scholarly journals REUSE RESIDUAL SAND CASTING FOR PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE BLOCKS

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (29) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Deoclécio Junior Cardoso DA SILVA ◽  
Nattan Roberto CAETANO ◽  
Antonio Vanderlei DOS SANTOS ◽  
Leoni Pentiado GODOY ◽  
Marcos Antônio KLUNK
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Cooking Time ◽  
Thermal Variation ◽  
Calcination Process ◽  
Concrete Blocks ◽  
Great Availability ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Lime Production

The ore beneficiation process uses little technology, but mining companies have high economic performance. As an energy source, firewood plays a fundamental role due to its simple storage, low cost, great availability of forests, and lack of processing. Thus, the present work aims to analyze the consumption of firewood as fuel and possible improvements in the process for the production of lime in terms of harnessing raw materials and costs. Calcium oxide is obtained from the thermal decomposition of calcium and magnesium carbonates obtained from dolomitic deposits of limestone (CaCO3 : CaMgCO3). After CaO extraction, it is subjected to a calcination process, removing carbon dioxide (CO2) in ovens that work at temperatures between 900 and 1200°C. The source of energy applied to the calcination furnaces in the analyzed area is wood. The wood has a calorific value between 2,250 and 2,700 Kcal/Kg, but the moisture content responsible for the thermal variation must be considered. The firewood burning process was carried out in a ravine type oven where the temperature at which operators are exposed to heat was evaluated. The results indicated that the cooking time dropped by 20% as the amount of wood is fed into the oven. This increase represents a significant gain in lime production, thus leading to a higher profit for the company.

scholarly journals THERMAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LIME PRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (29) ◽  
pp. 46-54
Author(s):  
Flávia Sapper DA ROSA ◽  
Andressa LHAMBY ◽  
Vinicyus Mourão Monteiro GUILLET ◽  
Marcos Antônio KLUNK ◽  
Nattan Roberto CAETANO
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Cooking Time ◽  
Thermal Variation ◽  
Calcination Process ◽  
Mining Companies ◽  
Great Availability ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Lime Production

The ore beneficiation process uses little technology, but mining companies have high economic performance. As an energy source, firewood plays a fundamental role due to its simple storage, low cost, great availability of forests, and lack of processing. Thus, the present work aims to analyze the consumption of firewood as fuel and possible improvements in the process for the production of lime in terms of harnessing raw materials and costs. Calcium oxide is obtained from the thermal decomposition of calcium and magnesium carbonates obtained from dolomitic deposits of limestone (CaCO3 : CaMgCO3). After CaO extraction, it is subjected to a calcination process, removing carbon dioxide (CO2) in ovens that work at temperatures between 900 and 1200°C. The source of energy applied to the calcination furnaces in the analyzed area is wood. The wood has a calorific value between 2,250 and 2,700 Kcal/Kg, but the moisture content responsible for the thermal variation must be considered. The firewood burning process was carried out in a ravine type oven where the temperature at which operators are exposed to heat was evaluated. The results indicated that the cooking time dropped by 20% as the amount of wood is fed into the oven. This increase represents a significant gain in lime production, thus leading to a higher profit for the company.

Integrated Process for Textile Cotton Waste (TCW) Valorization: Waste-to-Energy and Wastewater Decontamination

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ribeiro ◽  
C. Vilarinho ◽  
J. Araújo ◽  
J. Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
World Population ◽  
Cotton Waste ◽  
Textile Industries

The increasing of world population, industrialization and global consuming, existing market products existed in the along with diversification of raw materials, are responsible for an exponential increase of wastes. This scenario represents loss of resources and ultimately causes air, soils and water pollution. Therefore, proper waste management is currently one of the major challenges faced by modern societies. Textile industries represents, in Portugal, almost 10% of total productive transforming sector and 19% of total employments in the sector composed by almost 7.000 companies. One of the main environmental problems of textile industries is the production of significant quantities of wastes from its different processing steps. According to the Portuguese Institute of Statistics (INE) these industries produce almost 500.000 tons of wastes each year, with the textile cotton waste (TCW) being the most expressive. It was estimated that 4.000 tons of TCW are produced each year in Portugal. In this work an integrated TCW valorisation procedure was evaluated, firstly by its thermal and energetic valorisation with slow pyrolysis followed by the utilization of biochar by-product, in lead and chromium synthetic wastewater decontamination. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a small scale rotating pyrolysis reactor with 0.1 m3 of total capacity. Results of pyrolysis experiments showed the formation of 0,241 m3 of biogas for each kilogram of TCW. Results also demonstrated that the biogas is mostly composed by hydrogen (22%), methane (14 %), carbon monoxide (20%) and carbon dioxide (12%), which represents a total high calorific value of 12.3 MJ/Nm3. Regarding biochar, results of elemental analysis demonstrated a high percentage of carbon driving its use as low cost adsorbent. Adsorption experiments were conducted with lead and chromium synthetic wastewaters (25, 50 and 100 mg L−1) in batch vessels with controlled pH. It was evaluated the behaviour of adsorption capacity and removal rate of each metal during 120 minutes of contact time using 5, 10 and 50 g L−1 of adsorbent dosage. Results indicated high affinity of adsorbent with each tested metal with 78% of removal rate in chromium and 95% in lead experiments. This suggests that biochar from TCW pyrolysis may be appropriated to wastewaters treatment, with high contents of heavy metals and it can be an effective alternative to activated carbon.

scholarly journals Regenerasi In-Situ Adsorben Karbon Aktif Tipe Granul dengan Metode Termal

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yanti Suprianti ◽  
Annisa Syafitri Kurniasetyawati
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Carbon Adsorbent ◽  
Thermal Method ◽  
Adsorption Of Co2 ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

Produk biogas memiliki spesifikasi yang masih perlu ditingkatkan (mengandung metana, CH4 50-70%, dan karbon dioksida, CO2 30 – 49%), agar dapat bersaing dengan gas alam, yaitu lebih dari 98% metana. Metode pemurnian melalui adsorpsi CO2 paling banyak diterapkan, karena tidak memerlukan biaya tinggi, jika dibandingkan teknologi pemisahan konvensional lain. Tetapi, media adsorben karbon aktif akan mengalami kejenuhan dalam waktu tertentu. Salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk meregenerasi karbon aktif yang jenuh oleh CO2 yaitu dengan peningkatan temperatur melalui metoda termal. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan regenerasi in-situ dengan peningkatan temperatur karbon aktif di dalam kolom adsorpsi-desorpsi, dengan alat dapat mengakomodasi tiga pola operasi, yaitu adsorpsi, regenerasi/desorpsi, dan pengosongan gas. Alat terdiri atas kolom yang dilengkapi perpipaaan, blower pendorong udara, heater dan thermostat untuk pemanas dan pengatur temperatur udara. Hasil uji alat menunjukkan bahwa durasi proses adsorpsi hingga mencapai kejenuhan adalah 30 menit pada siklus pertama dan 40 menit pada siklus kedua. Selanjutnya, durasi proses desorpsi dari siklus pertama hingga ketiga menunjukkan peningkatan linier, dipengaruhi oleh temperatur udara pemanas, dengan penurunan konsentrasi Ca(OH)2 hingga masih menunjukkan tren peningkatan. Setelah dilakukan tiga siklus proses adsorspi-desorpsi didapatkan bahwa performa dari karbon aktif masih belum mengalami penurunan kapasitas.Biogas have certain specifications that need to be improved (contain methane, CH4, 50-70%, and carbon dioxide, CO2, 30-49%), in order to compete with natural gas ( >98% methane). The adsorption of CO2 is the most widely applied to purify biogas since it considered as low cost, in terms of energy supply and raw materials. However, activated carbon adsorbent will be saturated and must be regenerated. One of the methods that can be used to regenerate CO2-saturated activated carbon is using thermal method. In this research, the in-situ regeneration was carried out by increasing temperature of the activated carbon in adsorption-desorption column, which accommodate three operating patterns, namely adsorption, regeneration/desorption, and gas discharge. The tool consists of columns, piping, blower, heater and thermostat for air heating and controlling temperature. The result showed that the saturation time was 30 minutes and 40 minutes, respectively in 1st and 2nd cycle. The duration of the desorption from the 1st to 3rd cycle showed a linear trend, influenced by heating air temperature. And the reduction in Ca(OH)2 concentration still showed increasing trend after three adsorption-desorption cycles carried out, so the performance or adsorption capacity of activated carbon had not yet been decreased.

scholarly journals TECHNOLOGICAL REVIEW OF USE OF BIOENERGY POTENTIAL OF GARDENS AND LANDS OF FOREST FUND

2019 ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
Shvets Ludmila
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Heating Fuel ◽  
Positive Feature ◽  
Relevant Topic ◽  
Energy Independence

While we are struggling for energy independence and solving issues related to reducing heat loss, practical Europeans make full use of the biomaterial at hand to heat their own homes, office buildings, and even small businesses. For heating, fuel briquettes are used, which many Ukrainians still call «Eurodrova». Today, the production of fuel briquettes is a good profitable business, which you can do not only in the heating season, but throughout the calendar year. There is one positive feature in fuel briquettes, due to which more and more customers will appear every day: at a relatively low cost (wood waste is used), briquettes give a heat transfer of 19 MJ / kg, while firewood gives only 10 MJ / kg . With this calorific value, customers will need much less fuel to heat. At present, due to the difficult financial situation in the state, the undesirable vegetation in the form of shrubs that have flooded villages, fields and highways has become a big problem for society. Thus, the high-quality removal of unwanted vegetation is a relevant topic today. Felling shrubs and green spaces is a necessity that often occurs when “modernizing” a garden, putting in order on abandoned sites, clearing the area for construction, proper maintenance near roads and plantings in parks and botanical gardens, and also when landscaping in large cities and suburbs. For this purpose, a machine for cutting and chopping wood pulp was developed, with a trailed and mounted unit, which will allow collecting raw materials for wood chips, which can be used in the production of fuel briquettes, pallets for burning in boilers.

Bamboo Waste-based Bio-composite Substance: An application for Low-cost Construction Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Teodoro Astorga Amatosa ◽  
Michael E. Loretero
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Experimental Medium ◽  
Natural Treatment

Bamboo is a lightweight and high-strength raw materials that encouraged researchers to investigate and explore, especially in the field of biocomposite and declared as one of the green-technology on the environment as fully accountable as eco-products. This research was to assess the technical feasibility of making single-layer experimental Medium-Density Particleboard panels from the bamboo waste of a three-year-old (Dendrocalamus asper). Waste materials were performed to produce composite materials using epoxy resin (C21H25C105) from a natural treatment by soaking with an average of pH 7.6 level of sea-water. Three different types of MDP produced, i.e., bamboo waste strip MDP (SMDP), bamboo waste chips MDP (CMDP) and bamboo waste mixed strip-chips MDP (MMDP) by following the same process. The experimental panels tested for their physical-mechanical properties according to the procedures defined by ASTM D1037-12. Conclusively, even the present study shows properties of MDP with higher and comparable to other composite materials; further research must be given better attention as potential substitute to be used as hardwood materials, especially in the production, design, and construction usage.

Low-Cost Raw Materials Synthesized Na 2.9375PS 3.9375Cl 0.0625 Solid Electrolyte

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Nachuan Yang ◽  
Yi Shuai ◽  
Yunpeng Zhang ◽  
Kanghua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Solid Electrolyte ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost

scholarly journals Design of Low-Cost and High-Strength Titanium Alloys Using Pseudo-Spinodal Mechanism through Diffusion Couple Technology and CALPHAD

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2910
Author(s):  
Chaoyi Ding ◽  
Chun Liu ◽  
Ligang Zhang ◽  
Di Wu ◽  
Libin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Couple ◽  
Titanium Alloys ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Strength ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Α Phase ◽  
Cr System

The high cost of development and raw materials have been obstacles to the widespread use of titanium alloys. In the present study, the high-throughput experimental method of diffusion couple combined with CALPHAD calculation was used to design and prepare the low-cost and high-strength Ti-Al-Cr system titanium alloy. The results showed that ultra-fine α phase was obtained in Ti-6Al-10.9Cr alloy designed through the pseudo-spinodal mechanism, and it has a high yield strength of 1437 ± 7 MPa. Furthermore, application of the 3D strength model of Ti-6Al-xCr alloy showed that the strength of the alloy depended on the volume fraction and thickness of the α phase. The large number of α/β interfaces produced by ultra-fine α phase greatly improved the strength of the alloy but limited its ductility. Thus, we have demonstrated that the pseudo-spinodal mechanism combined with high-throughput diffusion couple technology and CALPHAD was an efficient method to design low-cost and high-strength titanium alloys.

scholarly journals Effect of Pork Meat Replacement by Fish Products on Fatty Acid Content, Physicochemical, and Sensory Properties of Pork Pâtés

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Piotr Skałecki ◽  
Agnieszka Kaliniak-Dziura ◽  
Piotr Domaradzki ◽  
Mariusz Florek ◽  
Ewa Poleszak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Sensory Properties ◽  
Control Group

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of the addition of fish raw materials (roe or fish meat) on the quality and nutritional value of pork pâtés. The control group (n = 4) consisted of pork pâtés, I experimental group (n = 6) of pâtés with 20% addition of roe (perch and pike), and II group of pâtés with 20% addition of fish (perch and pike meat) (n = 6). The pâtés’ pH, color, and profiled texture analysis were instrumentally measured and water, protein, fat, ash, and fatty acid content were determined by reference methods. To assess the oxidative stability of lipids the measurement of peroxide number, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and content of conjugated dienes and trienes was used. The degree of fat hydrolysis was determined on the basis of acid value. Sensory analysis was carried out using the scaling method, taking into account 12 unit quality characteristics. Products with roe and meat contained less fat (accordingly 15.9% and 14.1%) and showed lower calorific value (accordingly 225.6 and 208.6 kcal/100 g) compared to pork pâtés (20.2% of lipids, 267 kcal/100 g). Moreover, the addition of fish raw materials improved the index of nutritional quality for protein (from 3.2 to 3.9) and beneficially reduced the nutritional index for fat (from 2.2 to 1.9). Fish constituents modified, to a certain extent, the color, texture, and sensory properties of pâtés, while maintaining full acceptability in consumer assessment. The addition of fish roe significantly increased the healthful quality by improving the fatty acid profile of pâtés, in which the significantly highest content of n-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (accordingly 252.21, 43.17, and 107.94 mg/100 g product), as well the highest concentration of saturated branched chain fatty acids were determined (18.75 mg/100 g product).

scholarly journals Molecular design revitalizes the low-cost PTV-polymer for highly efficient organic solar cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junzhen Ren ◽  
Pengqing Bi ◽  
Jianqi Zhang ◽  
Jiao Liu ◽  
Jingwen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Organic Solar Cells ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Molecular Design ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Stable Conformation ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Aggregation Effect ◽  
Industrialization Process

Abstract Developing photovoltaic materials with simple chemical structures and easy synthesis still remains a major challenge in the industrialization process of organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, an ester substituted poly(thiophene vinylene) derivative, PTVT-T, was designed and synthesized in very few steps by adopting commercially available raw materials. The ester groups on the thiophene units enable PTVT-T to have a planar and stable conformation. Moreover, PTVT-T presents a wide absorption band and strong aggregation effect in solution, which are the key characteristics needed to realize high performance in non-fullerene-acceptor (NFA)-based OSCs. We then prepared OSCs by blending PTVT-T with three representative fullerene- and NF-based acceptors, PC71BM, IT-4F and BTP-eC9. It was found that PTVT-T can work well with all the acceptors, showing great potential to match new emerging NFAs. Particularly, a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 16.20% is achieved in a PTVT-T:BTP-eC9-based device, which is the highest value among the counterparts based on PTV derivatives. This work demonstrates that PTVT-T shows great potential for the future commercialization of OSCs.

scholarly journals Encapsulation of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Lipid Micro/Nanoparticles for Oral Administration by Spray-Cooling

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1186
Author(s):  
Carmen S. Favaro-Trindade ◽  
Fernando E. de Matos Junior ◽  
Paula K. Okuro ◽  
João Dias-Ferreira ◽  
Amanda Cano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Spray Cooling ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Cooling Technology ◽  
Simple Technology

Nanoencapsulation via spray cooling (also known as spray chilling and spray congealing) has been used with the aim to improve the functionality, solubility, and protection of drugs; as well as to reduce hygroscopicity; to modify taste and odor to enable oral administration; and many times to achieve a controlled release profile. It is a relatively simple technology, it does not require the use of low-cost solvents (mostly associated to toxicological risk), and it can be applied for lipid raw materials as excipients of oral pharmaceutical formulations. The objective of this work was to revise and discuss the advances of spray cooling technology, with a greater emphasis on the development of lipid micro/nanoparticles to the load of active pharmaceutical ingredients for oral administration.

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