Renaissance Cardinals and Pontifical Mules

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippa Jackson
Keyword(s):  
The Social ◽  
Dual Image ◽  
Historical Accounts

Renaissance cardinals proclaimed their status in various ways. When riding, particularly when accompanying the pope or royalty, cardinals preferred to ride on a mule. This essay examines the social, legal, and ceremonial issues surrounding cardinals’ use of mules as a sign of humility, while they simultaneously spent large sums on obtaining and equipping these animals. The grand ceremonial tack for formal processions was essential to the cohesive image that the Sacred College tried to project in public ritual. The examination of images of cardinals on mules, historical accounts in diaries and letters, as well as entries in account books, indicates the importance of the dual image of humility and magnificence portrayed by pontifical mules.

Conditions of Boarded Out Babies of Wet-Nurses, Colonial Australia

2021 ◽  
pp. 089033442199477
Author(s):  
Virginia Thorley
Keyword(s):  
Family Physicians ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Primary Material ◽  
Substandard Care ◽  
The Social ◽  
Historical Accounts

Wet-nurses themselves rarely left written accounts. In this article, I have reconstructed their experiences and work situations breastfeeding other women’s infants in colonial Australia through examining available sources concerning their employment situations and the fate of their infants when they were boarded out, as they commonly were. The employment of wet-nurses by royal households or prominent families has long been the topic of historical accounts, whereas the situation of the more numerous wet-nurses further down the social spectrum has received disproportionately little examination. In this article, I do not discuss informal, altruistic wet nursing by family or neighbors but, rather, the situation of those women for whom it was an occupation, by its very nature short term. Primary material sighted for this study included a considerable number of advertisements for positions placed by employers, their intermediaries (e.g., family physicians) and wet-nurses themselves, and newspaper reports when the wet-nurse’s children came to the attention of the courts. Death for boarded-out infants who succumbed to inappropriate feeding and substandard care was typically ascribed to “natural causes.”

scholarly journals Notes on the Study of Political Parties in the Third World

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 659-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Crotty
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Leaders ◽  
Theoretical Conception ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Historical Accounts

The research on political parties in developing nations is difficult to aggregate and to place in a comparative context. The reasons are many. The body of work is at best modest in size as well as uneven in focus, theoretical conception and empirical execution. Often comparative or more generalizable indicators and conclusions must be extracted from studies intended to clarify social developments over broad periods of time or, alternatively, within carefully set historical boundaries (the colonial; the transition from the colonial period to independence; post-independence developments; political conditions under specific national leaders, as examples). The efforts are broad stroke, primarily descriptive and usually interwoven with historical accounts and explanations of the social, economic and cultural factors that condition the life of a country. The range appears to run from megatheories-or, more accurately, broadly generalized interpretative sets of categorizations and conclusions applied to a region or a collection of countries (the research itself is seldom theoretically focused), supported by interpretative essays and expert, professionalized observation and background knowledge-to case studies of differing degrees of elaborateness. There is little in between.

Local Relations and Their Postcolonial Outlooks

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-37
Author(s):  
Helena Y.W. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Multiple Realities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Museum Exhibitions ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Cultural Connotations ◽  
Different Levels

With an eye to museum exhibitions, governments’ narratives, historical accounts and scholarly analyses, among others, Chapter 1 examines the underlying political, social and cultural connotations in different narratives about Hong Kong. By uncovering the hegemony of representing Hong Kong through “the Hong Kong story”, the chapter exposes the unequal powers at work, arguing for the need to hybridize different local milieus, positionings and perspectives by redistributing significances to both human and nonhuman agencies and rekindling connections to Hong Kong’s local on different levels. Highlighting the interconnection between the social, political and cultural realms in facilitating representation, interpretation and mediation, the chapter maps out the multiple realities, contrasting stances and varied connotations wherein different “Hong Kongs” are constructed and local relations are entailed in varying constellations.

Writing History: Problems of Neutrality

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-126
Author(s):  
Donald Bloxham
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Moral Evaluation ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
Value Judgements ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Value Neutrality ◽  
Made In

Part 2 Writing History: Problems of Neutrality This Part of the book challenges widespread assumptions that, where it matters, it is possible or desirable for historians to avoid value judgements and the sorts of evocative descriptions that imply or could reasonably be expected to prompt such judgements. The first section distinguishes between History and particular traditions within the social sciences in order to show why the ‘rules’ about moral evaluation can be different in these differing endeavours. The second section establishes the widespread existence of evocations and evaluations in the very labelling and description of many historical phenomena, suggesting not just how peculiar works of History would look in their absence of evocations and appraisals, but that their absence would often distort what is being reported. These arguments are key to the distinction made in the third section about rejecting value neutrality as a governing ideal while insisting on truthfulness as a historian’s primary duty. The fourth section highlights the nature of most historical accounts as composites of a range of perspectives as it considers questions of context, agency, outcome, and experience. The composition gives rise to the overall impression, evaluative or evocative, provided by the work. The fifth section brings together a number of the chapter’s themes as it examines an important case of the historian’s judgement—judgement about the legitimacy of power in past worlds where legitimacy could be as contested as often today.

scholarly journals New Legal Realism, Empiricism, and Scientism: The Relative Objectivity of Law and Social Science

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW LANG
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Legal Realism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complicated Form ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

AbstractIn this article, I suggest that one of the central characteristics of New Legal Realism is the productive tension between empiricist and pragmatist theories of knowledge which lies at its core. On one side, new realist work in its empiricist posture seeks to use empirical knowledge of the world as the basis on which to design, interpret, apply, and criticize the law. On the other, in its pragmatist moments, it explicitly draws attention to the social and political contingency of any claims to empirical knowledge of the world, including its own. As a consequence, it is distinctive of much scholarship in the New Legal Realist vein that it continually enacts creative syntheses of different philosophies of truth in an attempt to be, in Shaffer's words, ‘positivist . . . interpretivist, and legal realist all at once’. The first part of this article draws on existing historical accounts of legal realism briefly to trace the problematic and ambiguous place of scientism in the legal realist tradition. Then, in the second and more important part of the article, I argue that the ambivalence of the legal realists’ vision has left us, in certain contexts, with a complicated form of mixed legal-scientific governance which has proved remarkably and surprisingly resilient in the face of late twentieth century critiques of scientific objectivity. This may be one of the most enduring legacies of the ‘old’ legal realists for those today who work in the New Legal Realist vein.

Autobiography and Class Formation in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Methodological Considerations

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jo Maynes
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Science History ◽  
The Social ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
Historical Social Science

Historical social science—which I understand to be analysis of change over time that is informed by the theories, methods, and questions of the social sciences—has in the past 25 or 30 years established itself as an important area of interdisciplinary study. It emerged at a point in time when, in the United States at least, several of the social science disciplines were dominated by positivist epistemologies and models drawn from the natural sciences. In practice, much of what has been understood as social science history has centered on the recovery and analysis of largely quantifiable sources that allowed the writing of the collective biography of large populations—the ordinary people arguably under-or unrepresented in classic historical accounts of previous eras. Drawing upon social-scientific traditions provided concepts and methodologies for analyzing processes that encompassed everyone, rather than merely the events dominated by an elite, and for studying relatively anonymous collectivities rather than merely the “great men.”

CHAT-IT: Toward Conceptualizing Learning in the Context of Formal Organizations

2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney T. Ogawa ◽  
Rhiannon Crain ◽  
Molly Loomis ◽  
Tamara Ball
Keyword(s):  
Social Contexts ◽  
Constructivist Theory ◽  
Educational Organizations ◽  
Secondary Purpose ◽  
The Social ◽  
Formal Organizations ◽  
Theory Of Organization ◽  
Cultural Historical Activity ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
The Relationship

This article is intended to spark a discussion between two research communities—scholars who study learning and scholars who study educational organizations. A secondary purpose is to encourage researchers to look beyond schools to examine learning in other types of educational organizations. The authors outline a framework to guide research on the relationship between learning and the social contexts afforded by formal organizations. The framework combines elements of cultural historical activity theory, a sociocultural theory of learning, and institutional theory, which is a constructivist theory of organization. The authors employ preliminary findings from research and secondary historical accounts to illustrate the potential of the framework for guiding research that ties learning to contexts in formal organizations.

scholarly journals Kuwamai: Historic Epidemics and Resilience of Cariban-Speaking Peoples, Northern Amazonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-272
Author(s):  
Renzo S. Duin
Keyword(s):  
French Guiana ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Clash Of Cultures ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Journal Entries ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

How Amazonian Indigenous Peoples combatted emergent epidemic diseases in colonial times, and their innovative responses to epidemiological crises, has not received sufficient attention. This study outlines a clash of cultures and an entanglement of places and people related to pandemic diseases and epidemic death in the Eastern Guiana Highlands, northern Amazonia. By means of archival and historical sources, the article provides eyewitness insight into multiple waves of highly contagious epidemics that affected Cariban-speaking communities in Eastern Guiana – Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazilian Amapá – over the past 550 years. The paper commences with some general statements on illness and healing. Hitherto unpublished journal entries by the Governor of Suriname of an outbreak of the pox during the winter of 1743-1744 set the scene, these are followed by rare nineteenth and twentieth century historical accounts, and a novel interpretation of Wayana oral history – posited to be the first account of the spread of a viral disease in Amazonia in July 1542. The paper concludes with responses to the current COVID-19 pandemic from an indigenous etiology which demonstrates indigenous historical consciousness of the social present as related to events from the past.

scholarly journals HANOI

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Valentin
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
National Symbols ◽  
The Social ◽  
City History ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The article discusses the role that cities play in constructing and mediating particular historical accounts. Drawing on fieldwork experiences from Hanoi and Kathmandu it adopts a comparative perspective and explores how history is mediated, experienced and interpreted through the physical organisation of the city. History is conceptualised both chronologically as sequences of events that can be traced in the physical environment of the city and as a temporally specific narrative about the city and the wider society of which it is part. The article throws light on the impact different political regimes have had on the built environment and how this has informed the social organisation and human use of urban space in Hanoi. Comparing this with the social and physical organisation of Kathmandu two particular issues become salient, firstly the way in which the influence of foreign powers is physically manifest in the city; secondly how specific places, as national symbols of unity, frame everyday activities in the city.  

Cindy Forster,The Time of Freedom: Campesino Workers in Guatemala's October Revolution. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001. xi + 287 pp. $32.95 cloth; 19.95 paper.

2004 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 213-215
Author(s):  
J. David Granger
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Contentious Politics ◽  
Mass Action ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
University Of Pittsburgh ◽  
The Social ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Historical Accounts

Forster's work in The Time of Freedom is a worthy contribution to scholarship on collective behavior in Latin America. The work appears largely intended to provide a narrative account of peasant organizing in a specific locale; however, the work implicitly incorporates a more comprehensive theory about bottom-up collective action. The account of bottom-up collective action given by the author is really one of contentious politics involving the simultaneous dynamics of four key groups: rural indigenous, rural ladinos, large landowners, and politicians. The movement is contentious for two reasons. First, the social movement arises from a previous period of relative stability, although under a dictatorship, and it incurs a significant change in elite political ideology. Second, the time frame spans about ten years, from the fall of Ubico in 1944 to the fall of Arbenz in 1954. The author leads the reader through the three stages of initial formation, mass action, and demobilization. The author's account of the 1944 Guatemalan Revolution challenges the traditional interpretation of hierarchical initiation. Historical accounts of the 1944 Revolution portray it as urban in its locale and middle-class in its support. Ignoring the rural indigenous and ladinos leaves a chasm in the understanding of contemporary Guatemalan history and politics. This is of particular importance in understanding the movement towards violence that followed from the failure to institutionalize the hard-earned gains of the collective movement.

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