forest and other resources. They are nine states which make the region namely, Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo and Rivers. The most oil producing communities among them are Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Edo, Delta and Rivers State. Clay is equally found in abundance in all the states like crude oil is found in Niger Delta communities. The available clay mineral in the region has the capacity to transform the nation’s economy if properly utilized. Clay is the basic material for pottery or ceramics production. It is also used to ease the penetration of pipes in drilling of crude oil. This paper looks at the practice of pottery in Niger Delta Area with a focus on pottery practice in both Akwa Ibom and Rivers States. Indigenous and contemporary pottery or ceramics practices in these communities indeed have played vital role in the economic, social religious and cultural ways of life of the people. Clay products such as dinnerware and sanitary wares and others are highly sought for and they have the capacity to boast the national economy as experienced in other nations such as Japan, Italy, Britain, United States of America, India and China among others. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources and were subsequently assessed. The result shows that proper utilization of clay found in Niger Delta has the potential to create numerous job opportunities for the teaming population of youths in the region. The availability of abundant clay in the region, if well harnessed could adequately compete with crude oil exploitation for economic purposes in the region.

AMNESTY PROGRAMME AND THE RESURGENCE OF CONFLICT IN THE NIGER DELTA: THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-115
Author(s):  
John Kalama ◽  
◽  
Johnson Sinikiem ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
Region Data ◽  
Strategic Implementation ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Implementation Plans ◽  
Core Issues

In spite of policy measures to address development challenges in the Niger Delta region, conflict still persist in the oil-rich region hence; this study examined the factors responsible for the resurgence of conflict and kidnappings in the Niger Delta region. Data for the study were drawn from secondary sources while the basic human needs theory was adopted as the theoretical framework to guide the study. The study was descriptive hence, analysis was also done qualitatively. The paper argues that policy actions and programmes of government can only be effective and meaningful when it is backed by short and long term strategic implementation plans and strategies. Findings from the study revealed that conflict still persist in the Niger Delta because the federal government’s amnesty programme in the Niger Delta region was militant centred and not development centred. Thus, the core issues and drivers of the conflict are yet to be addressed by existing policy actions. To ensure lasting peace in the Niger Delta, there is need for periodic policy review and re-evaluation in order to meet changing situations and circumstances.

scholarly journals The Moving Image as a Panacea for Concise Analysis and Means of Ensuring Good Governance and Ameliorating Youth Restiveness in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
Jariel Somieari Ikiroma-Owiye
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Developmental Needs ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
The People ◽  
The Military

The world is plagued with plethora of social issues generated from the complexity of modern existence. The control of sources of raw materials, exploitation, production, and trade has polarised our world. This paper looked at the Niger Delta situation from an audio-visual angle as reflected in the film ‘Krakraye’ by Gentle Jack. The Niger Delta region and her people have been neglected in terms of developmental needs in the Nigerian state, hence, the youths resort to self-identification and resource control which is the problem being stated. The aim of this paper is to present this issue bare in an audio-visual manner. The objectives are to concisely chronicle the real situation from the emergence of the military in the Nigerian scene to the present. Theoretical framework was the analytical approach to cultural studies, while the research methodology would entail the qualitative approach enmeshed with visual impressions, still photographs from the film ‘Krakraye’, and from other graphic and audio-visual sources. Findings of this study show that it is deliberate to underdevelop the Niger Delta region, keep the people poor so they will be loyal and could easily be overcome by the majority tribes, Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo who have never spoken against injustice meted to the Niger Delta communities. Contributions to knowledge is that visual presentation has shown the true plight of the Niger Delta people in visual images. Recommendations are that a naturally endowed, rich industrial environment should not be neglected for peace and development to thrive; stealing of the people’s commonwealth brings about capital flight as those in government are afraid to show their wealth in Nigeria rather, they launder and invest these monies abroad. This paper critically assessed the reach of film in exposing social anomaly as the case of the Niger Delta people, allegorically. Key Words: Film, Niger Delta, youth, democracy, development

scholarly journals Social impacts of oil extraction in the Niger Delta region, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Obumneme Achunike
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Amnesty International ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
The People ◽  
Nigerian Government

Oil was discovered in Nigeria in1956 at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta Region after almost 50 years of exploration. Shell-BP at that time, was the sole concessionaire because non-British companies were not given exploration license to operate in Nigeria. After Nigerian Independence in 1960, exploration rights were extended to other multinational oil companies. More than 16 multinational oil companies were in operation with little or no supervision from the Nigerian Government, which created significant environmental, political,and social impact in the region. A critical discourse analysis of documents from Shell, Amnesty International, THISDAY Newspaper revealed that the Nigerian government has failed to safeguard the environment and the lives of the people. On the basis of evidence presented on this research, in addition to literature, it can be argued that oil has turned out to be a curse to the Niger Delta Region and Nigeria in general.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Youth Vulnerability to Community Cultism in Selected States in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
N. R. Nwaogu ◽  
V. E. Weli ◽  
M. D. Mbee
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Political Connection ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
Choropleth Maps

Background of Study: Cultism is one of the major sources of violence and causes of death among youths in the Niger Delta region, Nigeria. Youths join different cult groups to have more influence and power than their peers. Supremacy of a particular cult group in a community gives its members edge to take control of proceeds and royalties accruing from crude oil production in the area. As a result, many cult groups are at conflict to assume dominance and control. This rivalry among them triggered inter and intra cult violence such as assassination, abduction, clashes, and destruction of properties as well as insecurity and upsurge in criminal activities. Methods and Materials: This study examines the vulnerability of youths to community cultism in the Niger Delta.  It looks at reasons joining cultism, crimes committed by cultists and extent of cult attacks and fatalities in the area. Adopting cross sectional research design, this study was conducted in the 20 Local Government Areas (LGAs) where amnesty was offered to cultists by government in 2016. The study population was the entire population of the repentant cultists (cultists who embraced the amnesty package) and Taro Yamene’s formula was used in selecting the sample size of 400. Snowball sampling technique was employed in selecting repentant cultists. Data relied on primary and secondary sources, and were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, weighted means and choropleth maps. Results:  The highest reason youths engage in cultism in communities was for protection. Also, quest for influence/power, money and peer group were other reasons. Fun and desire for political connection were the least reasons. The major crimes committed by cultists were murder/killing, intimidation, kidnapping and political thuggery. Cult attacks were highest in 2018 with 109 cases and least in 2010 with 33 cases while fatalities peaked in 2017 with 92 deaths and lowered in 2010 with 13 deaths. Conclusion:  Youths are vulnerable to joining cult gangs for protection and to exert influence/power over their peers. Re-orientation and sensitization programs are recommended to disabuse their minds and discourage them from engaging in anti-social behaviors.

Management of Nigerian Marginal Oil Fields for Economic Sustainability in Niger Delta Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humphrey Otombosoba Oruwari
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
Oil Field Development ◽  
The People ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
Marginal Field

Abstract The objective of the study was to examine the assertion that marginal oil field development remains one of the economic fortunes of Niger Delta region in Nigeria. This is evident with its shares in the region power output as well as its contribution to the industrialization. Multiple case studies of marginal oil field operations corroborate the relationship between marginal field development and economic fortunes of Niger Delta region. Marginal field firms provide electricity to the host communities where they operate. Also, industries are fed with natural gas from marginal field operating in the region. The marginal field operators ensures that host communities are getting electricity. Also cement factory is fed from natural gas operating in the area. However, the management of marginal field resources has been far from being optimally beneficial. The real issue is how to manage the marginal field for the welfare of the people. Against this background, the study findings suggested that the country marginal field wealth be used to implement people-oriented programmes for better welfare spread.

scholarly journals Mirroring the Conflict Situation of the Oil-rich Niger Delta Region of Nigeria on the Screen: A Thematic Analysis of the Film - Black November

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-146
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Lucas ◽  
Fatima D. Vakkai ◽  
Tordue Simon Targema
Keyword(s):  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
The People ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 1960S

This study examines the potentials of film in managing conflict in the oil rich Niger Delta region of Nigeria. This is against the backdrop that since the commencement of oil production in the region in the 1960s to date, it has continued to experience one form of armed conflict or the other. These manifest in several ways such as kidnapping of foreign oil workers, vandalization of oil facilities and confrontation with security operatives by militants, leaving adverse effects on the Nigerian economy which depends on crude oil as the major source of income. The paradox of plenty or resource curse that has come to characterize the region and how it can be addressed, therefore, is what prompts the current study. Using the Nollywood film- Black November, the study demonstrates that film is an instrument that can be used effectively to manage conflicts in the region. From the viewpoint of Singhal and Rogers’ Entertainment-Education approach, the study adopts thematic analysis to identify and discuss the various themes embedded in the film. Findings indicate that several forces are behind the intractable conflict in the region as contained in the film, such as exploitation of resident communities by multinational oil companies, environmental degradation occasioned by oil spillage and gas flaring, and gross injustice, insincerity and human rights abuse by security operatives that make the people lose faith and confidence in both them and the government which they represent. Other causes include betrayal and corruption on the part of community leaders and the burning fire of patriotism in the youth who are determined to fight for their rights. Given the rich thematic embodiment of the film, the study concludes that film has potentials which, if effectively harnessed, will go a long way in managing conflicts in the society.

scholarly journals Oil Wealth, Corruption, and the Multiple F(Ph)aces of Internal Colonialism in Ahmed Yerima’s Hard Ground

Anafora ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-188
Author(s):  
Nurudeen Adeshina Lawal
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
African State ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Internal Colonialism ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
The People ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
Oil Wealth ◽  
Crisis Call

This paper explores Ahmed Yerima’s play Hard Ground (2011) to show how Yerima employs dramatic elements to interrogate manifestations of corruption and internal colonialism engendered by violent struggles for oil wealth in the Niger Delta region. Some scholars from the Niger Delta region have alleged that Yerima’s Hard Ground falls short of being a “realistic” portrayal of the oil crisis in the Niger Delta. Their claim suggests that the play is an exercise in the service of the establishment. However, this study contends that Yerima’s representations of corruption and internal colonialism in the crisis are meant neither to underestimate the role of the establishment nor to overlook the suffering of the people in the region. The playwright’s portrayals of corruption and various forms of internal colonialism generating the oil crisis are informed by postcolonial, multiple, contradictory, and complementary realities/truths, which often reveal the complexities of socio-economic and political crises in the postcolonial African state. The study reveals that leadership egoism and failure are among the key factors that aggravate violent crises which recur in the region. In its conclusion, the paper asserts that the multiple insights that Yerima’s Hard Ground offers on the oil crisis call for collective efforts within the Niger Delta region in particular and Nigeria as whole at finding lasting solutions to the region’s crises orchestrated by the violent struggle for oil wealth.

scholarly journals Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility by Oil Companies in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Myth or Reality

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-132
Author(s):  
Onyeka Festus Mbalisi ◽  
Christiana Uzoaru Okorie
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
The People ◽  
Corporate Social

Niger Delta region of Nigeria is a home to many multinational oil companies with different packages of corporate social responsibility (CSR) because of its huge natural resource reserve especially of oil and gas. The CSR packages are designed to address social, economic and environmental concerns of the indigenes of the Niger Delta region, arising from the oil and gas operations of the multinational oil companies. The operational activities of the oil companies over the years have led to the degradation of the Niger Delta environment with consequent loss of livelihood sources, thereby triggering protests and other violent activities in the region. The paper identified and analysed the indices of the components of the CSR (social, economic and environmental components) packages using results-based management framework to determine the impacts of the CSR projects and programmes on the people. The analysis revealed that multinational oil companies release funds from a philanthropic perspective for the execution of some social development projects/programmes, but these projects/programmes do not address the welfare and livelihood needs of the people. This means that the multinational oil companies operating in the region create an illusion of compliance with social development and responsibility rules. The paper linked these unfortunate situations (environmental degradation, insecurity, poverty, unemployment, etc) found in the region today to failure of CSR implementation due to corruption, insincerity and philanthropic approach of the oil companies and regard it as injustice to the people of Niger Delta. It therefore concluded that CSR implementation in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria is a myth and as a result recommended that Multinational oil companies should therefore incorporate the people of the Niger Delta into the oil economy by enlisting household heads into the payroll system of the multinational oil companies as well as engage sincerely in projects that will lead to the development of the region, if protests and other violent activities in the region must stop. Key Words: Implementation, Corporate social responsibility, Environmental Resources, Niger Delta, Multinational Oil Companies

scholarly journals RIGHTS TO OIL THEFT AND ILLEGAL REFINERY IN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
C.O Okwelum
Keyword(s):  
Social Contract ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
The State ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social

The reactions of the ethnic communities which have morphed into violent militant groups and ganglands in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria to State and industry control of land and mineral resources require a very close study. A comparative analysis of the current situation in Nigeria with what is obtained in the early days of the European civilization when the challenges of governance and economic crimes were emerging from the womb of the industrial revolution is equally of importance. If sovereignty resides ultimately with the people and the State governs with the consent of the citizens and the ultimate responsibility of the State and business is the welfare of the citizens, a fundamental breach of the social contract leaves the people with the right not only to abolish the State but to sabotage business in social banditry. This paper tries to apply the general principles of the theories of social banditry and social contract to the phenomenon of oil theft and illegal refineries in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. It employs the comparative, historical and analytical methodology in presentation while relying on secondary materials and doctrinal research method. It argues that the crimes of oil theft and illegal refineries have arisen from the lack of the development of the Niger Delta by both the State and the multinational oil companies and that they are an expression of the rights to resource control by indigenous communities after 50 years of State and industry control of same have failed to yield development on the ticket of the United Nation’s Resolution 1803 of 1962 guaranteeing national sovereignty over natural resources. It finds that they fall within Hobsbawm’s social banditry thesis and that the basic conditions for the abolition of the State under the social contract thesis have been largely met by the economic and socio-legal contexts prevailing in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

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