scholarly journals Protective action by homeopathic drug Cina C6cH and immune modulator «Recombinant human INTERLEUKIN-2» against experimental trichinosis of mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-17
Author(s):  
Runeva V. Olga ◽  
Liudmila A. Napisanova ◽  
Vera K. BEREZHKO
Keyword(s):  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Efficiency ◽  
Sterile Saline ◽  
Homeopathic Drug ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Homeopathic Drugs

Trichinellosis caused by the gastrointestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis occurs in humans, domestic animals and wild animals. This heavy ubiquitous parasitic disease. The muscle phase of the parasite of difficult to controlling. Homeopathic drugs such as Cina have anthelmintic and immunostimulation properties. The purpose of this study was assess the protective efficiency of homeopathic drug such as Cina C6cH and Roncoleukin ® (recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) immunostimulation) against experimental trichinosis, that can affect the muscle phase of the parasite T. spiralis in mice. An assay was carried out on 30 white outbred mice. These were divided into tree groups of ten mice each. The group 1 were treated with the Roncoleukin ® (100 IU/per mouse in 0,2 ml sterile saline intramuscularly, twice with 48 hours intervals); the group 2 - desoldering dissolved in water Cina C6cH (under the scheme). The group 3 received 0.2 ml of sterile 0.9% NaCl. After a 21 day regimen, the groups were inoculated with a dose of 80 ± 5 units of Trihinella spiralis larva per mouse. After 90 days of incubation, the mice were euthanized and dissected for evaluation. The maximum protection was obtained in mice immunized with Roncoleukin ® (80,61%; 869,5±16,6 larva/per animal). The protective effect in the group immunized by Cina C6cH was of 36,67 ( (2840,5±183,3 larva/per animal)%. In control group invasion on muscle phase T.spiralis was 4485±430,6 larva/per animal/ In conclusion, the use of homeopathic drugs also reduces in the number of infective Trichinella spiralis larvae in mice and has a synergistic effect on the treatment.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the effectiveness of different immunostimulatory medicine at the experimental trichinosis and leishmaniosis on white mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 12-12
Author(s):  
Olga Zhdanova ◽  
O.V. Rudneva ◽  
J.K. Akulinina ◽  
L.A. Napisanova
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Efficiency ◽  
Sterile Saline ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2

Immunostimulatory drugs in recent years are widely used in Parasitology. Also, homeopathic drugs such as Cina have anti-helmintic and immunostimulation properties. We studied the possibility of using immunostimulating and high dilutions drugs during parasitological disease treatment. Two experimental parasitological disease models (trichinelosis and cutaneous leishmaniosis) were used. Trichinellosis caused by gastrointestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis occurs in humans, domestic and wild animals. Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by parasites of Leishmania genus. It is spread by certain sandflies types bite. The disease can present in three main ways. We used 2 leishmania in vitro models and experimental mice cutaneous model. The cutaneous form presents skin ulcers, while the mucocutaneous form presents skin, mouth, and nose ulcers. For estimation of immunostimulatory efficacy, size of leishmanioma, presence of leishmania in the ulcer, and treatment time were analyzed. This study aimed at to assess the protective efficiency of homeopathic drug such as Cina C6cH and interferon 2 and inductors of interferons of types 1 and 2 interferon, against experimental trichinosis and leichmaniosis. An assay was carried out on 50 white outbred mice. These were divided into three groups of ten mice each. Group 1 was injected with interferon inductors (2.16 mg/mouse in 0.2 ml sterile saline, intramuscularly); group 2 - desoldering dissolved in water Cina C6cH one time a day per os. The group 3 received interferone-a2b; and the group 4 was injected 0.2 ml of sterile 0.9% NaCl. The group 5 was only for leishmaniasis. After a 48 hours regimen, the groups 1-3 were inoculated with a dose of 80 ± 5 units of T. spiralis larva per mouse. After 90 days of trichinellosis incubation, and during one year of leishmaniasis process the mice were euthanized and dissected for evaluation. Maximum protection was obtained in mice immunized with interferon-a2b and its stimulatory, as T. spiralis detected larvae in animals was 733.5±25.1 larva/animal. Cina C6cH immunized group presented 2840.5±183.3 larva/animal. This was less than control group (4485±430.6 larva/mouse). Also mice with leishmaniasis had fewer ulcers during treatment with immune stimulating. Ulcers sizes were 0.46+0.05 (group 3); 2.2 +0.5 (group 2), and 3.2+0.8 (group 5). Leishmanial amount in the ulcer was 3.1 +0.7(group 3), 3.6 +0.4 (group 2), and 3.7+0.3(goup 5). The time of the treatment in the 3-d group was 19.2+0.9 and more than 40 days in all group (2,4,5). So, based on this, we consider it advantageous to continue the study of immunostimulatory drugs in the complex treatment of trichinelosis and leishmaniosis.

Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer Submitted to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

2000 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddie Fernando Candido Murta ◽  
Jurandyr Moreira de Andrade ◽  
Roberto Passeto Falcio ◽  
Sérgio Bighetti
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Advanced Breast Cancer ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Advanced Breast ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Aims and background There is an enhanced immune response in patients with breast cancer after the use of chemotherapy. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate alterations in the number of peripheral lymphocytes in patients with breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) and the relationship with prognosis. Methods Thirty women were analyzed. Their UICC staging was IIb (only T3N0 included) and III (N3 not included). Sample analysis was performed using flow cytometry before the first cycle and 18 to 21 days after the last cycle of NC. The lymphocyte subsets studied were: T (CD3, CD4, CD8), B (CD19, CD23), natural killer (NK) (CD56, CD16), and interleukin-2 (CD25). CD3, CD56, CD8, and CD16 lymphocytes were analyzed with double marking. After x = 3.8 ± 1.3 cycles of 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (FEC), 16 patients showed a complete or partial response (group 1). After three cycles 14 showed no response or tumor progression (group 2). A control group of healthy women was used for pretreatment analysis. Results Before NC there was a significant increase in B lymphocytes and NK cells in comparison to the control group. After NC there was a significant percentage increase in CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25 and CD3+CD56+ cells and a decrease in CD19, CD23, CD56, CD16 and CD16+CD8+ cells. There was a significant fall in the absolute number of CD4, CD19, CD23, CD56, CD16 and CD16+CD8+ lymphocytes and an increase in GD3+CD56+ lymphocytes. Before NC the ratio CD4/CD8 in group 1 was 2.25 ± 0.5 and in group 2 it was 1.79 ± 0.5 (P <0.05). Conclusions Patients with advanced breast cancer showed increases in B and NK lymphocytes. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (FEC) caused an increase in CD3+CD56+ and a decrease in B lymphocytes. Patients with an increased CD4/CD8 ratio have a better chance of responding to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

scholarly journals Natural sepiolite efficiency in reducing 137Cs transfer and deposition into meat and edible organs of broiler chickens

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Vitorovic ◽  
G. Vitorovic ◽  
B. Mitrovic ◽  
V. Andric
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Percentage Reduction ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
137Cs Deposition ◽  
Group 1

The objectives of the present study were to examine the level of radiocesium deposit in meat and edible organs of broiler chickens as well as to investigate efficiency of natural sepiolite in reducing 137Cs deposition in meat, liver and gizzard of alimentary contaminated broiler chickens. Broiler chickens (six weeks of age) were fed with the standard diet and each broiler was given a single oral dose of 137Cs, total activity of 3750 Bq. The broilers were divided into two groups (10 broilers per group). The group 1 was control (received only radiocesium). The broilers of the group 2, in addition to radiocesium received natural sepiolite solution (2 g sepiolite per bird). After 24 hours, all broilers, from each group, were stunned and killed. The samples of meat, (breast and legs), liver and gizzard were taken from each broiler, for gamma spectrometry determination of radiocesium activity. After 24 hours of contamination, 56 % of introduced 137Cs radioactivity was deposited in the meat (breast and legs muscles), 1 % in the liver and 2,4 % in the gizzard of broiler chickens 42 days of age. Natural sepiolite demonstrated insufficient protective action. Compared to the control group, percentage reduction (decreasing percentage) of 137Cs deposition in meat was 16%, in liver 5% and in gizzard 12%.

scholarly journals PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF CURCUMA LONGA ADMINISTRATION ON LUNG OF MICE EXPOSED TO CADMIUM

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 536
Author(s):  
Suman Sharma ◽  
Amrita Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metal ◽  
Group 2

Objective: Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal which is introduced into the environment by various anthropogenic and natural activities. It can cause various health problems even at low concentration by inducing oxidative damage in tissues of organisms. Nowadays, the focus has been raised toward the use of herbal treatment against the heavy metal toxicity. Hence, the present study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of curcumin (Cur) against Cd-induced toxicity in the lung of albino mice.Materials and Methods: Albino mice were divided into 4 groups and 5 mice were kept in each group. The experiment was carried out for 15 and 45 days. Group 1 mice were kept as control. Group 2 mice were given an oral dose of 1mg/kg body weight of Cd on alternate days. Group 3 mice were administered an oral dose of 1mg/kg body weight of Cd on alternate days and 100 mg/kg body weight of Cur daily. Group 4 mice were received an oral dose of 100 mg/kg body weight of Cur daily. Autopsies were done on 15 and 45 days post-treatment.Result: Biochemical observations showed an increased level of lipid peroxidation and decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. However, Cur administration improved the level of malondialdehyde and oxidative stress in lung tissue by its antioxidant activity. Furthermore, cotreatment of Cd and Cur ameliorated the antioxidant level.Conclusion: The results of the present experiment showed the protective action of Cur on the Cd-induced oxidative damage in the lung of mice.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the protective activity of different immunostimulatory drugs at the experimental trichinosis on white mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-18
Author(s):  
Runeva Olga ◽  
Napisanova Liudmila ◽  
Zhdanova Olga ◽  
Berezhko Vera
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Activity ◽  
Protective Efficiency ◽  
Homeopathic Drug ◽  
Maximum Protection

The purpose of this study was assess the protective efficiency of homeopathic drug such as Cina C6cH and meglumineacridonacetate(cycloferon) against experimental trichinosis, that can affect the muscle phase of the parasite T. spiralis in mice. The maximum protection was obtained in mice immunized with cycloferon, the number of T. spiralis larvae detected in animals was 733.5±25.1 larva/per animal. The number of larvae detected in the group immunized by Cina C6cH was 2840,5±183,3. This was 6.1 and 1.6 times less than in the mice of control group (4485±430.6 larvae/mouse).

scholarly journals Shi-Zhen-An-Shen Decoction, a Herbal Medicine That Reverses Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination and Behavioral Deficits in Mice Independent of the Neuregulin-1 Pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Chao Ma ◽  
Yan Wu ◽  
Xinyao Liu ◽  
Yi He ◽  
Yuan Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Neuregulin 1 ◽  
Sterile Saline ◽  
Positive Treatment ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Medium Dose

Shi-Zhen-An-Shen decoction (SZASD), a Chinese herbal medicine that is a liquor extracted from plants by boiling, has been reported to be effective in treating schizophrenia. However, the mechanism is unclear. Abnormal demyelination has been implicated in schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of SZASD on myelin in demyelinated mice exhibiting schizophrenia-like behaviors. Sixty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into six groups ( n = 10 per group): (1) control group, (2) cuprizone (CPZ, a copper chelator that induced demyelination, 0.2% w / w )+saline, (3) CPZ+low-dose SZASD (8.65 g·kg-1·d-1), (4) CPZ+medium-dose SZASD (17.29 g·kg-1·d-1), (5) CPZ+high-dose SZASD (25.94 g·kg-1·d-1), and (6) CPZ+quetiapine (QTP, an atypical antipsychotic that served as a positive treatment control, 10 mg·kg-1·d-1). Mice in groups 2-6 were treated with CPZ added to rodent chow for six weeks to induce demyelination. During the last two weeks, these mice were given an oral gavage of sterile saline, SZASD, or quetiapine. Behavioral tests and brain analyses were conducted after the last treatment. The brain expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) and neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) was assessed using immunohistochemistry and Western blots. CPZ induced significant schizophrenia-like behaviors in the mice, including reduced nest-building activity and sensory gating deficits. Hyperlocomotor activity was accompanied by significant reductions in MBP expression in the corpus callosum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. However, both QTP and SZASD significantly reversed the schizophrenia-like behaviors and demyelination in CPZ-fed mice. The QTP and medium-dose SZASD resulted in better therapeutic effects compared to the low and high SZASD doses. Reduced NRG-1 expression was observed in CPZ-fed mice compared with controls, but neither QTP nor SZASD showed significant influence on NRG-1 expression in the hippocampus. Together, SZASD showed a therapeutic effect on demyelinated mice, and the improvement of demyelination might not be through the NRG-1 pathway.

Liver, Kidney Function Tests and Oxidative Damage During and after Treatment of Salmonella typhimurium Infection in Experimental Local Rabbits

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Salah Hasan ◽  
Ayman Barzan Abdulgafor ◽  
Maher Saber Owain ◽  
Mohammed Ali Hussein ◽  
Qusay Mohammed Aboud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Infected Group ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Kidney Damage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2

This study aimed to evaluate the liver, kidney damage caused by S. typhimurium and to estimate the oxidative damage in association with this bacteria. A highly virulent isolates of S. typhimurium were obtained from the department of internal and preventive medicine/ College of Veterinary Medicine/ University of Baghdad. A twenty five local rabbits of both genders with age range (2-4 months) weeks old were used for this study, the rabbits were divided randomly into five groups each group contains 5 rabbits :- group 1: drenched orally with 5 ml of normal saline and consider as control group, group 2: were drenched orally with (5 ml) suspension which contain (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium and regarded as infected group, group 3 were drenched orally with (5 ml) suspension which have (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium then treated with a single dose of gentamicin alone at 0.05ml/kg (5mg/ml) orally after presence of signs (after 24hrs. post inoculation), group 4 were drenched (5 ml) suspension having (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium then treated with a single dose of Ca-EDTA alone at 40mg/kg orally after presence of signs (after 24hrs. post inoculation) and group 5 were drenched (5 ml) suspension that contain (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium then treated with a single dose of combined gentamicin at 0.05ml/kg (5mg/ml) orally after presence of signs (after 24hrs. post inoculation) and Ca-EDTA 40mg/kg after presence of signs (after 24hrs. post inoculation).The results of biochemical profile showed a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in ALT, creatinine and urea levels in infected group as compared with control group, while, the treated groups especially group 5 showed a significant improvement in ALT, Urea and creatinine levels which returned to relative normal levels as compared with infected group after 96hrs. post treatment. Also, the results of oxidative stress showed a significant increase in the levels of MDA in G2, G3, G4 and G5 after 48 hrs. post treatment, while the level of GSH showed a significant decrease in the level at 48hrs., both were returned to relative normal levels after 96hrs.post treatment especially in group 5.In conclusion, S. typhimurium can causing liver and kidney damage which is manifested by increase ALT, Urea and Creatinine. Also, MDA and GSH is increased due to salmonellosis.

Clinical-Reported Outcomes Of Deferoxamine Versus Deferasirox In The Treatment Of Homozygous BetaThalassemia

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPL1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeina A Munim Al-Thanoon ◽  
Zeina A Munim Al-Thanoon ◽  
Mustafa Basil ◽  
Nasih A Al-Kazzaz
Keyword(s):  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Iron Chelation ◽  
Iron Chelator ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Multiple Blood ◽  
Group 2

Iron chelation therapy with deferoxamine (DFO),the current standard for the treatment of iron overload in patients with betathalassemia,requires regular subcutaneous or intravenous infusions. This can lead to reduced quality of life and poor adherence,resulting in increased morbidity and mortality in iron-overloaded patients with beta-thalassemia. Deferasirox (DFX) is an orally administered iron chelator that has been approved for use in many countries. The requirement of an effective,well tolerated iron chelator with a less demanding mode of administration has led to the development of deferasirox. The present study was aimed to compare the satisfaction and compliance with deferoxamine versus deferasirox (Exjade®),a novel oral iron chelator in patients with transfusion - dependent beta- thalassemia. A cross-sectional,single-center investigation study was carried out in the Thalassemia Center of Ibn-Atheer Teaching Hospital in Nineveh province,Iraq. One hundred and eight thalassemic patients aged between 2- 20 years old having received multiple blood transfusions and a serum ferritin greater than 1500 ng/ml. Patients were randomised into two groups. Group 1 received deferoxamine at a dose of 20-50mg/kg/day and group 2 received deferasirox at the dose of 10-30 mg/kg/day. Another 56 apparently healthy volunteers were used as a control group. The assessment of chelation was done during the period between November 2013 and February 2014 by measurement of serum ferritin. Satisfaction and compliance was assessed by using a special questionnaire prepared by the researcher. Out of the 108 thalassemic patients enrolled there was no discontinuation in treatment with the two drugs under study. The serum ferritin did not change significantly in any of the chelation groups. In comparison with the patients who were treated with DFO,those receiving DFX reported a significantly higher rate of compliance and satisfaction (P < 0.05). However,no significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding their satisfaction (P > 0.05).Compliance with deferasirox (50 %) was more than that with deferoxamine (20 %). Satisfaction with deferoxamine was significantly lower than deferasirox (p= 0.00).

Antiurolithiatic effect of Cymbopogon Proximus, Alhagi Maurorum, on Sulfadimidine induced urolithiasis in male New Zealand rabbits

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Sameh El-Nabtity
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Blood And Urine Samples ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
New Zealand Rabbits ◽  
Group 1

The present study aimed to investigate the prophylactic effect of Cymbopogon proximus and Alhagi maurorum on Sulfadimidine induced urolithiasis in rabbits . Thirty New Zealand male rabbits were allocated into six equal groups (each of five): Group (1) was used as a negative control. Group(2) were administered sulfadimidine (200mg/kg) by intramuscular injection.Groups(3) and (4) were administered sulfadimidine(200mg/kg) by intramuscular injection and 330mg/kg of Cymbopogon proximus alcoholic and aqueous extracts respectively orally.Groups(5) and (6) were administered sulfadimidine(200mg/kg) by intramuscular injection and 400mg/kg of Alhagi maurorum alcoholic and aqueous extracts respectively orally. The period of experiment was 10 days. Blood and urine samples were collected from rabbits on the 10th day. The results recorded a significant decrease in serum creatinine, urea, uric acid and crystalluria in Cymbopogon proximus and Alhagi maurorum groups compared to sulfadimidine treated group.We conclude that Cymbopogon proximus and Alhagi maurorum have a nephroprotective and antiurolithiatic effects against sulfadimidine induced crystalluria.

Influence of Removable Denture Cleaning Agents on Adhesion of Oral Pathogenic Microflora In Vitro: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 656-664
Author(s):  
I.R. Volchkova ◽  
A.V. Yumashev ◽  
V.V. Borisov ◽  
V.I. Doroshina ◽  
E.A. Kristal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Removable Dental Prostheses ◽  
Removable Denture ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Adhesion Index ◽  
Group 1

Introduction: Removable dentures are used by 20% of the population. These may be accompanied by denture stomatitis in 15-70% of patients. The choice of the optimal cleansing agent for removable dental prostheses is of high significance. Aim: The aim of our research was to study the influence of removable denture cleansing products on the adhesion of microorganisms and yeast. Materials and Methods: We manufactured 144 specimens of standardized round shape with a diameter of 10 mm from 4 types of modern polymeric materials used by prosthetic dentistry to produce removable dentures, 12 specimens of each material were placed into suspensions of bacterial cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, then into “ClearaSept” (Test group 1), “Рrotefix active cleanser” (Test group 2), saline solution (Control group), followed by nutrient media. The adhesion index was calculated and analyzed. Results: There was no reliable lowering of adhesion index of Staphylococcus Aureus to all materials detected in Test group 1 (U=6, p>0.05 for Bio XS; U=8, p>0.05 for Dental D, Denotokeep Peek, Vertex Rapid Simplified). In Test group 2, the adhesion index of Staphylococcus Aureus reliably decreased to all materials compared to the Control group (U=0, p≤0.01). The adhesion index of Candida albicans and Escherichia coli to all materials in Test group 1 had a minor to moderate reliable reduction compared to the Control group (U=0, p≤0.01). Test group 2 showed a significant reliable decrease in Candida albicans and Escherichia coli adhesion index to all materials in comparison with the Control group (U=0, p≤0.01). Conclusion: The research showed an unreliable or minor and moderate reliable decrease in microorganisms adhesion index depending on the microorganism species after treatment of denture material specimens by antibacterial soap “ClearaSept” and a reliable significant decrease in microbial and yeast adhesion after application of Protefix active cleaner solution, which demonstrates a more significant antimicrobial effect in comparison to “ClearaSept” against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans.

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