Multi-purpose adaptation to SLR in Mediterranean urban coastal environments: the Barcelona case

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose A. Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Good Test ◽  
Accommodation Space ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adaptation Pathway

<p>The coast around Barcelona can be considered a good paradigm of the highly pressured Mediterranean coastal zone. The combination of decreasing river sediment discharges, increasing urbanization and infrastructure development makes this a very sensitive coastline. If we also consider potential effects of SLR, future conditions will significantly worsen and, for urban coastal environments, this will be a significant challenge since natural and anthropic conditions will largely constrain the development and implementation of adaptation measures.</p><p>The coastal zone around Barcelona comprises different typologies which are common along the Mediterranean: (i) city front formed by artificial beaches; (ii) longshore transport (Sl) dominated coastline with different barriers and without accommodation space due to intensive urbanization and existing infrastructures (coastal railway); (iii) Sl-dominated coastline with accommodation space; (iv) harbor. This variability determines that current processes and hazards largely vary along the coast, and that expected SLR-induced impacts will also significantly vary. This variability is also found from the socio-economic standpoint, with different stakeholders with different interests and needs. Some examples are: the Barcelona municipality requiring healthy beaches to provide recreation space for beach users, and protection against storm impacts. The railway operator that needs to maintain overtopping rates below a given threshold to maintain train operability. Campsite owners requiring a stable coastline to have enough recreation space for clients (beach users) and to avoid infrastructure damages. In overall, the combination of hazards and stakeholders provides a wide range of (Mediterranean) conditions to be found in urban and periurban coastal environments and, in consequence, it is a good test site to develop general adaptation strategies for this kind of coasts.</p><p>Previous works have identified suitable adaptation measures: (i) a sediment management strategy to maintain beaches within a given status; (ii) a new spatial planning to promote the adaptation of uses in areas with existing accommodation space; (iii) accept to “sacrifice” some beaches in highly eroding zones; (iv) structures redevelopment to maintain targeted functionality. In order to develop an efficient and integrated adaptation strategy for the entire coast, it is necessary to build up an adaptation pathway incorporating different measures and their corresponding tipping points (ATP). The goal is to assess adaptation needs with time (to answer stakeholders’ needs), to determine ATPs, and to properly define adaptation measures. For this purpose, it is necessary to have detailed information on expected conditions (forcing, processes and hazards) taking place during the adaptation period. Within this context, this work will present a suitable adaptation pathway to this coastal stretch to SLR to maintain functions currently provided by the coast and considering stakeholders preferences and needs. Presented solutions could be used as an example for other Med urban coastal environments.   </p><p>This work was carried out within the framework of the M-CostAdapt (CTM2017-83655-C2-1-R) research project, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO/AEI/FEDER, UE).</p>

scholarly journals Revisiting the Functional Zoning Concept under Climate Change to Expand the Portfolio of Adaptation Options

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 273
Author(s):  
Samuel Royer-Tardif ◽  
Jürgen Bauhus ◽  
Frédérik Doyon ◽  
Philippe Nolet ◽  
Nelson Thiffault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Multiple Use ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Management Objectives ◽  
Functional Zoning ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adaptation Options

Climate change is threatening our ability to manage forest ecosystems sustainably. Despite strong consensus on the need for a broad portfolio of options to face this challenge, diversified management options have yet to be widely implemented. Inspired by functional zoning, a concept aimed at optimizing biodiversity conservation and wood production in multiple-use forest landscapes, we present a portfolio of management options that intersects management objectives with forest vulnerability to better address the wide range of goals inherent to forest management under climate change. Using this approach, we illustrate how different adaptation options could be implemented when faced with impacts related to climate change and its uncertainty. These options range from establishing ecological reserves in climatic refuges, where self-organizing ecological processes can result in resilient forests, to intensive plantation silviculture that could ensure a stable wood supply in an uncertain future. While adaptation measures in forests that are less vulnerable correspond to the traditional functional zoning management objectives, forests with higher vulnerability might be candidates for transformative measures as they may be more susceptible to abrupt changes in structure and composition. To illustrate how this portfolio of management options could be applied, we present a theoretical case study for the eastern boreal forest of Canada. Even if these options are supported by solid evidence, their implementation across the landscape may present some challenges and will require good communication among stakeholders and with the public.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of leaves of a mangrove tree (Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham.) and their correlation with some soil variables

1970 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashafaque Ahmed ◽  
Mikael Ohlson ◽  
Sirajul Hoque ◽  
Md Golam Moula
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Sonneratia Apetala ◽  
Mangrove Tree ◽  
Soil Variables ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Concentrations

Chemical composition of leaves of Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. collected from three islands (chars) representing three hydrological regimes in a segment of the coastal zone of Bangladesh was studied. Their relations to some soil chemical and physical variables have also been investigated. The results showed that concentrations of B, C, Fe, Ga, Li, Mg, Mn, N, Na, P, Zn and Sr in leaves of S. apetala grown in different islands differed significantly. It was also revealed that some heavy metals, viz. Mn, Fe, Al, Sr and Ti showed wide range of concentrations. The leaves from one of the locations in Motherbunia island were characterized by exceptional high concentrations of heavy metals such as Al, As, Cu, Fe, Li, Ni, Pb that may be due to local contamination. Leaves sampled in the most seaward locations of the same island had highest concentrations of Ba, Ca, Cu, Mn and Na. High Mn concentration was found in the leaves of S. apetala of Motherbunia island. Correlations among soil and plant samples were generally very weak and organic matter content of soil did not appear to play a significant role in the nutrient supply of S. apetala. Key words: Coastal zone; tidal inundation; elemental concentration; Sonneratia apetala DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v39i1.5528Bangladesh J. Bot. 39(1): 61-69, 2010 (June)

scholarly journals СТАН ДЕРЖАВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЇЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ

2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Оксана І. Дмитрієва
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Analytical Instruments ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Regulation Of Transport ◽  
Development Regulation

The article seeks to explore the state of government regulation of transport infrastructure and to reveal its specifics in ensuring this sector efficiency in the context of economic globalization. The study suggests that the framework of legislative and strategic documents in the area of transport industry and its infrastructure development regulation should be considered at the international, national and the regional levels. The paper also provides insights to the key challenges hindering the innovative development of the transport infrastructure in Ukraine. The research findings have revealed the major gaps in the system of government regulation of the Ukrainian transport infrastructure which refer to: the absence of a single public regulatory authority in the transport sector which is empowered to perform regulatory, monitoring and the control functions; fundamental imbalances in transport infrastructure development (as to different transport categories); the lack of tax incentives for investors in infrastructure facilities; the lack of a balancing mechanism to regulate the number of operators in various transport market sectors through licensing procedures; the absence of an effective mechanism for designing appropriate pricing (tariff) policies in the transport sector focusing on the need to prevent monopolization while promoting competition in adjacent markets etc. It is argued that a strategy to eliminate the above shortcomings in government regulation practices in the area of transport infrastructure should be built through searching a balance between deregulation (decentralization) and excessive centralization in the specified sector. With the purpose of consolidating and structuring the information to ensure the efficiency of transport infrastructure development based on government intervention, the study has identified the following components of a basic government regulation toolkit which involves a wide range of organizational, regulatory, social, economic, innovative, market-based, informational and analytical instruments.

scholarly journals PRINCIPLES OF COASTAL AREA & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT (Review: Strategic Plan for Integrated Coastal Management of Lampung)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riki Rahmad
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Coastal Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Coastal Zone Management ◽  
Problem Definition ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Integrated Coastal Management ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Zone Management

At the World Bank, coastal zone management (CZM) is a part of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM), is an interdisciplinary roomates and Intersectoral approach to problem definition and solutions in the coastal zone, it includes a range of initiatives that promote the environmentally sustainable development of coastal areas, and encompasses a range of activities such as community-based management of coastal resources, large-scale infrastructure development (ports, industrial and residential parks, etc..), pollution and erosion control, aquaculture, tourism and recreation, oil spill contingency planning, and navigational risk assessment.CZM is a process of governance that consists of the legal andinstitutional framework Necessary to Ensure that development and management plans for coastal zones are integrated with environmental and social goals, and are developed with the participation of those affected.The purpose of the ICM is to maximize the benefits providedby the coastal zone and to minimize the conflicts and Harmful effects of activities on social, cultural and environmental resources.

scholarly journals Review article: Mapping the adaptation solution space – lessons from Jakarta

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3285-3322
Author(s):  
Mia Wannewitz ◽  
Matthias Garschagen
Keyword(s):  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Flood Hazards ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Coastal Cities

Abstract. Coastal cities are under rising pressure to adapt to climate change. They suffer from the severe effects of increased frequencies and intensities of coastal hazards, particularly flooding, while oftentimes continuing to sprawl into hazard-exposed areas and grow beyond the pace of sufficient infrastructure development. Even though these problems have been quite well understood for a while, there is still comparatively little knowledge and scientific assessment of the solution space, i.e., on the options available for adaptation and the ways in which they are being perceived, framed and evaluated in the scientific literature. Focusing on Jakarta, this study presents findings from a systematic assessment of peer-reviewed scientific literature on the adaptation solution space with regard to current and future flooding. Jakarta is chosen as a case study since it is among the cities with the highest flood risk and adaptation pressure globally while also being one of the most heavily researched coastal cities in this regard, certainly in the Global South. Based on a structured keyword search, we assess 339 articles. Results indicate that the perceived solution space is skewed towards hard protection against flooding, while measures to accommodate flooding or retreat from exposed areas are less widely considered in the scientific debate. Soft adaptation measures for the reduction of social vulnerability receive less attention in the literature than those measures targeting the taming of flood hazards, often through engineering solutions. Likewise, hybrid adaptation approaches, which combine soft and hard measures in a complementary way, are only rarely considered. Looking into the future, the findings suggest that despite the importance of hard flood protection as a main adaptation solution in Jakarta, other fields of the solution space deserve increased scientific attention. This relates in particular to urgently needed feasibility and effectiveness assessments of ecosystems-based solutions for flood mitigation and adaptation options targeting social vulnerability. While the empirical results are specific to Jakarta, heuristic observations from research on other coastal cities suggest that similar scoping exercises of the predominantly perceived solution space might be of relevance in many cities beyond Jakarta.

scholarly journals Snow Avalanche Impact Measurements at the Seehore Test Site in Aosta Valley (NW Italian Alps)

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Margherita Maggioni ◽  
Monica Barbero ◽  
Fabrizio Barpi ◽  
Mauro Borri-Brunetto ◽  
Valerio De Biagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Regimes ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Hazard Mapping ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Italian Alps ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Avalanche Flow

In full-scale snow avalanche test sites, structures such as pylons, plates, or dams have been used to measure impact forces and pressures from avalanches. Impact pressures are of extreme importance when dealing with issues such as hazard mapping and the design of buildings exposed to avalanches. In this paper, we present the force measurements recorded for five selected avalanches that occurred at the Seehore test site in Aosta Valley (NW Italian Alps). The five avalanches were small to medium-sized and cover a wide range in terms of snow characteristics and flow dynamics. Our aim was to analyze the force and pressure measurements with respect to the avalanche characteristics. We measured pressures in the range of 2 to 30 kPa. Though without exhaustive measurements of the avalanche flows, we found indications of different flow regimes. For example, we could appreciate some differences in the vertical profile of the pressures recorded for wet dense avalanches and powder ones. Being aware of the fact that more complete measurements are necessary to fully describe the avalanche flows, we think that the data of the five avalanches triggered at the Seehore test site might add some useful information to the ongoing scientific discussion on avalanche flow regimes and impact pressure.

The Church Missionary Society and Architecture in the Mission Field: Evangelical Anglican Perspectives on Church Building Abroad, c. 1850-1900

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 197-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Turner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Gothic Revival ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Church Building ◽  
Church Missionary Society ◽  
Architectural Development ◽  
The Church

The Gothic Revival occupies a central place in the architectural development of the Church of England in the nineteenth century, both at home and abroad. Within the expanding British colonial world, in particular, the neo-Gothic church became a centrally important expression of both faith and identity throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. From a symbolic and communicative perspective, the style represented not only a visual link to Britain, but also the fundamental expression of the Church of England as an institution and of the culture of Englishness. As such, it carried with it a wide range of cultural implications that suited the needs of settler communities wishing to re-established their identity abroad. Expansion during this period, however, was not only limited to the growth of settler communities but was also reflected in growing Anglican missions to the non-Christian peoples of annexed territories. The two primary organs of the Church of England in the field, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) and the Church Missionary Society (CMS), actively employed the revived medieval style throughout the Empire as missions were solidified through infrastructure development. As a popular style with direct connotations to the Christian faith, revived medieval design became increasingly popular with Anglican missionaries abroad in the period between the early 1840s and the end of the century. Not only did its origins in ecclesiastical buildings make it attractive, but it was also stylistically distinctive, and set apart as a sacred style from both secular and ‘heathen’ structures.

scholarly journals Biodegradation Potential and Diversity of Diclofenac-degrading Microbiota in an Immobilized Cell Biofilter

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efstathia Navrozidou ◽  
Nikolaos Remmas ◽  
Paraschos Melidis ◽  
Dimitrios G. Karpouzas ◽  
George Tsiamis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Rhodopseudomonas Palustris ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Immobilized Cell ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Ph Decrease

Despite that diclofenac has been embodied to the European watch list of priority substances of concern, studies on diclofenac biodegradation are limited and the diversity of diclofenac-degrading microbiota remains unknown. In this work, an immobilized cell biofilter was constructed and operated to evaluate its effectiveness to depurate high strength diclofenac wastewater and to identify the diclofenac-degrading community accommodated in activated sludge by employing high-throughput sequencing techniques. After a two-month adaptation period, biofilter removal efficiencies reached values as high as 97.63 ± 0.62%, whereas utilization of diclofenac in the immobilized cell biofilter led to a drastic pH decrease. Based on Illumina sequencing, the major bacterial taxa identified in the immobilized cell biofilter were members of the species Granulicella pectinivorans and Rhodanobacter terrae, followed by members of the species Castellaniella denitrificans, Parvibaculum lavamentivorans, Bordetella petrii, Bryocella elongata and Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The ability of such taxa to utilize a wide range of carbon sources and to effectively adapt under acidic conditions seemed to be the main parameters, which favored their prevalence in the immobilized cell biofilter. In addition, Wickerhamiella was the predominant fungal taxon in the immobilized cell biofilter, which appears to be actively involved in diclofenac degradation in activated sludge systems.

scholarly journals Inside out: microbiota dynamics during host-plant adaptation of whiteflies

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Santos-Garcia ◽  
Natividad Mestre-Rincon ◽  
Einat Zchori-Fein ◽  
Shai Morin
Keyword(s):  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Suitable Host ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Active Core ◽  
Host Plant Adaptation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Inside Out

AbstractWhile most insect herbivores are selective feeders, a small proportion of them feed on a wide range of plants. This polyphagous habit requires overcoming a remarkable array of defenses, which often necessitates an adaptation period. Efforts for understanding the mechanisms involved mostly focus on the insect’s phenotypic plasticity. Here, we hypothesized that the adaptation process might partially rely on transient associations with bacteria. To test this, we followed in a field-like experiment, the adaptation process of Bemisia tabaci, a generalist sap feeder, to pepper (a less-suitable host), after switching from watermelon (a suitable host). Amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA transcripts from hundreds of dissected guts revealed the presence of active “core” and “transient” bacterial communities, dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, and increasing differences between populations grown on watermelon and pepper. Insects grown on pepper for over two generations presented a significant increase in specific genera, mainly Mycobacterium, with a predicted enrichment in degradative pathways of xenobiotics and secondary metabolites. This result correlated with a significant increase in the insect’s survival on pepper. Taken together, our findings suggest that gut-associated bacteria can provide an additional flexible metabolic “tool-box” to generalist sap feeders for facilitating a quick host switching process.

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