Contactless electromagnetic measuring system using conventional calibration algorithms to determine scattering parameters

Abstract. In this paper, a contactless measuring system for the determination of the S-parameters of planar circuits is presented. With a contactless measuring system it is possible to characterise a device-under-test (DUT) embedded in a planar circuit environment without cutting the planar transmission lines connecting the DUT. The technique utilizes four identical capacitive probes in conjunction with a vector network analyser (VNA). For the usage of electromagnetic probes compared to other coupling techniques like the electro-optic probing, there is no need for expensive and complex equipment in addition to the typical equipment of a common microwave laboratory. The S-parameters are determined accurately using conventional calibration methods. A simple analytical model for the representation of the basic characteristics is developed. Furthermore, the influences on the S-parameters as a result of a variation in the coupling are presented. With the knowledge of the system characteristics, an accurate contactless measurement system is set up. The comparison between conventional and contactless measurements in a frequency range of 1–20 GHz shows a very good agreement with a phase error smaller than 1°.

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In-Line Analysis of Diffusion Processes in Micro Channels by Long Distance Raman Photometric Measurement Technology—A Proof of Concept Study

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi12020116 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 116

Author(s):

Julian Deuerling ◽

Shaun Keck ◽

Inasya Moelyadi ◽

Jens-Uwe Repke ◽

Matthias Rädle

Keyword(s):

Numerical Aperture ◽

Spot Size ◽

Measuring System ◽

Optical Systems ◽

Measurement Technology ◽

Long Distance ◽

Measuring Point ◽

Acetone Concentration ◽

Micro Channels ◽

Set Up

This work presents a novel method for the non-invasive, in-line monitoring of mixing processes in microchannels using the Raman photometric technique. The measuring set-up distinguishes itself from other works in this field by utilizing recent state-of-the-art customized photon multiplier (CPM) detectors, bypassing the use of a spectrometer. This addresses the limiting factor of integration times by achieving measuring rates of 10 ms. The method was validated using the ternary system of toluene–water–acetone. The optical measuring system consists of two functional units: the coaxial Raman probe optimized for excitation at a laser wavelength of 532 nm and the photometric detector centered around the CPMs. The spot size of the focused laser is a defining factor of the spatial resolution of the set-up. The depth of focus is measured at approx. 85 µm with a spot size of approx. 45 µm, while still maintaining a relatively high numerical aperture of 0.42, the latter of which is also critical for coaxial detection of inelastically scattered photons. The working distance in this set-up is 20 mm. The microchannel is a T-junction mixer with a square cross section of 500 by 500 µm, a hydraulic diameter of 500 µm and 70 mm channel length. The extraction of acetone from toluene into water is tracked at an initial concentration of 25% as a function of flow rate and accordingly residence time. The investigated flow rates ranged from 0.1 mL/min to 0.006 mL/min. The residence times from the T-junction to the measuring point varies from 1.5 to 25 s. At 0.006 mL/min a constant acetone concentration of approx. 12.6% was measured, indicating that the mixing process reached the equilibrium of the system at approx. 12.5%. For prototype benchmarking, comparative measurements were carried out with a commercially available Raman spectrometer (RXN1, Kaiser Optical Systems, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Count rates of the spectrophotometer surpassed those of the spectrometer by at least one order of magnitude at identical target concentrations and optical power output. The experimental data demonstrate the suitability and potential of the new measuring system to detect locally and time-resolved concentration profiles in moving fluids while avoiding external influence.

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Galloping Stability and Wind Tunnel Test of Iced Quad Bundled Conductors considering Wake Effect

Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society ◽

10.1155/2020/8885648 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Xiaohui Liu ◽

Ming Zou ◽

Chuan Wu ◽

Mengqi Cai ◽

Guangyun Min ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wind Tunnel ◽

Transmission Lines ◽

Degrees Of Freedom ◽

Wind Tunnel Test ◽

Aerodynamic Coefficients ◽

Wake Effect ◽

Aerodynamic Coefficient ◽

Set Up ◽

The Stability ◽

Three Degrees Of Freedom

A new quad bundle conductor galloping model considering wake effect is proposed to solve the problem of different aerodynamic coefficients of each subconductor of iced quad bundle conductor. Based on the quasistatic theory, a new 3-DOF (three degrees of freedom) galloping model of iced quad bundle conductors is established, which can accurately reflect the energy transfer and galloping of quad bundle conductor in three directions. After a series of formula derivations, the conductor stability judgment formula is obtained. In the wind tunnel test, according to the actual engineering situation, different variables are set up to accurately simulate the galloping of iced quad bundle conductor under the wind, and the aerodynamic coefficient is obtained. Finally, according to the stability judgment formula of this paper, calculate the critical wind speed of conductor galloping through programming. The dates of wind tunnel test and calculation in this paper can be used in the antigalloping design of transmission lines.

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Gamma spectrometry technique for the determination of residence time in Submarine Groundwater Discharges

HNPS Proceedings ◽

10.12681/hnps.2546 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. 155

Author(s):

G. Eleftheriou ◽

C. Tsabaris ◽

D. L. Patiris ◽

E. Androulakaki ◽

M. Kokkoris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Residence Time ◽

Water Samples ◽

Gamma Ray ◽

Measuring System ◽

Gamma Ray Spectrometry ◽

Reference Source ◽

Radium Isotopes ◽

Time Period ◽

Submarine Groundwater ◽

Set Up

The evaluation of time period that meteoric water remains in the ground (residence time) before exiting in the open sea can be a valuable information for the submarine groundwater discharges (SGD) in the costal zones. Coastal waters contain elevated dissolved activities of radium isotopes compared to the open ocean, where excess activities are zero. Lately it has been shown by Moore et al., that residence time can be estimated by a model based on radium radioisotopes ratio reduction throughout the coast. However the standard methods for the estimation of radium isotopes concentration in the water are sophisticated, time consuming or require big amount of sample. Hereby, a method based on the direct gamma ray spectrometry of untreated water samples from coastal areas is applied to determine the residence time of the SGD. Efficiency calibration of the spectrometry set up has been performed for two different volumetric sample geometries, using 152Eu/154Eu solution as reference source. In order to ensure the reliability of the method, the background courting rate magnitude and variance through time have been defined for the radioisotopes of interest. Additionally, the minimum detectible activity (MDA) of the measuring system was determined, in Becquerel per cubic meter, as a function of energy in water samples. The developed method was applied and validated for water samples from the submarine spring in Stoupa Bay, southwestern Peloponnesus. The defined residence time varies from 3 to 6 days, being in good agreement with the results of the standard geological pigment-tracer method.

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Calculation of Capacitance Matrix of Non-uniform Multi-conductor Transmission Lines based on S-parameters

10.1109/itnec52019.2021.9586871 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaoyu Lu ◽

Xiang Zhou

Keyword(s):

Transmission Lines ◽

S Parameters ◽

Capacitance Matrix

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Derivation of Yarn Package Radius Measuring System for Yarn Winding Machines

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1212570/v1 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

BELETE BAYE Gelaw ◽

Tamrat Tesfaye ◽

Esubalew Kasaew

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Manufacturing ◽

Quadratic Function ◽

Measuring System ◽

Length Variation ◽

Fiber Density ◽

Textile Mills ◽

Yarn Diameter ◽

Textile Industries ◽

Basic Characteristics ◽

New Formula

Abstract Decreasing waste materials through recycle has in the recent contributed to sustainable manufacturing in many textile industries for better resource utilization in textile mills. This has been given first priority in manufacturing, processing and finishing operations. Most of the time the yarn manufacturing and proper utilization of this material didn’t give attention in most companies. Especially yarn length variation of packages, weaving beams and copes have very critical impact on those companies which manufacture and utilize yarn products. This variation problem has great impact on their productivity and profitability. This paper describes the application of a new formula in the yarn packaging process and it is accomplished by derivation a new formula that can determine the radius of any package. The formula has integrated the basic characteristics of yarn and fiber including yarn diameter, yarn/ fiber density and mass of the yarn coiled on the cop. Finally we have concluded that package radius is the quadratic function of yarn density and package mass on the cope.

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Design Considerations for Therapeutic Devices - An Investigation of Pre-Schoolers’ Preferences for an Artefact’s Basic Characteristics

Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design ◽

10.1017/dsi.2019.92 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 877-886

Author(s):

Emanuel Balzan ◽

Philip Farrugia ◽

Owen Casha ◽

Liberato Camilleri ◽

Andrew Wodehouse

Keyword(s):

Design Process ◽

Consumer Products ◽

Design Stage ◽

Surface Appearance ◽

Design Considerations ◽

Gender And Age ◽

Material Hardness ◽

Basic Characteristics ◽

Dominant Characteristic ◽

Set Up

AbstractToys are children's first consumer products and while playing they acquire numerous skills, learn about their environment and socialise with other children and adults. Toys are adapted and used by clinicians as therapeutic devices because they allow them to create bonds and communicate with children. Aesthetical aspects should be considered early in the design process, especially since pre-schoolers’ views are still dominated by the appearance of artefacts, also known as, the perceptual salient characteristics. The study of emotions mediates the understanding of the relationships between a product, user and the process with which consumers set up preferences over products. Decisions taken in each design stage will influence whether therapeutic devices will be enjoyed by children. An experiment was carried out to test out pre-schoolers’ preferences on individual attributes: form, dimension, material (hardness and weight) and surface (appearance and texture). This study exposed dominant characteristic preferences and the fact that some are influenced by gender and age. Employing these findings in therapeutic devices will enable clinicians to better engage the children during therapy.

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An Electroscope System Based on Electric Field Measurement Method for UHV Transmission Lines

International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems ◽

10.2202/1553-779x.2154 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Fan Yang ◽

Wei He ◽

Tao Chen ◽

Xiaochu Luo ◽

Yongchang Fu

Keyword(s):

Electric Field ◽

Electric Fields ◽

Transmission Lines ◽

Field Measurement ◽

Measurement Method ◽

Electric Field Measurement ◽

Set Up ◽

Global Regularization ◽

Uhv Transmission Lines ◽

Internet Network

The paper describes an electric field measurement method based electroscope system to check the electrification state of ultra-high voltage transmission lines, which is composed of three parts: 1) Measuring terminal; 2) Central sever; 3) GPRS and Internet network. The measuring terminal was used to measure the electric field and the location of the measuring points, then the measured data was sent to the central sever by GPRS and Internet network, and requested for an electricity state confirmation.When the sever received a request from a terminal, the electric fields and locations of the measuring points were obtained first, then according to the location of the measuring points, the server searches the corresponding objective transmission lines in the database and read their parameters. According to the parameters of the measuring points and transmission lines, a calculation would be carried out to confirm the electrification state of the transmission lines. For the confirmation calculation, equations for the electric field inverse problem of the transmission lines were set up first, then global regularization and damped Gauss Newton (DGN) method were used to solve the inverse problem.A 500kV double loops transmission line was taken as an example to verify the validity of this method. The electric field and location of 11 measuring points were measured by the measuring terminal firstly, and then sent to the central sever. Electrification state was confirmed by the central sever.

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ENHANCEMENT OF GREEN ALGAE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY LASER IRRADIATION

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v78.7546 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Mohamad Aizat Abu Bakar ◽

Noriah Bidin

Keyword(s):

Diode Laser ◽

Green Algae ◽

Capillary Tube ◽

Red Light ◽

Wild Strain ◽

Gas Production ◽

Hydrogen Gas ◽

Measuring System ◽

Red Light Laser ◽

Set Up

Biohydrogen is an alternative to support the increasing hydrogen demand in the future. Biohydrogen is hydrogen gas produced by green algae and bacteria in certain quantity. The aim of this research is to enhance hydrogen gas production by green algae (Closterium sp.) using laser light. The laser used in this experiment was a diode laser operating in continuous mode with wavelength of 655 nm. Green algae are placed in a sulphur deprived medium so it will produce hydrogen gas. This algae is irradiated with diode laser for 30 minutes then stop before continue for the next 30 minutes. This process is repeated until the total irradiation is 120 minutes. Both strains of green algae are set up into measuring system under exposure of sunlight in a constant room temperature. The volume and rate of hydrogen gas produced is examined by measuring the dye position in capillary tube of 0.5 mm radius. The results showed that there is a 9.0% increase of hydrogen gas production in radiated strain of green algae compared to the wild strain. The rate of hydrogen gas production of radiated algae is faster than the wild strain. This showed that, red light laser has absorbed cell green algae and mutated its behaviour for producing more hydrogen gas. This result is in good agreement with other researcher.

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Diagnostic Train for High Speed Line: A Tool for Improving Vehicle and Track Maintenance

Volume 16: Transportation Systems ◽

10.1115/imece2007-42694 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Giorgio Diana ◽

Federico Cheli ◽

Paolo Belforte ◽

Ferruccio Resta ◽

Michele Elia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Measuring System ◽

Acceleration Measurement ◽

Railway Network ◽

Track Geometry ◽

Track Maintenance ◽

Wide Range ◽

Set Up ◽

Multi Body

During 2005, the Italian railway Network Operator (RFI – Rete Ferroviaria Italiana) realized two ETR500 train sets completely dedicated to diagnostic operation on the new high speed lines being built in Italy. During 2006, these train were equipped with a complete acceleration measuring system for test activities on new Italian high speed line Turin – Novara and Rome – Neaples. A complete accelerometric measurement set up has been installed for track investigation. To this aim, the experimental set up is able to identify vertical profile of track geometry, without the limitation to 25 – 30 m, typical of the traditional measuring methods. On the other hand, a tool for predictive identification of hunting instability has been developed. For each run, it is possible to define a map, highlighting all the irregularity wavelengths involved as a function of the space: for high speed application wavelength over 100 m can become really important both for comfort and safety, because they are able to interest low frequency dynamic (around 0.8 – 1.5 Hz). Moreover, with the aim of identifying the beginning of hunting instability, a tool has been developed in order to identify yaw instability vibration mode and thus its non-dimensional damping, just by bogie yaw acceleration measurement. Both this tools have been developed by means of comparison between numerical multi body simulations and experimental measurements. Numerical simulation have been used to simulate a wide range of operating condition, that was of fundamental importance in tuning of such tools. Full evidence on these method will be given in the paper, together with an example of the obtained results.

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