scholarly journals Estimating population and urban areas at risk of coastal hazards, 1990–2015: how data choices matter

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 5747-5801
Author(s):  
Kytt MacManus ◽  
Deborah Balk ◽  
Hasim Engin ◽  
Gordon McGranahan ◽  
Rya Inman
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Urban Rural

Abstract. The accurate estimation of population living in the low-elevation coastal zone (LECZ) – and at heightened risk from sea level rise – is critically important for policymakers and risk managers worldwide. This characterization of potential exposure depends on robust representations not only of coastal elevation and spatial population data but also of settlements along the urban–rural continuum. The empirical basis for LECZ estimation has improved considerably in the 13 years since it was first estimated that 10 % of the world's population – and an even greater share of the urban population – lived in the LECZ (McGranahan et al., 2007a). Those estimates were constrained in several ways, not only most notably by a single 10 m LECZ but also by a dichotomous urban–rural proxy and population from a single source. This paper updates those initial estimates with newer, improved inputs and provides a range of estimates, along with sensitivity analyses that reveal the importance of understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the underlying data. We estimate that between 750 million and nearly 1.1 billion persons globally, in 2015, live in the ≤ 10 m LECZ, with the variation depending on the elevation and population data sources used. The variations are considerably greater at more disaggregated levels, when finer elevation bands (e.g., the ≤ 5 m LECZ) or differing delineations between urban, quasi-urban and rural populations are considered. Despite these variations, there is general agreement that the LECZ is disproportionately home to urban dwellers and that the urban population in the LECZ has grown more than urban areas outside the LECZ since 1990. We describe the main results across these new elevation, population and urban-proxy data sources in order to guide future research and improvements to characterizing risk in low-elevation coastal zones (https://doi.org/10.7927/d1x1-d702, CIESIN and CIDR, 2021).

scholarly journals Estimating Population and Urban Areas at Risk of Coastal Hazards, 1990–2015: How data choices matter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kytt MacManus ◽  
Deborah Balk ◽  
Hasim Engin ◽  
Gordon McGranahan ◽  
Rya Inman
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Urban Rural

Abstract. The accurate estimation of population living in the Low Elevation Coastal Zone (LECZ), and at heightened risk from sea level rise, is critically important for policy makers and risk managers worldwide. This characterization of potential exposure depends not only on robust representations of coastal elevation and spatial population data, but also of settlements along the urban-rural continuum. The empirical basis for LECZ estimation has improved considerably in the 13 years since it was first estimated that 10 % of the world’s population, and an even greater share of the urban population, lived in the LECZ (McGranahan et al., 2007). Those estimates were constrained in several ways, most notably by a single 10-meter LECZ, but also by a dichotomous urban-rural proxy and population from a single source. This paper updates those initial estimates with newer, improved inputs and provides a range of estimates, along with sensitivity analyses that reveal the importance of understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the underlying data. We estimate that between 750 million to nearly 1.1 billion persons globally, in 2015, live in the ≤ 10 m LECZ, with the variation depending on the elevation and population data sources used. The variations are considerably greater at more disaggregated levels, when finer elevation bands (e.g. the ≤ 5 m LECZ) or differing delineations between urban, quasi-urban and rural populations are considered. Despite these variations, there is general agreement that the LECZ is disproportionately home to urban dwellers, and that the urban population in the LECZ has grown more than urban areas outside the LECZ since 1990. We describe the main results across these new elevation, population, and urban proxy data sources in order to guide future research and improvements to characterizing risk in low elevation coastal zones. DOI: assigned upon completion of data peer-review.

scholarly journals Urban–rural differences in adolescent eating behaviour: a multilevel cross-sectional study of 15-year-olds in Scotland

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 1776-1785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate A Levin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
School Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Breakfast Consumption ◽  
Consumption Frequency ◽  
Urban Rural

AbstractObjectiveImproving the diet of the Scottish population has been a government focus in recent years. Population health is known to vary between geographies; therefore alongside trends and socio-economic inequalities in eating behaviour, geographic differences should also be monitored.DesignEating behaviour data from the 2010 Scotland Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey were modelled using multilevel linear and logistic modelling.SettingData were collected in schools across urban and rural Scotland.SubjectsSchoolchildren aged 15 years.ResultsAdolescents living in remote rural Scotland had the highest consumption frequency of vegetables (on average consumed on 6·68 d/week) and the lowest consumption frequency of sweets and crisps (on 4·27 and 3·02 d/week, respectively). However, it was not in the major four cities of Scotland (Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee and Aberdeen) but in the geography described by the classification ‘other urban’ areas (large towns of between 10 000 and 125 000 residents) that adolescents had the poorest diet. Deprivation and rurality were independently associated with food consumption for all but fruit consumption. Sharing a family meal, dieting behaviour, food poverty and breakfast consumption did not differ by rurality. Variance at the school level was significant for fruit and vegetable consumption frequencies and for irregular breakfast consumption, regardless of rurality.ConclusionsYoung people from rural areas have a healthier diet than those living in urban areas. The eating behaviours examined did not explain these differences. Future research should investigate why urban–rural differences exist for consumption frequencies of ‘healthy’ and ‘unhealthy’ foods.

scholarly journals Cities on the Coast and Patterns of Movement between Population Growth and Diffusion

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1041
Author(s):  
Dmitry V. Kovalevsky ◽  
Dimitri Volchenkov ◽  
Jürgen Scheffran
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Maximum Entropy Principle ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Climate Services ◽  
Urban Dynamics

Sea level rise and high-impact coastal hazards due to on-going and projected climate change dramatically affect many coastal urban areas worldwide, including those with the highest urbanization growth rates. To develop tailored coastal climate services that can inform decision makers on climate adaptation in coastal cities, a better understanding and modeling of multifaceted urban dynamics is important. We develop a coastal urban model family, where the population growth and urbanization rates are modeled in the framework of diffusion over the half-bounded and bounded domains, and apply the maximum entropy principle to the latter case. Population density distributions are derived analytically whenever possible. Steady-state wave solutions balancing the width of inhabited coastal zones, with the skewed distributions maximizing population entropy, might be responsible for the coastward migrations outstripping the demographic development of the hinterland. With appropriate modifications of boundary conditions, the developed family of diffusion models can describe coastal urban dynamics affected by climate change.

scholarly journals Improved Estimates of Population Exposure in Low-Elevation Coastal Zones of China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 4012
Author(s):  
Yang ◽  
Yao ◽  
Chen ◽  
Ye ◽  
Jin
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
Population Grid ◽  
Populous Country ◽  
Coastal China

With sea level predicted to rise and the frequency and intensity of coastal flooding expected to increase due to climate change, high-resolution gridded population datasets have been extensively used to estimate the size of vulnerable populations in low-elevation coastal zones (LECZ). China is the most populous country, and populations in its LECZ grew rapidly due to urbanization and remarkable economic growth in coastal areas. In assessing the potential impacts of coastal hazards, the spatial distribution of population exposure in China’s LECZ should be examined. In this study, we propose a combination of multisource remote sensing images, point-of-interest data, and machine learning methods to improve the performance of population disaggregation in coastal China. The resulting population grid map of coastal China for the reference year 2010, with a spatial resolution of 100 × 100 m, is presented and validated. Then, we analyze the distribution of population in LECZ by overlaying the new gridded population data and LECZ footprints. Results showed that the total population exposed in China’s LECZ in 2010 was 158.2 million (random forest prediction) and 160.6 million (Cubist prediction), which account for 12.17% and 12.36% of the national population, respectively. This study also showed the considerable potential in combining geospatial big data for high-resolution population estimation.

scholarly journals Nature-based approaches to managing climate change impacts in cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1794) ◽  
pp. 20190124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Hobbie ◽  
Nancy B. Grimm
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Coastal Zones ◽  
Impervious Cover ◽  
Cultural Ecological ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Managing and adapting to climate change in urban areas will become increasingly important as urban populations grow, especially because unique features of cities amplify climate change impacts. High impervious cover exacerbates impacts of climate warming through urban heat island effects and of heavy rainfall by magnifying runoff and flooding. Concentration of human settlements along rivers and coastal zones increases exposure of people and infrastructure to climate change hazards, often disproportionately affecting those who are least prepared. Nature-based strategies (NBS), which use living organisms, soils and sediments, and/or landscape features to reduce climate change hazards, hold promise as being more flexible, multi-functional and adaptable to an uncertain and non-stationary climate future than traditional approaches. Nevertheless, future research should address the effectiveness of NBS for reducing climate change impacts and whether they can be implemented at scales appropriate to climate change hazards and impacts. Further, there is a need for accurate and comprehensive cost–benefit analyses that consider disservices and co-benefits, relative to grey alternatives, and how costs and benefits are distributed across different communities. NBS are most likely to be effective and fair when they match the scale of the challenge, are implemented with input from diverse voices and are appropriate to specific social, cultural, ecological and technological contexts. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions’.

Urban–Rural Disparities in the Association Between Body Mass Index and Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: A Cross–Sectional Study in Central China

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 1741-1752
Author(s):  
Jing-Jing Zhang ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Dan Liu ◽  
Fei-Fei Hu ◽  
Gui-Rong Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Rural

Background: Some studies have demonstrated an association between low and high body mass index (BMI) and an increased risk of dementia. However, only a few of these studies were performed in rural areas. Objective: This cross–sectional study investigated the associations between BMI and cognitive impairment among community–dwelling older adults from rural and urban areas. Methods: 8,221 older persons enrolled in the Hubei Memory & Ageing Cohort Study (HMACS) were recruited. Sociodemographic and lifestyle data, comorbidities, physical measurements, and clinical diagnoses of cognitive impairment were analyzed. Logistic regression was performed to assess the associations of BMI categories with cognitive impairment. A series of sensitivity analyses were conducted to test whether reverse causality could influence our results. Results: Being underweight in the rural–dwelling participants increased the risk of cognitive impairment. Being overweight was a protective factor in rural–dwelling participants aged 65–69 years and 75–79 years, whereas being underweight was significantly associated with cognitive impairment (OR, 1.37; 95% CI: 1.03–1.83; p < 0.05). Sensitivity analyses support that underweight had an additive effect on the odds of cognitive impairment and was related to risk of dementia. Interaction test revealed that the differences between urban/rural in the relationship between BMI and cognitive impairment are statistically significant. Conclusion: Associations between BMI and cognitive impairment differ among urban/rural groups. Older people with low BMI living in rural China are at a higher risk for dementia than those living in urban areas.

scholarly journals COVID-19 vaccination in rural India: a battle to be won!

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 531
Author(s):  
Neha Sharma ◽  
Pragyan Swagatika Panda ◽  
Manasvee Dewan ◽  
Priyanka Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Unequal Access ◽  
Roll Out

As of 22nd July 2021, 13.3% of world’s population are fully vaccinated and 26.8% of world’s population have received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. COVID-19 vaccination drive was launched in India on 16th January 2021 with two government approved vaccines Covishield® and Covaxin®. About 65.53% of India’s population resides in rural areas. As vaccination is progressing, a gap (of number of vaccines administered) between urban and rural vaccination centers is clearly becoming evident. By mid-May, 30.3% of India’s urban population had received at least one dose of the vaccine compared to 19.2% in semi-urban areas, 15.1% in semi-rural areas and just 12.7% in rural areas. Vaccine roll out in rural areas is adversely affected probably because of unequal access in rural area, vaccine hesitancy due to misinformation and myths being circulated through social media and low educational status of rural population as compared to the urban peers. A successful COVID-19 vaccination drive depends on maximum possible coverage. Through this manuscript we aim to draw attention to objective and feasible strategies in order to bridge the existing urban-rural vaccination gap.

Telehealth: Reducing or increasing cancer care disparities?

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1582-1582
Author(s):  
Patricia Jewett ◽  
Rachel I. Vogel ◽  
Rahel G. Ghebre ◽  
Arpit Rao ◽  
Jane Yuet Ching Hui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Underserved Populations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comprehensive Cancer Center ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Race Ethnicity

1582 Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, most cancer care in the United States transitioned to telehealth (phone or video visits) to reduce infection risks for patients and providers. Telehealth may simplify care logistics (e.g. reduce travel and waiting times), but it may also unintentionally exacerbate existing disparities in healthcare utilization by race/ethnicity, age, or rural/urban status. As telehealth will likely continue long-term, we examined telehealth use at a comprehensive cancer center during the COVID-19 pandemic across patient populations with established disparities in cancer treatment and outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed telehealth visits from March until December 2020 among individuals diagnosed with cancer at the University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center (MCC). We used Chi-squared tests and GEE logistic regression to compare video vs. phone visits by age, urban/rural status, and race/ethnicity (American Indian / American Native [AIAN], Asian, Non-Hispanic Black/African American [NH Black/AA], Hispanic, Multiple, Native Hawaiian / Pacific Islander [NHPI], NH White). Results: Over the study period, 42,171 telehealth visits were performed with 11,097 patients at the MCC. Patients had a mean age of 62.7±13.9 years; 59.2% were female; 88.7% lived in urban areas; 90.0% of patients were NH White, 4.4% NH Black/AA, 3.0% Asian, 1.5% Hispanic, 0.8% AIAN, 0.3% of multiple races, and 0.1% NHPI. The most common cancer sites were breast (24.1%), hematological (21.0%), gynecologic (10.0%), and lung (8.4%). NH White individuals were more likely (53.9%) to use video than AIAN (39.7%), Black/AA (37.8%), or NHPI individuals (34.9%). Video use was less common among rural (45.3%) than urban (53.7%; p<.0001) residents, and among individuals aged 65 or older (45.2%) vs. younger than 65 (59.5%; p<.0001). In a logistic regression, adjusted for continuous age and urban/rural status, all race/ethnic groups except Multiple were less likely to use video than NH White individuals (vs. phone; Table). Conclusions: Our findings underscore disparities in telehealth use for cancer care across historically underserved populations. Future research should evaluate potential underlying contributors to these disparities such as technology access, internet capability, and fear of discrimination. Additional research is also needed to determine whether video vs. phone visits affect cancer outcomes, therefore indicating true disparity.[Table: see text]

Fields of spatial research on urban areas in the context of organisational solutions to new forms of transportation

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Bartosz Czarnecki
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Use Of Self ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Main Achievement ◽  
Self Driving Cars

Abstract The paper discusses the spatial consequences of the widespread use of self-driving cars and the resulting changes in the structure of urban areas. Analysing present knowledge on the technology, functionality and future forms of organisation of mobility with this type of means of transportation, conclusions are presented concerning the expected changes in the organisation of space in urban areas. The main achievement of the investigation is an outline of the fields of future research on the spatial consequences of a transportation system with a large share of self-driving cars.

International Archival Auditing and Assurance Research: Trends, Methodological Issues, and Opportunities

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Simnett ◽  
Elizabeth Carson ◽  
Ann Vanstraelen
Keyword(s):  
Audit Quality ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Support Evidence

SUMMARY We present a comprehensive review of the 130 international archival auditing and assurance research articles that were published in eight leading accounting and auditing journals for 1995–2014. In order to support evidence-based international standard setting and regulation, and to identify what has been learned to date, we map this research to the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board's (IAASB) Framework for Audit Quality. For the areas that have been well researched, we provide a summary of the findings and outline how they can inform standard setters and regulators. We also observe a significant evolution in international archival research over the 20 years of our study, as evidenced by the measures of audit quality, data sources used, and approaches used to address endogeneity concerns. Finally, we identify some challenges in undertaking international archival auditing and assurance research and identify opportunities for future research. Our review is of interest to researchers, practitioners, and standard setters/regulators involved in international auditing and assurance activities.

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