Integrated Spatial and Economic Analysis on Water Infrastructure Expansion Profitability and Affecting Climatic Factors within the Central Valley of California

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh Lal Maskey ◽  
Liying Li ◽  
Angel S. Fernandez-Bou ◽  
Joshua H. Viers ◽  
Josue Medellin-Azuara
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Water Infrastructure ◽  
California Department ◽  
The Past ◽  
Optimal Water Allocation

<p>Climate signals have been consistently changing over the past century, together with increased population and human activities. Consequently, notable shifts in timing and magnitude of floods and drought and declining surface and subsurface water storage have been seriously posing effects on water supply and demand throughout the planet. Hence, it becomes relevant to understand the optimal water allocation to different water users such as agriculture, urban, environmental, and wildlife refuge and manage water infrastructure projects accordingly to support optimal water allocation. In the past, we have shown the successful application of the statewide hydro-economic model, also known as CALVIN (California Value Integrated Network)<sup>1,2</sup>, to minimize water allocation costs and optimize water utility under the policy, operational, and environmental constraints.</p><p>This study utilizes economic and water allocation output from the CALVIN model historical run (1921 to 2003; monthly scale), and it explores the opportunity cost of water storage and conveyance expansion in California (economic data based on 2050 projected water use<sup>3,4</sup>). This study performs a time series analysis on the marginal economic value of expansion to characterize the correlation between historical climatic factors with water allocation capacity extension to characterize how climate events such as droughts or floods can affect the profitability of water infrastructure expansion projects. The result provides useful information for statewide planners and decision-makers in setting coping strategies for the future under climate change conditions<sup>5,6</sup>. Additionally, this study uses the historical run expansion cost results to identify the most profitable water infrastructure expansion locations using spatial analysis. This study concentrates on agriculture and urban water demands from surface and groundwater sources and categorizes the water allocation over different water years dictated by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR). This study offers a holistic approach to elucidate responses of existing water supply-demand nexus, and the results will be useful for the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) of California.</p><p><strong>References:</strong></p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Rapid climate-driven evolution of the invasive species Mytilus galloprovincialis over the past century

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-29
Author(s):  
Guo-Dong Han ◽  
Yun-Wei Dong
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Adaptive Genetic Variation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range

Climate-driven adaptive genetic variation is one of the most important ways for organisms to tolerate environmental change and succeed in altered environments. To understand rapid climate-driven evolution, and how this evolution might shift biogeographic distributions in response to global change, we measured the adaptive genetic variation to the local environment of a marine invasive species Mytilus galloprovincialis. The genetic structure of eight populations from the Mediterranean Sea, northeastern Atlantic, northeastern Pacific, and northwestern Pacific were determined using genome-wide screens for single nucleotide polymorphisms. The relationships of genetic variation to environmental (seawater and air) temperature were analyzed using redundancy analysis and BayeScEnv analysis to evaluate the impacts of temperature on the genetic divergences among these eight populations. We found that the genetic compositions were significantly different among populations and the adaptive genetic variation was associated with temperature variables. Further, we identified some genetic markers exhibiting signatures of divergent selection in association with environmental features that can be used in the future to closely monitor adaptive variation in this species. Our results suggest that divergent climatic factors have driven adaptive genetic variation in M. galloprovincialis over the past century. The rapid evolutionary adaptation has played a pivotal role in enabling this species to invade a wide range of thermal habitats successfully. Species like M. galloprovincialis that possess high levels of genetic variation may not only be especially capable of invading new habitats with different environmental conditions, but also poised to cope rapidly and successfully with rising global temperatures.

scholarly journals Konsep Pengembangan Penyediaan Air Bersih Kawasan Permukiman Desa Wisata Bukit Surowiti, Gresik

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Tisa Angelia ◽  
Moh. Saiful Hakiki
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Water Infrastructure ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Private Participation ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Artificial Water

Abstrak: Infrastruktur air bersih adalah komponen pendukung pariwisata yang penting. Permukiman Desa Wisata Bukit Surowiti memiliki kendala dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan air bersih sebagai salah satu wisata di Kabupaten Gresik. Identifikasi faktor-faktor pengembangan penyediaan air bersih di kawasan wisata ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan konsep pengembangan penyediaan air bersih. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik analisa triangulasi yang sebelumnya dilakukan analisa theoritical descriptive dan tervalidasi dengan delphi. Hasil penelitian adalah mengembangkan penyediaan tempat-tempat penampungan air bersih secara alami maupun buatan yang memperhatikan unsur estetika dan didukung oleh partisipasi masyarakat dan swasta dalam pendistribusian air bersih khususnya air PDAM.Kata Kunci : Desa Bukit Surowiti, Infrastruktur Air Bersih, Permukiman Kawasan WisataAbstrak: Clean water infrastructure is important tourism support component. The settlement of Bukit Surowiti Tourism Village has problems in fulfilling the need for clean water as one of the tours in Gresik Regency. The identification of the development factors of clean water supply in the tourist area aims to formulate the concept of developing clean water supply. This type of research is qualitative descriptive with triangulation analysis techniques wich previously carried out theoritical descriptive analysis and validated with Delphi. The result of this research is to develop the provision of natural and artificial water storage places that pay attention to aesthetic elements and are supported by public and private participation in distribution of clean water, especially PDAM water.Key Words : Bukit Surowiti Village, Clean Water Infrastructure, Tourist area settlements 

From government-driven to commercially-driven mergers: changing drivers for upscaling in the Dutch water supply sector

Water Policy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Public Management ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Considerations

Over the past century the Dutch water supply sector has undergone a process of upscaling in which the number of utilities dropped from 230 in the late 1930s to 14 in 2007. Although the policy of upscaling service provision has been continued over this period, the driving forces behind the upscaling process have changed from government-steered upscaling to mergers which are initiated and executed by the water utilities. The shift in drivFing forces reflects two interlinked changes in the Dutch water supply sector. First, it highlights a shift in objectives that public water utilities are expected to achieve. The government-driven mergers in the first part of the 20th century focused on expanding service coverage to the unserved population. The mergers of the past decade highlight the increasing emphasis on efficiency and “market position”. Secondly, the change in driving forces behind the mergers in the Dutch water supply sector, as illustrated by the case of Friesland, reflect the shift to a “new model of public management” in the water services sector in which public water utilities are expected to operate as autonomous agencies and on the basis of commercial principles (meaning that economic considerations for mergers predominate).

scholarly journals The 2019–2020 Rise in Lake Victoria Monitored from Space: Exploiting the State-of-the-Art GRACE-FO and the Newly Released ERA-5 Reanalysis Products

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4304
Author(s):  
Mehdi Khaki ◽  
Joseph Awange
Keyword(s):  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
The State ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Short Rainy Season ◽  
Spatial Coverage

During the period 2019–2020, Lake Victoria water levels rose at an alarming rate that has caused various problems in the region. The influence of this phenomena on surface and subsurface water resources has not yet been investigated, largely due to lack of enough in situ measurements compounded by the spatial coverage of the lake’s basin, incomplete/inconsistent hydrometeorological data, and unavailable governmental data. Within the framework of joint data assimilation into a land surface model from multi-mission satellite remote sensing, this study employs the state-of-art Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment follow-on (GRACE-FO) time-variable terrestrial water storage (TWS), newly released ERA-5 reanalysis, and satellite radar altimetry products to understand the cause of the rise of Lake Victoria on the one hand, and the associated impacts of the rise on the total water storage compartments (surface and groundwater) triggered by the extreme climatic event on the other hand. In addition, the study investigates the impacts of large-scale ocean–atmosphere indices on the water storage changes. The results indicate a considerable increase in water storage over the past two years, with multiple subsequent positive trends mainly induced by the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Significant storage increase is also quantified in various water components such as surface water and water discharge, where the results show the lake’s water level rose by ∼1.4 m, leading to approximately 1750 gigatonne volume increase. Multiple positive trends are observed in the past two years in the lake’s water storage increase with two major events in April–May 2019 and December 2019–January 2020, with the rainfall occurring during the short rainy season of September to November (SON) having had a dominant effect on the lake’s rise.

scholarly journals The long-term effects of climatic factors on radial growth of downy birch (Betula pubescens) and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) in East Iceland

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 73-87
Author(s):  
Nandini Hannak ◽  
Ólafur Eggertsson
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Betula Pubescens ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Sorbus Aucuparia ◽  
The Past ◽  
Downy Birch

The aim of this study was to investigate the tree-ring growth of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) in Ranaskógur, a forest in East Iceland, and to determine its response to climate factors during the past century. Tree-core samples were collected in September 2018 and from those a tree-ring width (TRW) chronology and a standardized tree-ring index (TRI) chronology were produced. A statistical analysis between the chronologies and monthly mean temperatures and total monthly precipitation was carried out. The study found that both species had similar radial growth during the past century. The growth of birch responded significantly positively to June and July temperatures, while rowan responded significantly positively to July and August temperatures. The growth of neither species was significantly affected by precipitation across the whole period. However, in the 1940s to early 1960s, rowan growth correlated significantly with June precipitation, and birch with April and May precipitation.

The zoonotic potential of bat-borne coronaviruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-381
Author(s):  
Ny Anjara Fifi Ravelomanantsoa ◽  
Sarah Guth ◽  
Angelo Andrianiaina ◽  
Santino Andry ◽  
Anecia Gentles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Novel Host ◽  
Horseshoe Bat ◽  
Human Infections

Seven zoonoses — human infections of animal origin — have emerged from the Coronaviridae family in the past century, including three viruses responsible for significant human mortality (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) in the past twenty years alone. These three viruses, in addition to two older CoV zoonoses (HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63) are believed to be originally derived from wild bat reservoir species. We review the molecular biology of the bat-derived Alpha- and Betacoronavirus genera, highlighting features that contribute to their potential for cross-species emergence, including the use of well-conserved mammalian host cell machinery for cell entry and a unique capacity for adaptation to novel host environments after host switching. The adaptive capacity of coronaviruses largely results from their large genomes, which reduce the risk of deleterious mutational errors and facilitate range-expanding recombination events by offering heightened redundancy in essential genetic material. Large CoV genomes are made possible by the unique proofreading capacity encoded for their RNA-dependent polymerase. We find that bat-borne SARS-related coronaviruses in the subgenus Sarbecovirus, the source clade for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, present a particularly poignant pandemic threat, due to the extraordinary viral genetic diversity represented among several sympatric species of their horseshoe bat hosts. To date, Sarbecovirus surveillance has been almost entirely restricted to China. More vigorous field research efforts tracking the circulation of Sarbecoviruses specifically and Betacoronaviruses more generally is needed across a broader global range if we are to avoid future repeats of the COVID-19 pandemic.

PCSK9 inhibition for LDL lowering and beyond – implications for patients with peripheral artery disease

VASA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Gebauer ◽  
Holger Reinecke
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Ldl Receptor ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Pcsk9 Inhibitors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pcsk9 Inhibition

Abstract. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has been proven to be a causal factor of atherosclerosis and, along with other triggers like inflammation, the most frequent reason for peripheral arterial disease. Moreover, a linear correlation between LDL-C concentration and cardiovascular outcome in high-risk patients could be established during the past century. After the development of statins, numerous randomized trials have shown the superiority for LDL-C reduction and hence the decrease in cardiovascular outcomes including mortality. Over the past decades it became evident that more intense LDL-C lowering, by either the use of highly potent statin supplements or by additional cholesterol absorption inhibitor application, accounted for an even more profound cardiovascular risk reduction. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a serin protease with effect on the LDL receptor cycle leading to its degradation and therefore preventing continuing LDL-C clearance from the blood, is the target of a newly developed monoclonal antibody facilitating astounding LDL-C reduction far below to what has been set as target level by recent ESC/EAS guidelines in management of dyslipidaemias. Large randomized outcome trials including subjects with PAD so far have been able to prove significant and even more intense cardiovascular risk reduction via further LDL-C debasement on top of high-intensity statin medication. Another approach for LDL-C reduction is a silencing interfering RNA muting the translation of PCSK9 intracellularly. Moreover, PCSK9 concentrations are elevated in cells involved in plaque composition, so the potency of intracellular PCSK9 inhibition and therefore prevention or reversal of plaques may provide this mechanism of action on PCSK9 with additional beneficial effects on cells involved in plaque formation. Thus, simultaneous application of statins and PCSK9 inhibitors promise to reduce cardiovascular event burden by both LDL-C reduction and pleiotropic effects of both agents.

Archaeology in the Past Century

1901 ◽  
Vol 51 (1309supp) ◽  
pp. 20976-20977
Author(s):  
W. M. Flinders Petrje
Keyword(s):  
Past Century ◽  
The Past

Catholicism and Cosmopolitanism: the Confluence of Three Catholic Scholars and the Cosmopolitan Democrats on State Sovereignty and the Future of Global Governance

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Matthew Bagot
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Jacques Maritain ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cosmopolitan Democracy ◽  
Catholic Tradition

One of the central questions in international relations today is how we should conceive of state sovereignty. The notion of sovereignty—’supreme authority within a territory’, as Daniel Philpott defines it—emerged after the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 as a result of which the late medieval crisis of pluralism was settled. But recent changes in the international order, such as technological advances that have spurred globalization and the emerging norm of the Responsibility to Protect, have cast the notion of sovereignty into an unclear light. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the current debate regarding sovereignty by exploring two schools of thought on the matter: first, three Catholic scholars from the past century—Luigi Sturzo, Jacques Maritain, and John Courtney Murray, S.J.—taken as representative of Catholic tradition; second, a number of contemporary political theorists of cosmopolitan democracy. The paper argues that there is a confluence between the Catholic thinkers and the cosmopolitan democrats regarding their understanding of state sovereignty and that, taken together, the two schools have much to contribute not only to our current understanding of sovereignty, but also to the future of global governance.

Aftershocks

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seva Gunitsky
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
International System ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sudden Rise ◽  
The World ◽  
National Borders

Over the past century, democracy spread around the world in turbulent bursts of change, sweeping across national borders in dramatic cascades of revolution and reform. This book offers a new global-oriented explanation for this wavelike spread and retreat—not only of democracy but also of its twentieth-century rivals, fascism, and communism. The book argues that waves of regime change are driven by the aftermath of cataclysmic disruptions to the international system. These hegemonic shocks, marked by the sudden rise and fall of great powers, have been essential and often-neglected drivers of domestic transformations. Though rare and fleeting, they not only repeatedly alter the global hierarchy of powerful states but also create unique and powerful opportunities for sweeping national reforms—by triggering military impositions, swiftly changing the incentives of domestic actors, or transforming the basis of political legitimacy itself. As a result, the evolution of modern regimes cannot be fully understood without examining the consequences of clashes between great powers, which repeatedly—and often unsuccessfully—sought to cajole, inspire, and intimidate other states into joining their camps.

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