THE USE OF TWO EMPIRICAL METHODS OF SUBSTITUTION OF FEEDSTUFFS: PARBOILED CASSAVA PEEL MEAL VERSUS MAIZE IN THE DIETS OF GROWTH COCKERELS

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 78-83
Author(s):  
R. I. Salami
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Cassava Peel

The effect of two empirical methods of substituting maize with parboiled cassava peel meal (PCPM) in the diets of 168, 11-week old Isa Brown cockerels were examined in a 3-week experiment. The control diet A contained 40% maize while the proportion of maize in the control diet was replaced with PCPM at the graded levels of 20% of diets B and C, 30% of diets D and E and 40% of diets F and G with and without regard to the energy content of PCPM respectively. Consequently, diets A, B, D and F contained metabolisable energy (ME) content of about 2600s kcal/kg while diets C, E and G contained ME of about 2400, 2300 and 2200 kcal/kg respectively. The calculated crude protein (CP) contents of all diets were similar (17% CP). The results on the performance characteristics studied did not reveal any adverse effect of the two empirical methods of substitution of maize with PCPM in the diets of growing cockerels. The growth rate and feed conversion ration of birds fed on diets containing 50 and 75% of PCPM at the expense of maize using the two substitution methods were similar to those of the control birds. However, there was depression in feed intake at the replacement levels beyond 50%. Thus, it was concluded that the two substitution methods could be used to replace maize with PCPM at the level of 75% of the former without adverse effect on weight gain and feed conversion ratio in the growing cockerels during the early stage of growth.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary protein levels on the performance and carcass characteristics of cockerel finishers

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Salami ◽  
O. G. Longe ◽  
J. A. Oluyemi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Response Criteria ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Diet Dilution ◽  
Modified Diet

A study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary crude protein (CP) levels in diets of 2600kcal kg metabolisable energy content on the performance and carcass characteristics of cockerel finishers. The experimental diets A, B, C, D and E contained CP levels of 140, 160, 180, 200 and 200g kg and they were produced by modified diet dilution technique. Response criteria such as weight gain and feed conversion ratio, among others, and carcass characteristics were measured. Results on performance and carcass characteristics, with the exception of the neck, intestinal weights  and other visceral offals, revealed that these response criteria were optimized in the birds fed on 180g kg dietary CP level. Beyond this level, it was nor beneficial to feed higher CP levels. It is therefore, concluded that the CP requirement of finisher cockerels is 18% on the bases of their Performance and carcass characteristics.

Effects of xylanase supplementation on between-bird variation in energy metabolism and the number of Clostridium perfringens in broilers fed a wheat-based diet

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Choct ◽  
M. Sinlae ◽  
R. A. M. Al-Jassim ◽  
D. Pettersson
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Xylanase Activity ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Individual Bird ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Three experiments were conducted to examine: (a) the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) contents, the level of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), and the extract viscosity value of 9 wheat samples; (b) the efficacy of a xylanase in reducing between-bird variation for AME; and (c) the effect of a xylanase on the number of Clostridium perfringens in broilers fed a low AME wheat diet. Experiment 1 revealed that the AME value of wheat varied from 11.5 to 13.6 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), which negatively correlated with the total NSP level (r = –0.97). Experiment 2 involved a 48-cage individual bird trial, where xylanase increased (P < 0.05) the AME from 12.51 to 13.09 MJ/kg DM and reduced (P < 0.05) its standard deviation from 1.13 to 0.52. The standard deviation for feed conversion ratio, ileal viscosity, and faecal viscosity was also reduced. In this experiment, there was a strong correlation between AME and excreta viscosity (r = –0.81) and the caecal xylanase activity of birds fed the control diet was positively correlated with AME (r = 0.72). In Expt 3, xylanase reduced the number of Clostridium perfringens, the causative agent for necrotic enteritis, to a non-detectable level in the ileum and caeca of broilers fed a low-ME wheat diet.

Effects of season and time since defoliation on the nutritive characteristics of three irrigated perennial pasture species in northern Victoria 1. Energy, protein and fibre

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

The study reported here compared the nutritive characteristics of the 3 most common irrigated perennial pasture species grown in northern Victoria as they regrew after defoliation at various times during the year. In addition, the relative influence of changes to the proportions of morphological components and the nutritive characteristics of the individual components on the quality of whole plants was examined. The nutritive characteristics of white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Haifa), ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Ellet) and paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) were examined at weekly intervals on 4 occasions during spring–autumn, 1993–94. On each occasion, pastures were defoliated with a drum mower and allowed to regrow for up to 9 weeks; defoliation dates were 24 September, 26 November, 28 January and 25 March. The variation in estimated metabolisable energy [obtained from in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility], crude protein and detergent fibre concentrations within species was significantly (P<0.01) less than between clover and the grasses. White clover was consistently high in metabolisable energy (9.3–11.2 MJ/kg DM) and crude protein (17.7–27.7% DM), and low in neutral detergent fibre (27.8–39.8% DM) in all periods. At the other extreme, paspalum had a metabolisable energy content that peaked at 9.3 MJ/kg DM, and fell as low as 7.4 MJ/kg DM. Paspalum also had low protein (7.5–14.7% DM) and very high neutral detergent fibre (61.9–69.9% DM) concentrations. Ryegrass varied greatly in metabolisable energy concentration between the 4 periods, being high in autumn (average of 10.2 MJ/kg DM) and low in summer–autumn (average of 8.4 MJ/kg DM). Metabolisable energy apart, there were few differences in the crude protein and detergent fibre contents of ryegrass and paspalum. Perennial ryegrass is generally considered a superior feed to paspalum, but the data indicate this is not always the case under irrigation in northern Victoria. The nutritive characteristics of the plant fractions (leaf, stem, dead, inflorescence) were analysed separately to give an indication of the limits to selection by grazing cows. Differences in metabolisable energy between leaf and stem in both white clover and perennial ryegrass suggested that grazing dairy cows could consume a pasture diet which is likely to be slightly higher in energy than that in the herbage on offer. With paspalum, this is unlikely to be the case because differences in energy content between plant parts were small. However, with all species, cows should be able to consume herbage that is significantly higher in protein, and lower in detergent fibre, than that on offer because of differences in their concentrations in leaf and stem. The nutritive characteristics of morphological components of each species remained relatively constant throughout the study. Therefore, it would seem that it is the proportions of these fractions in the plant, together with severity of grazing, that will largely determine the degree of selection that can occur.

scholarly journals SHORT COMMUNICATION Performance of local fowls fed plantain peels meal

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-82
Author(s):  
C. T. Ezeokeke
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Test Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Communication Performance ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
And Control

Experiment was carried out to determine performance of day old local fowls, fed supplemented plantain peels meal (PPM). The birds were arranged in completely randomized design having six birds per replicate and two treatments comprising one test diet and one control diet. At starter phase, all the parameters (body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio) measured were not significant (p>0.05). The birds on the test diet had average initial weight, 42.00g while that of the control had average weight, 43.75g and at 5 weeks of age average weights of 133.30g and 134.54g (p>0.05) ,respectively. At the finisher phase, all the parameters measured were not significant (p>0.5). The prices per kg of feed for the test and control diets were N93.05 and N95.05, respectively. Therefore, PPM inclusion fed at early stage of life of the birds enhanced performance at a lower cost.

scholarly journals REPLACEMENT VALUE OF POULTRY VISCERAL OFFAL MEAL IN THE DIET OF BROILER CHICKENS

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
S. O. O. Oyewole ◽  
R. I. Salami
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Finisher Diets

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the replacement value of poultry visceral offal meal (PVOM) substituting for fish meal (FM) on an equal protein basis in the diets of unsexed Ross-strain broiler chickens from day-old to 8 weeks of age. One hundred and fifty birds were allotted in groups of 10 into 15 equidimensional floor pens with floor space of 0.189m2 per bird. There were three replicates per treatment diet, with 10 birds per pen serving as a replicate. Five treatment diets, each for the starter and finisher phases of 5 and 3-week duration respectively were fed ad libitum. Diet A (control) contained 8% FM which was gradually replaced with PVOM at 2,3,4,6,6,90 and 9.20% in diets B, C, D and E respectively for both phases. All the diets were isocaloric (ca 12MJ   ME/kg) for both phases and isonitrogenous with 23 and 20% dietary crude protein contents for the starter and finisher diets respectively. Feed intake and feed conversion rations (FCR) were similar (P >0.05) on all diets in support of complete substitution. However , weight gain for 8 weeks on the control diet was better (P <0.05) than those on FM/PVOM- and PVOM-diets whose weight gains were similar (P < 0.05). The mean feed intake values of 4.031, 3.936, 3.760, 3.870 and 3.715 kg/bird were obtained for birds receiving diets A,B,C,D and E respectively while the equivalent FCRs were 2.326, 2.352, 2.233, 2.326 and 2.340. The mean weight gains for birds on diets A,B,C,D and E for 8weeks were 1.824, 1.688, 1.689, 1.676 and 1.590 kg/bird respectively. The dressed weight and weight of back, drumsticks, things and wings were similar (P >0.05) for all diets in favour of complete substitution of FM with PVOM. Mean dressing percentages were 58.24 to 69.07% . It is concluded that PVOM could replace FM completely in broiler diets.   

scholarly journals Effect of supplementation with Escherichia coli phytase for broilers on performance, nutrient digestibility, minerals in the tibia and diet cost

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 767
Author(s):  
Gabriel Villela Dessimoni ◽  
Nilva Kazue Sakomura ◽  
Daniella Carolina Zanardo Donato ◽  
Fábio Goldflus ◽  
Nayara Tavares Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Diet Cost

Although phytase has been researched, new enzymes have been produced, leading to different animal responses. In this scenario, the present study proposes to evaluate the inclusion of a bacterial phytase produced by Escherichia coli in broiler diets based on corn and soybean meal, with or without nutrient reductions, on the performance, nutrient digestibility, phosphorus bioavailability, and bone minerals of those animals and on the economic viability of this practice. A total of 896 male broiler chickens were distributed into 32 experimental units, each housing 28 broilers. The experiment was set up as a completely randomized design with four treatments (Positive Control (PC)- diet meeting the nutritional requirements of the broiler chickens; Negative Control (NC) with reductions of 100kcal/kg of ME, 0.14% avP and 0.11% tCa; NC + phytase (500 FTU/kg); PC + phytase (500FTU/kg)) and 8 replicates. Phytase increased (p < 0.05) feed intake and body weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio in starter (1 to 21 days) and total (1 to 42 days) phases, respectively, compared with Negative Control diet without supplementation. The Negative Control + phytase diet also led to a feed intake similar to Positive Control in the starter and total phases. The inclusion of phytase without nutrient reductions improved (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio in the starter phase, compared to Positive Control diet. There was an increase (p < 0.05) in the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and phosphorus and in apparent digestible energy in the Negative Control + phytase diet compared to the Negative Control diet. Phytase supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the digestibility of crude protein, calcium and phosphorus, and apparent digestible energy compared to Positive Control diet. Ash, phosphorus, and calcium contents were higher in the Negative Control + phytase diet compared with those observed in the Negative Control diet without enzyme (p < 0.05). The Positive Control + phytase diet provided higher ash contents (p < 0.05), but calcium and phosphorus deposition was similar to those obtained with Positive Control diet. Phytase inclusion allows for a reduction in the diet cost per ton of produced feed. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with bacterial phytase produced from Escherichia coli for broiler chickens is recommended, as it provided increases in production performance, nutrient digestibility, and energy metabolizability and a reduction in the diet cost.

Effect of reduced dietary crude protein and supplemental limiting amino acids on the growth and carcass characteristics of Swarnadhara chicks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beena C. Joseph ◽  
Jayanaik T. Munegowda ◽  
Chandrapal . ◽  
K. Singh ◽  
V. Malathi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Carcass Parameters ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids

A six-week trial was conducted to determine the effect of lowering dietary crude protein levels with supplementation of limiting amino acid on growth performance, and carcass characteristics in one of the Indian improved crossbred Swarnadhara chicks in a completely randomized design having five treatments and four replications of 20 birds in each. Five isocaloric (2800 ME Kcal//kg) experimental diets based on corn-soy bean meal were formulated in a gradual crude protein decline from 21 % (control T1) to 19% by 0.5% interval. The levels of limiting amino acids namely methionine, lysine, threonine and tryptophan were met as that of control (T1) by adding synthetic preparations. Highest body weight was recorded in 2% crude protein reduced group (T5) which was comparable with control (T1). However, cumulative feed intake and feed conversion ratio of different treatments were not significantly different. Moreover, carcass parameters like dressing percentage, breast meat yield, liver and heart weights remained unaffected by the dietary treatments. Relative gizzard weight and abdominal fat weights showed variations and lower dietary protein diets were comparable with control diet (T1). In summary, crude protein content of Swarnadhara chick diet can be reduced to 19% with essential AA fortification without any adverse effect on growth performance and carcass characteristics during 0-6 weeks of age.

Effects of increasing the inclusion level of Atriplex amnicola in the diet of sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1029
Author(s):  
M. B. P. Kumara Mahipala ◽  
G. L. Krebs ◽  
P. McCafferty ◽  
K. Dods
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The effects of increasing the level of inclusion of fresh Atriplex amnicola Paul G.Wilson foliage in an oaten chaff (Avena sativa L.) diet fed to sheep were investigated. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain varying amounts [0, 161, 362, 496, 650 and 836 g/kg diet dry matter (DM)] of A. amnicola, and these diets were fed to individually penned sheep according to a Latin square design. Feed and faecal samples were analysed for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, and ash contents. Mineral contents and 24 h in vitro gas production were measured in freeze-dried feed samples. As the level of inclusion of A. amnicola increased, digestibility of DM, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre increased (P < 0.05), reaching the peak at the 496 g/kg DM inclusion level and then decreasing (P < 0.05) thereafter. Acid detergent fibre digestibility followed a similar trend, but peak digestibility was at 362 g/kg DM inclusion level. Digestibility of crude protein continued to increase (P < 0.05) with increasing inclusion of A. amnicola. Gas production (24 h) from A. amnicola was lower (P < 0.05) than that from oaten chaff (24.4 v. 45.3 mL/200 mg DM) and also had lower metabolisable energy content (in vitro ME, 6.3 v. 8.6 MJ/kg DM). As the level of inclusion of A. amnicola in the diet increased, gas production and in vitro metabolisable energy content decreased (P < 0.05). The 496 g/kg DM inclusion level provided the optimum N : energy ratio for fermentation of dietary fibre. At this level of inclusion the diet was rich in Na, Ca, P, Mg, K, S, Mn and Zn. High inclusion levels improved the crude protein value of the diet but compromised fibre digestibility.

scholarly journals ENZYME COMPLEX SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SWINE IN GROWTH AND FINISHING PHASES

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 748-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
NATÁLIA YOKO SITANAKA ◽  
FÁBIO ENRIQUE LEMOS BUDIÑO ◽  
SIMONE RAYMUNDO DE OLIVEIRA ◽  
ANDREIA DONIZETE CHAGAS VILAS BOAS ◽  
JOSÉ EVANDRO DE MORAES
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Reduction ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Enzyme Complex ◽  
Feed Conversion

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of an enzyme complex-α-amylase, ß-glucanase, phytase, cellulase, xylanase and protease-in the feed of swine in growing and finishing phases, by assessing their performance (daily weight gain, daily feed intake, and feed conversion), dry matter, crude protein, and crude energy apparent digestibility, and the feed costs. Eighty pigs-castrated males, and females-of approximately 63 days of age and initial weight of 20.18±1.98 kg were distributed in a 5×2 factorial arrangement (diet × sex), in a randomized block design, with eight replications. The treatments used were: positive control diet consisted of 3,300 kcal/kg in the growth-I phase, and 3,250 kcal/kg in the growth-II and finishing phases; negative control diet with energy reduction of 85 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy (ME) (NC85); NC85 diet with addition of enzyme complex (EC85); negative control diet with energy reduction of 100 kcal/kg ME (NC100); NC100 diet with addition of enzyme complex (EC100). The addition of the enzyme complex to the diet with energy reduction of 100 kcal/kg ME increased the digestible protein content of the diet for the swine in the growth-II phase. The addition of the enzyme complex to the diet with energy reduction of 85 and 100 kcal/kg ME increased the digestible energy content of the diets for the swine in the finishing phase. The use of enzyme complex in diets with reduction of 85 kcal/kg ME for male swine in growing and finishing phases is recommended for improving feed conversion and economic efficiency during the growth-I phase. The use of enzyme complex is not justified for female swine.

The nutritional value for meat chickens of water-damaged wheat from temporary bulk stores in Queensland

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
PF Mannion ◽  
BJ Blaney ◽  
MS Levitt
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
And Control

The nutritional value of water-damaged wheat and free-flowing wheat from temporary bulk stores at Goondiwindi was determined. Each was fed to meat chickens as the sole grain component or combined in several proportions, and compared with a control wheat in diets of similar nutrient composition. In addition, the nutrient composition of water-damaged and free-flowing wheat from temporary stores at Meeandarra, Thallon, Jandowae and Millmerran in southern Queensland was determined.A progressive reduction in the ratio of total amino acids to crude protein (0.98-0-70 w/w) and innitrogen-free extract (789-685 g kg-1 dry matter) was associated with increasing severity of water damage. Ether extract and gross energy contents of the dry matter were low in water-damaged wheat from all sites, but only the wheat with the most damage had a lower metabolizable energy content (12.99 versus 14.12 MJ kg-1) in the dry matter and as a proportion of gross energy (71% versus 76%) than free-flowing wheat from the same site.The three diets containing high levels of rotten (two diets) and severely water-damaged wheat (one diet) resulted in an average liveweight gain (26.1 g day-1) and feed conversion (1.86) which was poorer than that of the free-flowing wheat (28.1 g day-1, 1.59) and the average of other less water-damaged wheat treatments (29.7 g day-1, 1.57). The higher average liveweight gain of the latter treatments relative to the free-flowing wheat and control (27.3 g day-1) treatments was significant but was not reflected in better feed conversion. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed.

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