Use of palm bran (&lt;i&gt;Nopalea cochenillifera&lt;/i&gt; (L.) Salm-Dyck) in partial replacement of concentrate in maintenance equine diets – a pilot study

Abstract. Forage palm is extremely suitable as animal fodder due to its high tolerance to the climatic rigors of the semiarid region and its ability to withstand the harsh physical–chemical limitations of poor soils. Thus, in this study, the effects of the partial replacement (0 %, 5 %, 10 % and 15 % replacement) of a molasses- or oat-based commercial concentrate with forage palm bran (FPB) on the acceptability, apparent digestibility and glycemic response of horses at maintenance were evaluated. The ratio of concentrate to roughage (Tifton 85 hay) was 30:70, and the dry matter (DM) intake was 2 % of body weight (BW). For the preference test, 10 barren Mangalarga Marchador mares were used. The experimental diets were offered simultaneously to determine the consumption preference and the intake ratio. For the digestibility test, four mixed-breed geldings were used and were distributed in a Latin square experimental design (4×4). For the glycemic response, blood samples were collected 30 min before and 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min after supplying the feed. The preference test indicated that feed containing 0 % and 5 % FPB was preferred by the animals. Nutrient digestibility coefficients did not differ among the experimental diets. Blood glucose was lower at 180 min in the 7.42 % FPB inclusion diet (R2=0.97); this was estimated using the following equation: Y=115.05-2.75x+0.19x2. It is concluded that the incorporation of up to 15 % of forage palm bran as a substitute for concentrate in the maintenance diet tested did not negatively influence feed intake, nutrient digestibility or glycemic index; however, inclusion values above 5 % reduced diet acceptability.

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49 Effects of in-vitro digestibility in cannulated steers when supplemented different levels of glycerol

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz397.126 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 55-56

Author(s):

Noheli Gutierrez ◽

Jamie A Boyd

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Cold Water ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Latin Square ◽

Optimal Level ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Study Results ◽

Different Levels

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate effects of increasing concentration of food grade glycerol on rumen environment and nutrient digestibility. Three ruminally cannulated Jersey steers were used in this study. The study was conducted from March to May 2019. Experimental design was a 3x3 Latin square with a 2wk adjustment period followed by a 1wk collection period. Diet was coastal bermudagrass hay based. Different forage types were introduced in the incubation process to evaluate digestibility. Glycerol was administered once a day at 0, 15, or 20% of DMI (dry matter intake). dNDF (digestible NDF) and dDM (digestible dry matter) was determined using an ANKOM Daisy II incubator inoculated with 200g fresh rumen fluid and incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h at 39°C. Each vessel contained ground forage samples in filter bags in triplicate. After incubation, filter bags were rinsed with cold water and dried for 24h in a 55°C forced air oven. Data were analyzed using the Proc MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4. There was no difference dNDF in effect of different levels of glycerol between forage types by diet. But a numerical tendency was observed that dNDF was decreased at 20% inclusion rates in comparison to 0 and 15% inclusion of glycerol in the diet. Neither steer nor run was significantly different in the study. However as expected digestibility over time was significantly different (P < 0.001). A significant increase was observed in DMI with the increased levels of glycerol in the diet (P = 0.003), both the 15% and 20% levels of glycerol increased in DMI in comparison to the control (0%). It appears based on these study results that digestibility may be inhibited, as levels of dietary glycerol increase in the diet and more work needs to be done to find the optimal level of glycerol supplementation.

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Effects of source and concentration of neutral detergent fiber from roughage in beef cattle diets on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa107 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Rodrigo S Goulart ◽

Ricardo A M Vieira ◽

Joao L P Daniel ◽

Rafael C Amaral ◽

Vanessa P Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Beef Cattle ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Ingestive Behavior ◽

Rumen Content ◽

Residence Times

Abstract The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of source and concentration of α-amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) from roughage on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics in beef cattle receiving high-concentrate diets. Six ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (408 ± 12 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six diets: 10% aNDF from corn silage (10CS); 20% aNDF from corn silage (20CS); or four diets containing 10% aNDF from corn silage and 10% aNDF from one of the following sources: sugarcane (SC), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), soybean hulls (SH), or low oil cottonseed hulls (LOCH). The parameters of passage and degradation kinetics were estimated based on a two-compartmental model with gamma- and exponential-distributed residence times. The nonlinear models were fitted by nonlinear least squares, and a linear mixed-effects model was fitted to all variables measured from the Latin square design that were related to intake, digestibility, digestion kinetic parameters, and residence times. Mean particle size (MPS) between roughage sources (CS, SCB, and SC) and coproducts (SH and LOCH) was affected (P < 0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected (P > 0.05) by 20CS, SC, SH, or LOCH. Steers fed 20CS or LOCH diets had 16% and 20% greater DMI, respectively, (P < 0.05) than steers fed 10CS diet. Steers fed SCB consumed the least dry matter (DM). The SH and LOCH diets had lower MPS values (about 8.77 mm) in comparison to 20CS, SCB, and SC diets (about 13.08 mm) and, consequently, affected (P < 0.05) rumen content, ruminal in situ disappearance, nutrient digestibility, and solid fractional passage rate. Chewing time was affected (P < 0.05) by roughage sources and concentration. Lower values of distance travel inside the rumen (min/cm) were observed (P < 0.05) for the SCB and SC diets in comparison with any other diet. Except for SCB, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in rumen fill, among other treatments. Mean daily ruminal pH was not affected (P > 0.05) by 20CS, SCB, SC, and LOCH diets, and it ranged from 6.1 to 6.23. Total short-chain fatty acids concentration was affected (P < 0.05) by roughage source and concentration. Based on our results, we recommend that under Brazilian finishing diets, replacing roughage sources, except for SCB, based on aNDF concentration of the roughage in high-concentrate diets containing finely ground flint corn does not affect DMI.

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Nutrient digestibility of multi-enzyme supplemented low-energy and AA diets for grower pigs1

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz178 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (7) ◽

pp. 2979-2988

Author(s):

Jung Wook Lee ◽

Robert Patterson ◽

Anna Rogiewicz ◽

Tofuko A Woyengo

Keyword(s):

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Utilization ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Low Energy ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Complete Replacement ◽

Corn Distillers

Abstract A study was conducted to determine effects of supplementing multi-enzyme on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy and AA; and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy for pigs fed low-energy and AA diets. Eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW: 38.7 ± 2.75 kg) were fed four diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design to give 8 replicates per diet. Diets were positive control (PC) diet, negative control (NC) diet without or with multi-enzyme at 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg. The PC diet was formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) nutrient recommendations for grower pigs (25 to 50 kg), except for Ca and digestible P, which were lower than NRC (2012) recommendations by 0.13 and 0.17 percentage points, respectively, due to phytase supplementation at 1,000 FTU/kg. The NC diet was formulated to be lower in NE by 75 kcal/kg and standardized ileal digestible AA content by a mean of 3%. These reductions were achieved by partial replacement of corn and soybean meal (SBM) and complete replacement of soybean oil and monocalcium phosphate in PC diet with 25% corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and 3.6% soybean hulls. Multi-enzyme at 1.0 g/kg supplied 1,900 U of xylanase, 300 U of β-glucanase, 1,300 U of cellulase, 11,500 U of amylase, 120 U of mannanase, 850 U of pectinase, 6,000 U of protease, and 700 U of invertase per kilogram of diet. The AID of GE, N, most AA, most component sugars of nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) and P; ATTD of GE for PC diet was greater (P < 0.05) than those for NC diets. An increase in dietary level of multi-enzyme from 0 to 1.0 g/kg resulted in a linear increase (P < 0.05) in AID of Ile by 4.3%, and tended to linearly increase (P < 0.10) AID of Leu, Met, Phe, and Val by a mean of 3.4%. Increasing dietary multi-enzyme from 0 to 1.0 g/kg linearly increased (P < 0.05) AID of total NSP and P by 53.7% and 19.2%, respectively; ATTD of GE by 8.4% and DE and NE values by 8.8% and 8.2%, respectively; tended to linearly increase (P < 0.10) AID of GE by 8.1%. The NE values for NC diet with multi-enzyme at 1.0 g/kg tended to be greater (P < 0.10) than that for PC diet (2,337 vs. 2,222 kcal/kg of DM). In conclusion, multi-enzyme supplementation improved energy and nutrient digestibilities of a corn–SBM–corn DDGS-based diet, implying that the multi-enzyme fed in the current study can be used to enhance energy and nutrient utilization of low-energy AA diets for grower pigs.

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Effect of storage of wet brewer’s grains with incremental levels of salt on apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility and purine derivative excretion in dairy heifers

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa393 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Eric Hatungimana ◽

Tess C Stahl ◽

Peter S Erickson

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Linear Quadratic ◽

Purine Derivative ◽

Dairy Heifers ◽

Collection Period ◽

Fat Digestibility

Abstract Objectives of this study were to evaluate apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility and purine derivative (PD) excretion in dairy heifers limit-fed diets containing wet brewer’s grains (WBG) treated with salt. A 12-wk replicated 4×4 Latin square was conducted using 8 Holstein heifers of 224.5 ± 19.4 d of age, and body weight (BW) of 219.2 ± 28.1 kg (mean ± SD). Fresh WBG were treated with 0%, 0.8%, 1.6%, and 2.4% salt and stored for 4 d before being fed. Salt was added either to the WBG or separately to equalize the amount of salt in the diet. The diet contained 9% grass silage, 47% corn silage, 19% corn meal, 17.6% WBG and salt, 2% soybean meal (SBM), and 3% mineral mix. Diets were formulated to be limit-fed at 2.15% of BW, provide 14% crude protein (CP) and 2.27 Mcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg of dry matter (DM). Heifers were adapted to diets for 14 d followed by a 7-d collection period. Dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily during the collection week while BW was recorded once a week. Urine and fecal samples were collected during the last 4 d of the collection period. Acid insoluble ash was used as an internal marker to determine apparent nutrient digestibility. Weight loss of WBG during storage was determined from d 1 to d 11 and initial and final yeast and mold counts were determined. Final yeast counts were similar among treatments while final mold counts tended to be lesser (P = 0.07) for the 0.8 and 1.6% salt treatments. Urinary volume was similar among treatments while allantoin (P = 0.14), and uric acid (P < 0.01) and total PD excretion tended to increase (P = 0.13) quadratically. Dry matter intake was varied by treatment (linear, quadratic, and cubic effects P < 0.01). Heifers fed the 0.8% treatment had the least DMI. Non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) digestibility linearly decreased (P < 0.04) as salt increased. Digestibilities of DM, and organic matter (OM), tended to decrease (P < 0.10) with increasing levels of salt added to WBG. Fat digestibility was quadratic with the greatest value for the 1.6% treatment. Treating WBG with salt reduced its deterioration based on lesser mold counts for the 0.8 and 1.6% treatments. These treatments had resulted in greater fat digestibility and tended to have increased PD excretion suggesting improved microbial protein synthesis.

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Feed intake of sheep receiving ration with addition of passion fruit peel meal

Scientia Agraria Paranaensis ◽

10.18188/sap.v19i1.22390 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 58

Author(s):

Sílvia Cristina de Aguiar ◽

Luiz Juliano Valério Geron ◽

Gabriel Maciel Nunes ◽

Jocilaine Garcia ◽

Joilma Toniolo Honório De Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Ingestive Behavior ◽

Passion Fruit ◽

Fruit Peel ◽

Physiological Variables ◽

Mixed Breed ◽

Breed Sheep

Part of the costs of animal production is food, and consequently, several alternatives have been examined for use as co-products, such as passion fruit peel meal (PFP). The objective of this study was to evaluate the dry matter (DMI), nutrient intake, feeding behavior, and physiological parameters of sheep receiving PFP in their ration. Four mixed breed sheep were with a mean body weight of 38.4 kg and distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square. The experimental diet was formulated with 50% corn silage and 50% concentrate (dry matter [DM] basis), to contain 16% crude protein (CP) and 70% total digestible nutrients, with the addition of PFM to the feed at 0%, 1.6%, 5.8%, and 8.9% based on DMI. The addition of PFP did not affect (P > 0.05) DMI and nutrients, with an average DMI of 838.51 g d-1, 2.21% of body weight, and 54.59 g kg-0.75. The addition of PFP to the ration did not change the feed intake of DM and nutrients. The PFP did not change the ingestive behavior of sheep during the dawn, morning, and afternoon. However, an increase in the intake time and leisure time was observed during the night. PFP did not influence any of the physiological variables; however, the high temperature during the execution of the experiment caused animal discomfort both in the morning and in the afternoon.

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Effect of supplementing wheat offal with varied graded levels of sugarcane scrapping on utilisation of sorghum panicle fed Red Sokoto buck Keyw

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v44i5.1278 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 199-202

Author(s):

H. Y. Adamu ◽

A. M. Bolakale ◽

S. B. Abdu ◽

M. R. Hassan ◽

M. Kabir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sugar Cane ◽

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Nitrogen Utilization ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

High Dry Matter ◽

Complete Diet ◽

Dietary Treatments

Four Red Sokoto bucks of averageweight 17. 40±2kg were fed sugarcane scrappingmeal in a complete diet to evaluate the nutrients intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance. In a 4×4 Latin Square Design four dietary treatments containing sugarcane scrapping at 0, 10, 20, and 30% levels of inclusion supplementing wheat offal in a complete diet were used The proximate composition of the sugarcane scrapping showed that the scrapping had, 10.01, 2.98%and 3114 Kcal/Kg of CF, CP andME respectively. The results of the trial showed that significant high dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility of some and the nitrogen balance values were recorded in the bucks fed 30%. It was concluded that DM intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of bucks can be enhanced by including 30% of sugar cane scrapping in their diets.

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Effects of Exogenous Glucoamylase Enzymes Alone or in Combination with a Neutral Protease on Apparent Total Tract Digestibility and Feces D-Lactate in Crossbred Angus Bulls Fed a Ration Rich in Rolled Corn

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10061077 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1077

Author(s):

Maria Devant ◽

Shukun Yu ◽

Sandra Genís ◽

Torben Larsen ◽

Li Wenting

Keyword(s):

Experimental Design ◽

Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽

Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Neutral Protease ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Beef Bulls

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two glucoamylases (GA) and the combination of one GA with a neutral protease on apparent total tract digestibility in beef bulls fed a total mixed ration (TMR) rich in rolled corn. Sixteen Angus beef bulls (266 ± 4.9 kg of initial BW, and 182 ± 1.7 d of age) were distributed in 4 blocks, each block consisted of 4 animals balanced by BW. The experimental design was a 4 × 4 Latin square (4 blocks and 4 periods, 2 w per period). Four treatments were tested; (1) control, (2) GA preparation from Trichoderma reesei (TrGA); (3) GA from Aspergillus fumigatus (AfuGA); (4) AfuGA in combination with a neutral protease from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BamPro). Apparent total tract digestibility and fecal D-lactate concentration were analyzed. Enzyme supplementation, regardless of enzyme type, increased apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (from 66.7% to 73.1% ± 2.01), and starch (from 74.7% to 81.8% ± 2.25), without affecting feces D-lactate concentration. Irrespective of glucoamylase type, glucoamylase supplementation improved apparent digestibility of dry matter and starch, and the addition of a protease did not have additional benefits on nutrient digestibility.

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Apparent nutrient digestibility of two raw diets in domestic kittens

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x15605535 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 991-996 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Beth A Hamper ◽

Claudia A Kirk ◽

Joseph W Bartges

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

National Laboratory ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Heat Processing ◽

Future Research ◽

Fecal Matter ◽

Gross Energy

Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate overall dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fat and gross energy digestibility of a feline commercial raw diet and a homemade raw diet compared with a canned, heat-processed diet. Methods Six domestic shorthair kittens (20–28 weeks old) were fed three different diets in a Latin square crossover design. Diet A was a commercially available, canned, heat-processed diet. Diet B was a complete commercial, prefrozen, raw diet (commercial raw), and diet C was a raw diet supplement mixed with ground raw meat obtained locally (homemade raw). Both diets A and B were formulated to meet nutritional profile levels for cats at all life stages. Kittens were given specific diet amounts to maintain a 2–4% weight increase per week. Food was measured before and after feedings to determine the amount eaten, and all feces were collected, weighed and frozen prior to submission. Composite food samples and all feces were submitted to a national laboratory for proximate analysis of crude protein, crude fiber, ash, crude fat, moisture and caloric density. Results Significantly higher digestibility of dry matter ( P <0.001), organic matter ( P <0.001), crude protein ( P <0.001) and gross energy ( P <0.001) was seen in the raw diets compared with the heat-processed diets. This difference resulted in significantly less fecal matter ( P <0.001) despite similar levels of intake and kcal ingested, and evidence of no difference in fecal scores. Conclusions and relevance Higher dry matter, organic matter and protein digestibility was seen in two commercial raw diets compared with a heat-processed diet. Digestibility differences could have been due to variance in dietary protein, fat and carbohydrate concentrations between the diets, variance in dietary ingredients or quality, alterations in protein structure secondary to heat processing, as well as alterations in gastrointestinal flora. Future research examining digestibility in diets with the same macronutrient proportions and ingredients, and mechanisms for any differences, is warranted.

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Self-fed Supplements of Low and Medium Intake for Beef Steers Finished on Pasture

10.21203/rs.3.rs-548103/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Saimon de Souza Souza ◽

Régis Luis Missio ◽

Wagner Paris ◽

Jefferson Felipe Cavazzana ◽

Marcelo Machado Severo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Ingestive Behavior ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Randomized Design

Abstract The obstacles of using supplementation are related to the cost and labor. Self-fed supplements of low and medium intake can be an option to overcome these problems. However, the nutritive value and pasture yield are crucial to finding the right composition and amount of supplement. We evaluated productive responses of steers receiving self-fed supplements of low and medium intake on Aruana grass pasture. The animal performance, ingestive behavior, and pasture characteristics were evaluated in a completely randomized design with three treatments and three replicates. Twenty-four Aberdeen Angus steers were used as the tester animals. The dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility were evaluated in a 3 x 3 double Latin square repeated over time. The treatments consisted of mineral salt (control), supplementation for intake of 1.5 g/kg body weight (low-intake), and supplementation for intake of 4.0 g/kg body weight (medium-intake). The supplements did not influence the pasture characteristics and ingestive behavior, except the number of bites/day that was higher for the low-intake. Dry matter digestibility and forage intake were not affected by the supplementation, but the total dry matter intake increased for the medium-intake. The average daily gain, stocking rate, and fat thickness gain were higher for the medium-intake. The self-fed supplements of medium-intake increase the total dry matter intake, maximizing the performance of steers on Aruana grass.

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Evaluation of rehydrated corn grain silage with okara or soybean inclusion in the performance of lactating cows

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6p2747 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 2747-2758

Author(s):

Tamara Tais Tres ◽

◽

Clóves Cabreira Jobim ◽

Robson Marcelo Rossi ◽

Antonio Vinicius Iank Bueno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Corn Grain ◽

Corn Grains

This study aimed to evaluate dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition, and feed efficiency of cows fed corn grain silages with okara or raw soybean inclusion. Six Holstein cows were distributed in a double Latin square and arranged in the following treatments: concentrate formulated based on corn grain silage with 30% okara inclusion; concentrate of corn grain silage with 20% raw soybean inclusion, and concentrate based on dry corn grains. Statistical analysis was performed using Bayesian inference. Diets formulated with silages reduced dry matter intake compared to the diet of concentrate based on dry grains. High digestibility of DM, OM, NFC, and EE was observed for diets with silage inclusion. Milk presented an increase in CLA for the diet of corn grain silage diet with soybean inclusion. Rehydrated grain corn silage with soybean or okara inclusion reduced dry matter intake and increased nutrient digestibility, maintaining the same milk production, which demonstrates the higher efficiency of these diets.

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