scholarly journals Composition and evolution of volcanic aerosol from eruptions of Kasatochi, Sarychev and Eyjafjallajökull in 2008–2010 based on CARIBIC observations

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1781-1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Andersson ◽  
B. G. Martinsson ◽  
J. Friberg ◽  
C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer ◽  
A. Rauthe-Schöch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Volcanic Aerosol ◽  
Volcanic Clouds ◽  
Tropopause Region ◽  
Volcanic Cloud ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Volcanic Influence ◽  
Large Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract. Large volcanic eruptions impact significantly on climate and lead to ozone depletion due to injection of particles and gases into the stratosphere where their residence times are long. In this the composition of volcanic aerosol is an important but inadequately studied factor. Samples of volcanically influenced aerosol were collected following the Kasatochi (Alaska), Sarychev (Russia) and also during the Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland) eruptions in the period 2008–2010. Sampling was conducted by the CARIBIC platform during regular flights at an altitude of 10–12 km as well as during dedicated flights through the volcanic clouds from the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in spring 2010. Elemental concentrations of the collected aerosol were obtained by accelerator-based analysis. Aerosol from the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic clouds was identified by high concentrations of sulphur and elements pointing to crustal origin, and confirmed by trajectory analysis. Signatures of volcanic influence were also used to detect volcanic aerosol in stratospheric samples collected following the Sarychev and Kasatochi eruptions. In total it was possible to identify 17 relevant samples collected between 1 and more than 100 days following the eruptions studied. The volcanically influenced aerosol mainly consisted of ash, sulphate and included a carbonaceous component. Samples collected in the volcanic cloud from Eyjafjallajökull were dominated by the ash and sulphate component (∼45% each) while samples collected in the tropopause region and LMS mainly consisted of sulphate (50–77%) and carbon (21–43%). These fractions were increasing/decreasing with the age of the aerosol. Because of the long observation period, it was possible to analyze the evolution of the relationship between the ash and sulphate components of the volcanic aerosol. From this analysis the residence time (1/e) of sulphur dioxide in the studied volcanic cloud was estimated to be 45 ± 22 days.

scholarly journals Composition and evolution of volcanic aerosol from eruptions of Kasatochi, Sarychev and Eyjafjallajökull in 2008–2010 based on CARIBIC observations

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 21481-21516
Author(s):  
S. M. Andersson ◽  
B. G. Martinsson ◽  
J. Friberg ◽  
C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer ◽  
A. Rauthe-Schöch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Volcanic Aerosol ◽  
Volcanic Clouds ◽  
Tropopause Region ◽  
Volcanic Cloud ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Volcanic Influence ◽  
Large Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract. Large volcanic eruptions impact significantly on climate and lead to ozone depletion due to injection of particles and gases into the stratosphere where their residence times are long. In this the composition of volcanic aerosol is an important but inadequately studied factor. Samples of volcanically influenced aerosol have been collected following the Kasatochi (Alaska), Sarychev (Russia) and also during the Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland) eruptions in the period 2008–2010. Sampling was conducted by the CARIBIC platform during regular flights at an altitude of 10–12 km as well as during dedicated flights through the volcanic clouds from the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in spring 2010. Elemental concentrations of the collected aerosol were obtained by accelerator-based analysis. Aerosol from the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic clouds was identified by high concentrations of sulfur and elements pointing to crustal origin, and confirmed by trajectory analysis. Signatures of volcanic influence were also used to detect volcanic aerosol in stratospheric samples collected following the Sarychev and Kasatochi eruptions. In total it was possible to identify 17 relevant samples collected between 1 and more than 100 days following the eruptions studied. The volcanic aerosol mainly consisted of ash, sulfate and included a carbonaceous component. Samples collected in the volcanic cloud from Eyjafjallajökull were dominated by the ash and sulfate component (~45% each) while samples collected in the tropopause region and LMS mainly consisted of sulfate (50–77%) and carbon (21–43%). These fractions were increasing/decreasing with the age of the aerosol. Because of the long observation period, it was possible to analyze the evolution of the relationship between the ash and sulfate components of the volcanic aerosol. From this analysis the residence time (1/e) of sulfur dioxide in the studied volcanic cloud was estimated to be 45 days.

Volcanic aerosol heating in the tropical tropopause region and associated water vapour changes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa Kroll ◽  
Hauke Schmidt ◽  
Claudia Timmreck
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Volcanic Aerosol ◽  
Surface Warming ◽  
Tropical Tropopause ◽  
Tropopause Region ◽  
Cold Point ◽  
The Impact

<p>Large volcanic eruptions affect the distribution of atmospheric water vapour, for instance through cooling of the surface, warming of the lowermost stratosphere, and increasing the upwelling in the tropical tropopause region.</p><p>To better understand the volcanic impact on the tropical tropopause region and associated changes in the water vapour distribution in the stratosphere we employ a combination of short term convection-resolving global simulations with ICON and long term low resolution ensemble simulations with the MPI-ESM1.2-LR EVAens<strong>, </strong>both with prescribed volcanic forcing. With the EVAens a long term statistical analysis of the water vapour trends during the build-up and decay of a volcanic aerosol layer is made possible. The impact of the heating in the cold point regions is studied for five different eruption magnitudes. Stratospheric water vapour changes are analyzed in simulations with synthetic and observation based aerosol profiles showing that the distance of the aerosol profile from the cold point region can be more important for the water vapour entry into the stratosphere than the emitted amount of sulfur.</p><p>Whereas the EVAens is ideal to investigate the slow ascent of water vapour into the stratosphere the 10 km high resolution simulations with ICON allow insights into the convective changes after volcanic eruptions going beyond the limitations parameterizations usually impose on the model data.</p>

Stratospheric residence time and the lifetime of volcanic aerosol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Toohey ◽  
Yue Jia ◽  
Susann Tegetmeier
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Volcanic Aerosol ◽  
Aerosol Forcing ◽  
Radiative Impact ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Common Era

<p>The cumulative radiative impact of major volcanic eruptions depends strongly on the length of time volcanic sulfate aerosol remains in the stratosphere. Observations of aerosol from recent eruptions have been used to suggest that residence time depends on the latitude of the volcanic eruption, with tropical eruptions producing aerosol loading that persists longer than that from extratropical eruptions. However, the limited number of eruptions observed make it difficult to disentangle the roles of latitude and injection height in controlling aerosol lifetime. Here we use satellite observations and model experiments to explore the relationship between eruption latitude, injection height and resulting residence time of stratospheric aerosol. We find that contrary to earlier interpretations of observations, the residence time of aerosol from major tropical eruptions like Pinatubo (1991) is on the order of 24 months. Model results suggest that the residence time is greatly sensitive to the height of the sulfur injection, especially within the lowest few kilometers of the stratosphere. As injection heights and latitudes are unknown for the majority of eruptions over the common era, we estimate the impact of this uncertainty on volcanic aerosol forcing reconstructions. </p>

scholarly journals A novel technique including GPS radio occultation for detecting and monitoring volcanic clouds

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Biondi ◽  
Andrea Steiner ◽  
Gottfried Kirchengast ◽  
Hugues Brenot ◽  
Therese Rieckh
Keyword(s):  
Radio Occultation ◽  
Thermal Structure ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Gps Radio Occultation ◽  
Convective Systems ◽  
Volcanic Clouds ◽  
Volcanic Cloud ◽  
Cloud Tops ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The volcanic cloud top altitude and the atmospheric thermal structure after volcanic eruptions are studied using Global Positioning System (GPS) Radio Occultation (RO) profiles co-located with independent radiometric measurements of ash and SO2 clouds. We use the GPS RO data to detect volcanic clouds and to analyze their impact on climate in terms of temperature changes. We selected about 1300 GPS RO profiles co-located with two representative eruptions (Puyehue 2011, Nabro 2011) and found that an anomaly technique recently developed for detecting cloud tops of convective systems can also be applied to volcanic clouds. Analyzing the atmospheric thermal structure after the eruptions, we found clear cooling signatures of volcanic cloud tops in the upper troposphere for the Puyehue case. The impact of Nabro lasted for several months, suggesting that the cloud reached the stratosphere, where a significant warming occurred. The results are encouraging for future routine use of RO data for monitoring volcanic clouds.

scholarly journals GNSS Radio Occultation Advances the Monitoring of Volcanic Clouds: The Case of the 2008 Kasatochi Eruption

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 2199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Cigala ◽  
Riccardo Biondi ◽  
Alfredo J. Prata ◽  
Andrea K. Steiner ◽  
Gottfried Kirchengast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radio Occultation ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Orthogonal Polarization ◽  
Volcanic Clouds ◽  
Volcanic Cloud ◽  
High Vertical Resolution ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Cloud Evolution

The products of explosive volcanic eruptions, in particular, volcanic ash, can pose a severe hazard to, for example, international aviation. Detecting volcanic clouds and monitoring their dispersal is hence, the subject of intensive current research. However, the discrepancies between the different available methods lead to detected cloud altitude with significant uncertainties. Here we show the results of an algorithm developed explicitly for high vertical resolution detection of volcanic cloud altitude by using the Global Navigation Satellite System radio occultation (RO) observations. Analyzing the energetic Kasatochi eruption of August 2008 in a case study, we find the volcanic cloud altitudes detected with RO in good agreement (within ~1 km) with cloud altitude estimations from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) lidar backscatter images in the 4 h range between RO and CALIOP acquisitions. The tracking by combined RO and imaging of the volcanic cloud evolution during the weeks after the eruption indicates a promising potential for operational global cloud altitude monitoring.

Hemmkörperentwicklung bei Hämophilie-Patienten nach Präparate wechsel

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S39-S42 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kocher ◽  
G. Asmelash ◽  
V. Makki ◽  
S. Müller ◽  
S. Krekeler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Retrospective Observational Study ◽  
Frequent Change ◽  
Patient Age ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Patient Âgé ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Observation Period

SummaryThe retrospective observational study surveys the relationship between development of inhibitors in the treatment of haemophilia patients and risk factors such as changing FVIII products. A total of 119 patients were included in this study, 198 changes of FVIII products were evaluated. Results: During the observation period of 12 months none of the patients developed an inhibitor, which was temporally associated with a change of FVIII products. A frequent change of FVIII products didn’t lead to an increase in inhibitor risk. The change between plasmatic and recombinant preparations could not be confirmed as a risk factor. Furthermore, no correlation between treatment regimens, severity, patient age and comorbidities of the patients could be found.

Sensitivity of a coupled climate-carbon cycle model to large volcanic eruptions during the last millennium

Tellus B ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Brovkin ◽  
Stephan J. Lorenz ◽  
Johann Jungclaus ◽  
Thomas Raddatz ◽  
Claudia Timmreck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Last Millennium ◽  
Cycle Model ◽  
Carbon Cycle Model ◽  
Large Volcanic Eruptions

Potential Role of Inflammation in Associations between Particulate Matter and Heart Failure

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaotong Ji ◽  
Yingying Zhang ◽  
Guangke Li ◽  
Nan Sang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Inflammatory Mechanism ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

Recently, numerous studies have found that particulate matter (PM) exposure is correlated with increased hospitalization and mortality from heart failure (HF). In addition to problems with circulation, HF patients often display high expression of cytokines in the failing heart. Thus, as a recurring heart problem, HF is thought to be a disorder characterized in part by the inflammatory response. In this review, we intend to discuss the relationship between PM exposure and HF that is based on inflammatory mechanism and to provide a comprehensive, updated evaluation of the related studies. Epidemiological studies on PM-induced heart diseases are focused on high concentrations of PM, high pollutant load exposure in winter, or susceptible groups with heart diseases, etc. Furthermore, it appears that the relationship between fine or ultrafine PM and HF is stronger than that between HF and coarse PM. However, fewer studies paid attention to PM components. As for experimental studies, it is worth noting that coarse PM may indirectly promote the inflammatory response in the heart through systematic circulation of cytokines produced primarily in the lungs, while ultrafine PM and its components can enter circulation and further induce inflammation directly in the heart. In terms of PM exposure and enhanced inflammation during the pathogenesis of HF, this article reviews the following mechanisms: hemodynamics, oxidative stress, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and epigenetic regulation. However, many problems are still unsolved, and future work will be needed to clarify the complex biologic mechanisms and to identify the specific components of PM responsible for adverse effects on heart health.

scholarly journals Risk of Typical Diabetes-Associated Complications in Different Clusters of Diabetic Patients: Analysis of Nine Risk Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 328
Author(s):  
Michael Leutner ◽  
Nils Haug ◽  
Luise Bellach ◽  
Elma Dervic ◽  
Alexander Kautzky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Complication Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Observation Period

Objectives: Diabetic patients are often diagnosed with several comorbidities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between different combinations of risk factors and complications in diabetic patients. Research design and methods: We used a longitudinal, population-wide dataset of patients with hospital diagnoses and identified all patients (n = 195,575) receiving a diagnosis of diabetes in the observation period from 2003–2014. We defined nine ICD-10-codes as risk factors and 16 ICD-10 codes as complications. Using a computational algorithm, cohort patients were assigned to clusters based on the risk factors they were diagnosed with. The clusters were defined so that the patients assigned to them developed similar complications. Complication risk was quantified in terms of relative risk (RR) compared with healthy control patients. Results: We identified five clusters associated with an increased risk of complications. A combined diagnosis of arterial hypertension (aHTN) and dyslipidemia was shared by all clusters and expressed a baseline of increased risk. Additional diagnosis of (1) smoking, (2) depression, (3) liver disease, or (4) obesity made up the other four clusters and further increased the risk of complications. Cluster 9 (aHTN, dyslipidemia and depression) represented diabetic patients at high risk of angina pectoris “AP” (RR: 7.35, CI: 6.74–8.01), kidney disease (RR: 3.18, CI: 3.04–3.32), polyneuropathy (RR: 4.80, CI: 4.23–5.45), and stroke (RR: 4.32, CI: 3.95–4.71), whereas cluster 10 (aHTN, dyslipidemia and smoking) identified patients with the highest risk of AP (RR: 10.10, CI: 9.28–10.98), atherosclerosis (RR: 4.07, CI: 3.84–4.31), and loss of extremities (RR: 4.21, CI: 1.5–11.84) compared to the controls. Conclusions: A comorbidity of aHTN and dyslipidemia was shown to be associated with diabetic complications across all risk-clusters. This effect was amplified by a combination with either depression, smoking, obesity, or non-specific liver disease.

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