scholarly journals Evaluation of unripe peels of plantain (Musa paradisiacal L.) as high quality feedstuff for livestock in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-121
Author(s):  
J. O. Arogbodo ◽  
S. O. Olowookere ◽  
F. O. Igbe ◽  
I. A. Adebayo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Unripe Fruit ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Musa Paradisiaca ◽  
Standard Procedures

Human consumption and industrial processing of plantain often generate several tonnages of peels annually. These peels are discarded most of the time or heaped up in the dunghills, thereby constituting environmental filth, nuisance and pollution. Apart from the constituted menace, it represents a waste of useful bio-resources. Against this background, this study therefore was carried out to investigate the unripe peels of plantain (Musa paradisiaca L.) as high quality feedstuff for livestock in Nigeria. Unripe mature plantain bunches were harvested, rinsed with distilled water in order to clean out sands and other attached debris before peeling. The peels were chopped into small sizes, weighed (fresh weight), neatly arranged on flat trays and sun dried for a week. The sample was pulverized using Bajaj® Super blender. Extraction of the phytochemical was carried out with ethanol (solvent). Proximate composition, minerals and phytochemical analyses were determined using standard procedures. Obtained data were subjected to descriptive statistics using SPSS (version 23). The results (%) showed that the sun-dried peel contained moisture (6.12), total ash (17.28), crude fat (4.69), crude protein (13.80), fibre (0.21), carbohydrate (57.90), dry matter (93.88) organic matter (82.72), and metabolizable energy (329.01 KCal/100g). Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins > cardiac glycosides > tannins > terpenoids > flavonoids while steroids, alkaloids, phlobatannins, and anthraquinones were undetected. The minerals followed the order K > Na > Ca > Mg > P > Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Mn. It was concluded that unripe fruit peel of M. Paradisiaca L. is plenteous in food nutrients and minerals. The phytochemical can be exploited for animal (and possibly humans) drug formulations.     La consommation humaine et la transformation industrielle génèrent souvent plusieurs tonnages de pelures du plantain par an. Ces pelures sont jetées la plupart du temps ou entassées dans les bouses, constituant ainsi de la saleté environnementale, des nuisances et de la pollution. Outre la menace constituée, il représente un gaspillage de bio-ressources utiles. Dans ce contexte, cette étude a donc été réalisée pour étudier les pelures non mûres de 'plantain' (Musa paradisiaca L.) comme aliments de haute qualité pour le bétail au Nigeria.Des grappes de ''plantain matures non mûres ont été récoltées, rincées à l'eau distillée afin de nettoyer les sables et autres débris attachés avant l'épluchage. Les pelures ont été coupées en petites tailles, pesées (poids frais), soigneusement disposées sur des plateaux   Evaluation of unripe peels of plantain (Musa paradisiacal L.) as high quality feedstuff for livestock   plats et séchées au soleil pendant une semaine. L'échantillon a été pulvérisé à l'aide de Bajaj® Super blender. L'extraction du phytochimique a été effectuée avec de l'éthanol (solvant). La composition immédiate, les minéraux et les analyses phytochimiques ont été déterminés à l'aide de procédures normalisées. Les données obtenues ont fait l'objet de statistiques descriptives à l'aide du SPSS (version 23). Les résultats (%) a montré que la peau séchée au soleil contenait de l'humidité (6.12), des cendres totales (17.28), de la graisse brute (4.69), des protéines brutes (13,80), des fibres (0.21 glucides (57,90), matière sèche (93.88), matière organique (82.72) et énergie métabolisable (329.01 KCal/100g). Le criblage phytochimique a indiqué la présence des saponines > des glycosides cardiaques > tanins > terpenoids > flavonoïdes tandis que les stéroïdes, les alcaloïdes, les phlobatannins, et les anthraquinones étaient non détectés. Les minéraux ont suivi l'ordre K > Na > Ca > Mg > P > Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Mn. On a conclu que la peau non mûre des fruits de M. Paradisiaca L. est plenteous dans les nutriments alimentaires et les minéraux. Le phytochimique peut être exploité pour des formulations de medicaments animaux (et peut-être humains).

scholarly journals HYDROPONIC FODDER: MERITS AND DEMERITS, QUALITY AND EFFICACY

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-101
Author(s):  
Владимир Попов ◽  
Vladimir Popov
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Know How ◽  
Fodder Quality ◽  
Fodder Production ◽  
Wide Range

Hydroponics of fodder production allows to deliver on an industrial basis cultivation of high quality green forage. Merits and demerits of hydroponics are shown. Standardization of the "know-how" and hydroponic fodder quality is necessary to get the forage of preset properties. The basic attention in a review is given to quality indicators to be standardised and namely to organoleptic signs, dry matter content, metabolizable energy, crude protein, non structural carbohydrates. Terms and definitions of «hydroponic fodder» and its separate components are definately designated. On the basis of numerous sources it is established, that a content of the basic nutrients in hydroponic fodders are varying over a wide range: dry matter – from 100 to 400 g in 1 kg of a forage, crude protein — from 76 to 367 g/kg DM, crude fiber – from 168 to 228 g/kg DM, crude fat — from 19 to 76 g/kg DM, crude ash — from 17 to 107 g/kg DM. Such range of concentration of nutrients allows to form a quality gradation. Data of a zootechnical evaluation of hydroponic fodder in rations of various animal kinds are cited.

scholarly journals Prediction of metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal for broiler chickens

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237-2245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edney Pereira da Silva ◽  
Carlos Bôa-Viagem Rabello ◽  
Luiz Fernando Teixeira Albino ◽  
Jorge Victor Ludke ◽  
Michele Bernardino de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Gross Energy

This research aimed at generating and evaluating prediction equations to estimate metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal. The used information refers to values of apparent and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn and TMEn) and for chemical composition of poultry offal meal. The literature review only included published papers on poultry offal meal developed in Brazil, and that had AMEn and TMEn values obtained by the total excreta collection method from growing broiler chickens and the chemical composition in crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The general equation obtained to estimate AMEn values of poultry offal meal was: AMEn = -2315.69 + 31.4439(CP) + 29.7697(MM) + 0.7689(GE) - 49.3611(Ca), R² = 72%. For meals with high fat contents (higher than 15%) and low mineral matter contents (lower than 10%), it is suggest the use of the equation AMEn = + 3245.07 + 46.8428(EE), R² = 76%, and for meals with high mineral matter content (higher than 10%), it is suggest the equations AMEn = 4059.15 - 440.397(P), R² = 82%. To estimate values of TMEn, it is suggested for meals with high mineral matter content the equation: TMEn = 5092.57 - 115.647(MM), R² = 78%, and for those with low contents of this component, the option is the equation: TMEn = 3617.83 - 15.7988(CP) - 18.2323(EE) - 96.3884(MM) + 0.4874(GE), R² = 76%.

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF HEAT TREATED WHOLE SOYBEANS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. ARNOLD ◽  
J. D. SUMMERS ◽  
W. K. BILANSKI
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Process Time ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Toxic Factors ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Quantity Of Heat

The heat treatment of whole soybeans was investigated, with consideration for oven temperature, process time and the initial moisture content of the beans, with a view to optimizing the removal of the toxic factors and enhancing the feed utilization of the soybean. Two purified diets equal in both crude protein level and classical metabolizable energy level were used. One of the diets consisted of ground whole soybeans (both heat treated and raw), whereas the other diet, containing commercial soybean meal as the only source of protein, provided the control for the tests. Male, White Leghorn cockerel chicks were selected on a weight basis and randomized in battery pens. The experimental treatments were assigned at random to pens and the chicks were provided feed and water ad libitum. Three experiments were conducted using soybeans with initial moisture of 10, 12.5 and 16% and heat treatment for 10, 5 and 3 minutes in a still-air oven within a temperature range of 149–246 C. Certain combinations of time and temperature not only promoted weight gains and feed efficiencies superior to those of the commercial diet, but also resulted in minimal pancreatic hypertrophy. The data obtained reaffirmed that a critical quantity of heat is required to deactivate the toxic factors and to ensure maximum nutritive availability.

Quality Evaluation of Canola Oils and Deodorizer Distillate during Industrial Processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 983-983
Author(s):  
Hadia Shoaib Hadia Shoaib ◽  
Sarfaraz Ahmed Mahesar Sarfaraz Ahmed Mahesar ◽  
Saeeduddin Saeeduddin ◽  
Parisa Jafarian Parisa Jafarian ◽  
Razieh Niazmand Razieh Niazmand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canola Oil ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Deodorizer Distillate ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Oil Processing ◽  
Totox Value ◽  
Canola Oils

Aim of present study was to evaluate quality of three collected sets of canola oil containing crude oil, neutralized oil, bleached oil, deodorized oil and canola oil deodorizer distillate (DD) form three different edible oil processing industries. Physiochemical properties such as moisture, color, free fatty acid (FFA), acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), p-Anisidine value (AV), total oxidative (totox) value, saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV), unsaponifiable matter and soap content were evaluated. The results of the present study indicated that each stage of processing has different impact on the determined quality parameters. Overall processing was well controlled and final product i.e. refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) canola oil was found to be fit for human consumption. Only soap contents should be further controlled during neutralization process to avoid extra processing time and losses in the bleaching process. High FFA contents in DD samples indicated that it could be used as a potential and cheap source for biodiesel production.

Supplementary feeding of dairy cows on continuously stocked pasture

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Jennings ◽  
W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Stocking Rates

SummaryTwo experiments were conducted with milking cows on continuously stocked perennial ryegrass pastures. In each a control group, T0, received 1 kg/day of a concentrate supplement and treatment groups T1 and T2 received 4 kg (Expt 1) or 5 kg/day (Expt 2) of a low quality T1 or a high quality T2 concentrate. In Expt 1 treatments were applied continuously for 14 weeks to a total of 30 cows. In Expt 2 a Latin square design for 9 weeks was conducted with 18 cows. The stocking rate of the pasture declined from 9·6 to 5·1 cows per ha (mean 6·7 cows/ha) from May to August (Expt 1) and was maintained at 3 cows/ha in August-October (Expt 2).Supplements increased total intakes by 0·92 and 0·77 kg organic matter (OM)/kg OM supplied in the concentrates respectively for Expts 1 and 2. Milk yields increased by 0·6 and 0·5 kg/kg concentrate supplied and supplemented cows showed small increases in live weight. Differences in lactation milk yield just approached significance. Grazing times were only slightly reduced by supplements and bite sizes were lower than normal. There was no important difference in animal performance between the two concentrates. The total output from the pasture was 19·6t milk and 115 GJ of utilized metabolizable energy per hectare.Reasons for the high supplementary effect of the concentrates and its implications for stocking rates are discussed.

scholarly journals The heat of combustion of the urine of sheep and cattle in relation to its chemical composition and to diet

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
J. L. Clapperton ◽  
A. K. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Residual Standard Deviation ◽  
Analytical Errors ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

1. The results of over 500 determinations of the heat of combustion of the urine produced by cattle and sheep have been analysed statistically. 2. The analytical errors for nitrogen, carbon and heat of combustion were ±0.54, ±1.4 and ±2.2%. The error attached to an estimate of the heat of combustion of the urine produced by an individual sheep in 4 days was ± 10%.3. At the maintenance level of feeding, the heat of combustion of the urine (U kcal/ 100 kcal food) was related to the crude protein content of the diet (P%)by the equationU = 0.25P+1.6with a residual standard deviation of ±0.88 kcal/100 kcal.4. Regression analysis of the relation between the heat of combustion of urine and its N content showed significant differences with diet. The heat of combustion of the urine of sheep was 9.7 kcal/g C and of cattle 10.3 kcal/g C, and did not vary with diet. 5. It is shown that the variation in the heat of combustion of urine/g N and its relative constancy/g C arises largely from variation, from diet to diet, in the proportion of the N excreted as hippurate. 6. The results have been combined with the results of a similar analysis (Blaxter & Clapperton, 1965) of methane production by sheep to show that the ratio of metabolizable energy to digested energy varies very little from mean values of 0.82 for roughages, 0.85 for cereals and 0.79 for oilseed cakes and meals.

The efficiency of food utilization for egg production by pullets and yearling hens

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Low Energy Diet

1. The efficiency of food conversion by pullets and yearlings fed on high- and low-energy diets has been determined.2. Egg production was slightly higher by birds fed the low-energy diet for both pullets and yearling hens; pullets laid more eggs than yearling hens.3. For each age, the gross food intake was greater for birds fed the low-energy diet; the consumptions of digestible protein, non-protein digestible energy and metabolizable energy were the same for both diets and both ages of bird.4. The food cost per dozen eggs was slightly greater in the yearling year when the cost of rearing the pullets was ignored, and about the same when it was included.5. The efficiency of utilization of digestible energy and protein showed only a slight decrease from the pullet to the yearling year.6. The variation in the composition and digestibility of eighteen consecutive mixes of the highenergy diet and twenty-five of the low-energy diet was: crude protein 2%, non-protein digestible energy 5% and metabolizable energy 0·4 kg. cal./g. The digestibility of the crude protein and oil was 87%, for both diets; carbohydrates were 81% digestible in the high-energy diet and 59% in the low-energy diet.

scholarly journals Proximate, vitamin and mineral composition of earthworm (Hyperiodrilus euryaulos) cultured indifferent Animal dung Media

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-261
Author(s):  
O. A. Ukoha ◽  
D. N. Onunkwo ◽  
O. M. Obike ◽  
U. C. Nze
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Garden Soil ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Animal Dung ◽  
Poultry Droppings

The experiment to investigate the proximate, vitamin and mineral composition of earthworm (Hyperiodriluseuryaulos) cultured in different animal dung media was conducted using a completely randomized design for ten weeks. Rabbit, Poultry, Pig and Goat dungs were incorporated into garden soil after sterilizing in other to ensure that there was no earthworm or any insect alive in the substrate. Live earthworms were introduced into these different animal dungs which were designated as T1,T2, T3 and T4 for rabbit, poultry, pig and goat dungs respectively. Diet formulated with maize, palm kernel cake and wheat offal was evenly spread on the diet and then mixed with the substrate. At the end of the tenth week, the earthworms were harvested by hand picking. They were soaked in warm water to kill them and rinsed with cold water to remove sand. The dried and milled earthworms were analyzed for chemical composition. The result of the study revealed significant (p<0.05) differences in percentage dry matter, ash, ether extract, crude protein, crude fiber, and nitrogen free extract and Metabolizable energy. The earthworm cultured in goat dung (T4) had the highest (p<0.05) crude protein percent of 38.49% while those from the rabbit dung (T1) recorded 28.72%CP. The Sodium content of the earthworms cultured in rabbit droppings T1was significantly (p<0.05) the highest recording 126.52mg, while others were 86.63, 86.40 and 93.73mg for poultry, pig and goat dungs respectively.1.74Vitamin A content of earthworms cultured in the different animal dung media were 1.74mg/100g DM, 2.10, 1.36 and 1.30mg/100g DM for the rabbit, poultry, pig and goat dungs respectively. The proximate composition of the earthworms cultured in the different animal dung media indicate that the earthworms except those cultured in the poultry droppings have high crude protein content and can be used to substitute fish meal in livestock diets. Moreover, the high content of ash in all the treatments suggests that they may be rich in minerals especially sodium.

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