scholarly journals Straw bedded pigsties height: Effect on growth and skin lesion of pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
O. A. Adebiyi ◽  
A. A. Famakinwa ◽  
F. G. Adebiyi ◽  
T. O. Bankole ◽  
E. O. Benneth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Skin Lesion ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Feed Utilisation ◽  
Guinea Grass

In order to ensure sustainable pig production in most tropical countries, alternative flooring systems need to be investigated and adopted. This five-week experiment was carried out to investigate the growth performance and skin lesion score of 36 weaned pigs raised on different heights of Guinea Grass Straw (GGS) beddings. The pigs were separated into four treatments in triplicate, in a completely randomized design. The treatments were: T1: 0m (concrete floor: without GGS), T2: 0.1m GGS, T3: 0.2m GGS and T4: 0.3m GGS. At the end of the experiment, data were collected on growth performance: final weight, weight gain, feed intake while feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated and skin lesions (front, middle and rear) measured. All data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Pigs on 0.2m had the highest (p<0.05) weight gain (4.75kg) compared with its counterparts on 0.1m (4.28kg), 0.3m (3.94kg) and T1(3.34kg). Final weight followed similar trend with pigs in 0.2m (9.94kg) having the highest weight compared with 0.1m (9.40kg), 0.3m (9.22kg) and T1 (8.55kg). The highest FCR (4.72) was recorded for pigs on 0m (control) which was an indication of poor feed utilisation while the least was with pigs on 0.2m (3.39). The result for skin lesion for the different parts revealed the least lesion occurred in pigs on 0.3m and higher occurrence in pigs on T1. Generally, skin lesions occur most at the front legs and heads. It can be concluded that the use of guinea grass straw at 0.1m and 0.2m height can improve the performance of weaned piglets while a height of 0.3m results in reduced skin lesions score.   Afin d'assurer une production porcine durable dans la plupart des pays tropicaux, des systèmes de revêtement de sol alternatifs doivent être étudiés et adoptés. Cette expérience de cinq semaines a été réalisée pour étudier les performances de croissance et le taux de lésion cutanée de 36 porcs sevrés élevés sur différentes hauteurs de litières de paille de guinée (le 'GGS'- paille d'herbe de Guinée). Les porcs ont été séparés en quatre traitements en triple, dans une conception complètement aléatoire. Les traitements étaient: T1: 0 m (sol en béton: sans GGS), T2: 0,1 m'GGS', T3: 0,2 m'GGS' et T4: 0,3 m'GGS'. À la fin de l'expérience, des données ont été recueillies sur les performances de croissance: poids final, gain de poids, prise alimentaire tandis que le ratio de conversion alimentaire (FCR) a été calculé et les lésions cutanées (avant, milieu et arrière) mesurées. Toutes les données obtenues ont été soumises à une analyse de variance (ANOVA). Les porcs sur 0,2 m avaient le gain de poids le plus élevé (p <0,05) (4,75 kg) par rapport à leurs homologues de 0,1 m (4,28 kg), 0,3 m (3,94 kg) et T1 (3,34 kg). Le poids final a suivi une tendance similaire avec les porcs de 0,2 m (9,94 kg) ayant le poids le plus élevé par rapport à 0,1 m (9,40 kg), 0,3 m (9,22 kg) et T1 (8,55 kg). Le FCR le plus élevé (4,72) a été enregistré pour les porcs à 0 m (témoin), ce qui était une indication d'une mauvaise utilisation des aliments, tandis que le moins était pour les porcs à 0,2 m (3,39). Le résultat de la lésion cutanée pour les différentes parties a révélé que la moindre lésion était survenue chez les porcs à 0,3 m et plus chez les porcs en T1. En général, les lésions cutanées surviennent le plus au niveau des pattes avant et de la tête. On peut en conclure que l'utilisation de paille d'herbe de Guinée à 0,1 m et 0,2 m de hauteur peut améliorer les performances des porcelets sevrés tandis qu'une hauteur de 0,3 m entraîne une réduction du score des lésions cutanées.

scholarly journals Efficacy of acidified phytase supplemented cottonseed meal based diets on growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings

2023 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ahmad ◽  
S. M. Hussain ◽  
S. Ali ◽  
M. Zubair-ul-Hassan Arsalan ◽  
S. Tabassum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Labeo Rohita ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Randomized Design

Abstract The growth of aquaculture sector is strongly dependent upon the continuous supply of inexpensive fish feed with balanced nutritional profile. However, fish meal (FM) is unable to satisfy this demand due to its scarce supply and high cost. In order to test the potential of cottonseed meal (CSM) as a fish meal replacer, a feeding trial of 12 weeks was conducted to check growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings. The protein ration of the test feed was satisfied by replacing FM with CSM at 0, 25, 50 and 75%. Sixteen test diets viz., TD1 (control), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 and TD16 were supplemented with citric acid (CA; 0 and 2.5%) and phytase (PHY; 0 and 750 FTU/kg) in a completely randomized design with 3×3 factorial arrangement. The highest weight gain (11.03g), weight gain% (249.21%), specific growth rate (1.39) and best feed conversion ratio (1.20) were recorded by fish fed with TD12. Furthermore, the same level increased the crude protein (59.26%) and fat (16.04%) being significantly different (p<0.05) than that of control. Conclusively, the addition of acidified phytase (CA; 2.5%, PHY; 750 FTU/kg) in TD12 (CSM=50%) led to the improved growth and proximate composition of L. rohita fingerlings.

scholarly journals Growth performance and haematological characteristics of pullet chickens fed different feed forms supplemented with or without Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 203-212
Author(s):  
C. Akomah ◽  
O. M. Sogunle ◽  
O. A. Adeyemi ◽  
A. M. Bamgbose
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Average Weight Gain

In a bid to decrease cost of production and increase performance in poultry, the study aimed at determining the growth performance and haematological characteristics of pullet chicken fed different feed forms supplemented with or without oyster mushroom (OM), three hundred and twenty (320) day old Harco Black pullet chicks were brooded for five weeks before they were allocated based on weight equalization on the basis of feed forms (mash and pellet) and OM supplementation (without and with 1g of OM per kg of feed) into four (4) treatments for an experiment which lasted for eleven weeks. Each treatment consisting of 80 birds was replicated eight (8) times with ten (10) birds per replicate. Data collected were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial layout and subjected to Analysis of Variance in a Completely Randomized Design. Final weight, average weight gain and average feed intake in the grower phase were significantly (p<0.05) higher (1244.69g, 11.13g and 106.11 g) in birds given pelletized feed and lower (1146.25g, 9.27g and 105.08 g) in birds fed mash. Also, PCV, WBC, and Hb obtained in the starter phase were significantly (p<0.05) higher (30. 00%, 2.70 x 10 /l and 10.10 g/dl, respectively) in pullet chicken fed diet supplemented with oyster mushroom than those (26.75%, 2.12 x 10 /l and 8.85 g/dl, respectively) recorded by birds fed diets without oyster mushroom. Therefore, improved weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and immunity can be achieved by feeding pullet chickens with pelletized feed supplemented with oyster mushroom.     Dans le but de diminuer les coûts de production et d'augmenter les performances des volailles, l'étude visait à déterminer les performances de croissance et les caractéristiques hématologiques de poulettes nourries de différentes formes d'aliments supplémentées avec ou sans pleurotes (MO), trois cent vingt (320) jours de vieux poussins de poulettes Harco Black ont été couvés pendant cinq semaines avant d'être répartis sur la base d'une égalisation de poids sur la base des formes d'aliments (purée et granule) et d'une supplémentation en MO (sans et avec 1 g de MO par kg d'aliment) en quatre (4) traitements pour une expérience qui a duré onze semaines. Chaque traitement composé de 80 oiseaux a été répliqué huit (8) fois avec dix (10) oiseaux par répliquant. Les données recueillies ont été organisées selon une disposition factorielle 2 × 2 et soumises à une analyse de la variance dans un plan complètement randomisé. Le poids final, le gain de poids moyen et la prisealimentaire moyenne pendant la phase de croissance étaient significativement (p<0,05) plus élevés (1244,69 g, 11,13 g et 106,11 g) chez les oiseaux ayant reçu des aliments granulés et inférieurs (1146,25 g, 9,27 g et 105,08 g) chez les oiseaux. oiseaux nourris de purée. De plus, les PCV, GB et Hb obtenus lors de la phase de démarrage étaient significativement (p<0,05) plus élevés (30,00 %, 2,70 x 109/l et 10,10 g/dl, respectivement) dans le régime alimentaire des poulettes supplémentées en pleurotes que ceux (26,75 %, 2,12 x 109/l et 8,85 g/dl, respectivement) enregistrés par des oiseaux nourris avec des régimes sans pleurotes. Par conséquent, une amélioration du gain de poids, du taux de conversion alimentaire et de l'immunité peut être obtenue en nourrissant des poulettes avec des aliments granulés complétés aux pleurotes.

scholarly journals Growth performance of weaner rabbits fed graded levels of plantain leaf

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-232
Author(s):  
G. E. Enyenihi ◽  
U. A. Inyang ◽  
J. E. Ime
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Experimental Treatments

The potentials of non-conventional resources are great as they play an important role inalleviating the problem of cost and competition of conventional feed sources for livestock and poultry in Nigeria. This study aimed at investigating the growth performance of weaner rabbits fed graded levels of plantain leaf (PL). Thirty mixed bred rabbits aged 6-8 weeks old with an average weight of 0.70 ± 0.02 kg were randomly allotted to five experimental treatments of three replicates each in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of T1 – concentrate alone (control), T2 – T5 had 25g, 50g, 75g and 100g of PL respectively. Proximate composition of the feed were carried out while initial weight, final weight, feed intake, feed conversion and weight gain were measured. Results revealed that the crude protein and crude fibre contents of the concentrate and PL recorded 19.30% and 9.97% vs 0.98% and 8.11% respectively. Initially weight ranged from 0.65kg – 0.76kg. Rabbits on T2 recorded the least final weight (0.98kg) which was similar to those on T4 (1.05kg) and T3 (1.10kg) but lower (P<0.05) than those on T5 and T1 (1.32kg and 1.38kg respectively). Rabbits on T5 recorded the highest intake of PL (83.72g/d) while those on T2 had the least (21.04g/d). Weight gain was highest (0.68kg), for rabbits on T1 but least for those on T2 (0.23 kg). The feed conversion ratio ranged from 4.65 (T1) to 14.85 (T4). Rabbits were able to tolerate the plantain leaf meal up to 100g. In addition, rabbits on 100g/day plantain leaf performed comparably with those on control.

scholarly journals Growth Performance of Philippine Native Chicken Fed Diet Supplemented with Varying Levels of Madre de Agua (Trichanthera gigantea Nees) Leaf Meal

2016 ◽  
pp. 174-182
Author(s):  
Clarita Morbos ◽  
Dinah Espina
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Commercial Chicken ◽  
Confinement System ◽  
Native Chickens

This study aimed to assess the effects of different levels of Trichanthera gigantea leaf meal (TGLM) supplementation on the growth performance of Philippine Native chickens fed commercial chicken grower ration. A total of 96 three-month old native chickens of two sexes were randomly distributed to the four treatments with 3 replicates and 4 chickens per replicate in a 2 x 4 factorial in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Under semi-confinement system, the dietary treatments consisted of 0, 5, 10, and 15% levels of TGLM supplementation for 13 weeks. Results revealed that cumulative voluntary feed intake (VFI) increased as TGLM supplementation increased, and was significantly highest with 15% level at weeks 10, 11 and 12. Although differences were not significant except at weeks 4 and 7, there was a decreasing trend in cumulative weight gain (CWG) with increasing TGLM level. Average daily gain (ADG) was not significantly affected by varying levels of TGLM supplementation, and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) showed a decreasing trend as TGLM level increased and was only significantly low (p<0.01) with 15% level at week 7. Comparing between sexes, the males were significantly higher than females in all production performance parameters. Therefore, TGLM is palatable but not adequate enough to supply the nutrients needed for a comparable weight gain with that of 0% supplementation, and a 5 10% inclusion in the diet is recommended.

scholarly journals Effects of rations containing leubiem fish (Chanthidermis maculatus) waste and phytogenic suplementation on local ducks performance in the starter phase

2021 ◽  
Vol 922 (1) ◽  
pp. 012041
Author(s):  
M Daud ◽  
M A Yaman ◽  
Zulfan
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Bone ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fish Waste ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Basal Ration

Abstract This study aims to examine the potential use of leubiem fish (Chanthidermis maculatus) waste and phytogenic supplementation on ration, in order to increase the performance of local ducks in the starter phase. This study used 100 local ducks aged 1 week old, and maintained them until 8 weeks old. The ducks were placed in 5 treatments and 4 replications groups (5 ducks / repetition). The study was conducted experimentally, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consisting of 5 ration treatments, including: R1 (control); R2 (basal ration containing leubiem fish skin flour 10% + phytogenic 0.5%); R3 (basal ration containing leubiem fish head flour 10% + phytogenic 0.5%); R4 (basal ration containing leubiem fish bone flour 10% + phytogenic 0.5%) and R5 (basal ration containing leubiem fish gill flour + phytogenic 0.5%). Observed variables were feed consumption, body weight gain, final weight, feed conversion, and local duck mortality in the starter phase. The data obtained were both analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test. The results showed that the use of leubiem fish waste and phytogenic supplementation in the ration both increased the performance of local ducks in the starter phase and had a significant effect (p <0.05) on ration consumption, weight gain, and final weight. However, they had no significant effect on feed conversion and local duck mortality in the starter phase. It was concluded that the use of leubiem fish (10% bone meal) and phytogenic supplementation 0.5% in the ration was able to increase body weight gain, and the final weight of the starter phase local ducks (aged 1-8 weeks).

scholarly journals Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens fed diets substituted for maize with two varieties of cassava tuber

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-136
Author(s):  
A. O. Obadimu ◽  
O. O. Oluwatosin ◽  
I. O. Sanni ◽  
A. O. Lala
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Final Weight

A 56 –day study was conducted to determine the growth performance and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens fed with two varieties (white and yellow) of cassava grit based diets. A total of 240 one day- old unsexed Arbor acre broiler chicks were assigned to eighty dietary treatments in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement using completely randomized design. Diets were formulated to include two varieties of cassava, TME 419 (white) and TMS 01 1368 (yellow) at four inclusion levels (0, 25, 50 and 75%). Each treatment consisted of 30 birds and three replicates of 10 birds each. Data was collected on growth performance and nutrient digestibility at the end of the starter (4th week) and finisher (8th week) phases. At the starter phase, birds fed 50% white cassava grits diet had the highest (P < 0.05) final weight and weight gain (730.00 and 693.67g/bird). At the finisher phase, birds fed 50% yellow cassava grits diet had the highest (P < 0.05) final weight and weight gain (2235.60 and 1454.00g/bird), respectively while the least final weight and weight gain values (2008.80 and 1267.80g/birds) were obtained in birds fed the control diet. At the starter phase, birds fed 75% white cassava grits diet had the best (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio of 2.18, while birds fed 25% yellow cassava grits diet as well as those fed the control diet had the least (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio of 2.62 and 2.51 respectively. Birds fed 50% yellow as well as those fed 75% yellow cassava grits diets had the highest dry matter and crude fibre digestibility at the starter and finisher phases, respectively. In conclusion the substitution of maize with white cassava grits up to 50% level improved growth performance at the starter phase. However, either white or yellow cassava can be substituted for maize up to 75 % at the finishing phase.

scholarly journals Kajian kinerja pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup ikan kerapu macan (Ephinephelus fuscogusttatus) menggunakan pakan hewani yang berbeda

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Munawwar Khalil ◽  
Salamah Salamah ◽  
Zumairi Zumairi ◽  
Muliani Muliani
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Live Feed ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Length Increase ◽  
Epinephelus Fuscoguttatus ◽  
Tiger Grouper ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

The tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) is an economically important fish whose fry still relies on natural catches. Several species of grouper are very potential to be cultivated because of their fast growth, efficient feed conversion, and high selling value. The purpose of this study is growth performance and survival rate tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) used different live feed. The research design used in this study was a Completely Randomized Design with 3 treatments 3 replications and continued with LSD test if there were differences. The treatments given are treatment A (Snail), treatment B (Chicken Intestine), and treatment C (Caterpillar Maggot). Parameters observed were length increase, weight gain, survival, feed response, and water quality. The results of this study indicate that the highest increase was found in the treatment of C: 4,04 cm and the lowest was in treatment B: 3 cm, the highest weight gain was found in the treatment of C: 3,73 grams, and the lowest was in treatment B: 2,18 grams. The survival rate for all treatments is 100%. During this study the temperature ranged (28.6-31.8 oC), pH (6.7-8.2), DO (6.3-8.1 ppm), and salinity (23-27 ppt).Keywords: growth, live feed, survival rate, tiger grouper.

scholarly journals Purified glycerin in balanced diets for chicken broilers from 8 to 21 days old

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mônica Calixto da Silva ◽  
Roberta Gomes Marçal Vieira Vaz ◽  
Kênia Ferreira Rodrigues ◽  
Luciano Fernanades Sousa ◽  
José Henrique Stringhini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

This paper aimed to evaluate the metabolizability, performance and economic viability of purified glycerin inclusion in balanced diets fed to chicken broilers from 8 to 21 days old. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, 100 broilers (14 days old) were distributed in a completely randomized design into two treatments, with five replications of 10 broilers. Treatments consisted of a control diet and a test diet, in which purified glycerin replaced 10% of the control diet. In the second experiment, 200 broilers (8 days old) were distributed in a completely randomized design into four treatments (0, 2, 4 and 6% of purified glycerin inclusion), with five replications of 10 broilers. The weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, final weight, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), metabolizability coefficients of dry matter (DMMC), crude protein (CPMC) and gross energy (GEMC), and the cost of feed per kg of broiler produced were evaluated. The AME, AMEn, DMMC, CPMC and GEMC from the purified glycerin were 3790 and 3560 kcal/kg, and 83.72, 71.52 and 86.27%, respectively. The glycerin levels did not affect (p>0.05) any of the performance characteristics (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and final weight). The lowest feeding cost and the highest gross margin were obtained for broilers fed with 6% purified glycerin. The inclusion of 6% purified glycerin in balanced diets for broilers from 8 to 21 days old was technically and economically feasible.

scholarly journals Use of golden mussel and wattle tannin in the supply of cut chickens

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1951
Author(s):  
Douglas Fernando Bayerle ◽  
Ricardo Vianna Nunes ◽  
Lucas Wachholz ◽  
Taciana Maria de Oliveira Bruxel ◽  
José Geraldo de Vargas Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Liver Size ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Golden Mussel ◽  
Different Levels

This study aimed to evaluate the use of acacia tannin as a toxic metal adsorbent in the diets of broilers fed with the inclusion of golden mussel meal in substitution for calcitic limestone. In the first trial, 648 male 21-day-old animals were divided among six treatments and six replicates, with 18 birds per experimental unit, organized in a completely randomized design (DIC). The treatments were diets with different acacia tannin levels (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, or 1250 g ton-1). The results indicated that 250 g ton-1 of tannin was not harmful to weight gain, final weight, or feed conversion. Tannin levels caused a decrease in carcass yield and fat deposition and an increase in liver size. For the second trial, 900 male broilers of 21 days of age were used and distributed in a DIC, with different levels of substitution of calcitic limestone by the golden mussel meal (0, 25, 50, 75, or 100 %) and supplementation or not with acacia tannins (250 g ton-1), with 5 replicates and each experimental unit being composed of 18 birds. The performance data show that the use of 250 g ton-1 of tannin is detrimental to bone performance and resistance and golden mussel meal can be used to substitute up to 100 % of the limestone in the diets without affecting the variables studied.

scholarly journals Effect of Aqueous Extract of Telfairia occidentalis Leaf on the Performance and Haematological Indices of Starter Broilers

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Onu P. N.
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Telfairia Occidentalis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Haematological Indices

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of aqueous extract of Telfairia occidentalis (Fluted Pumpkin) leaf on the performance and haematological indices of starter broilers. A total of 200, 8-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to five (5) treatments, each with 4 replicate groups containing 10 chicks and fed with standard starter broiler diets. Telfaria occidentalis leaves extract (FPLE) was added at 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 mL/litre of drinking water. Growth performance and haematological indices were evaluated. Results showed that there was significant () difference in weight gain, feed conversion, and protein efficiency ratios of the birds among the treatments. Birds fed 80 ml FPLE/litre of water had significantly the highest weight gain and the best feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios. There was no significant () variations in the feed and water intakes of the birds. Results also show no significant () difference in haematological indices of birds among the treatments. The results of this study indicate that, for enhanced weight gain and feed conversion efficiency, birds should be fed 80 mL FPLE/litre of water.

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