Comparision Of BRAF V600E, COX–2 and p53 As Biomarkers For The Early Detection Of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of gastrointestinal cancer. Almost two million new cases of CRC are diagnosed every year, making CRC the third most common cancer and the fourth most common cancer-associated cause of mortality in the world. The onset and development of CRC is induced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors including social, cultural and lifestyle factors. Age is considered as main risk factor for the colorectal cancer, there is remarkable increase past the fifth decade of life. Because of its high incidence and mortality rate worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) has become a global public health problem. Patients with CRC are typically asymptomatic and therefore it is difficult to diagnose disease until advanced stages, where the disease becomes incurable. Early diagnosis and therapy is able to decrease the risk of CRC in this asymptomatic population; however, early diagnosis of CRC remains a challenge in clinical practice. This review article was a comparative study and aims to explore the ability of the selected markers for early diagnosis of colorectal cancers for long term survival. Hence, identification of novel non-invasive diagnostic methods for early tumor detection in CRC is required. Screening of average-risk individuals can reduce CRC mortality by detecting cancer at an early curable stage. There is need for the implementation of new speci?c and more sensitive biomarkers in upcoming future which will improve diagnostic strategies and allowing clinicians to detect CRC cases in the earliest stages of the disease, to improve the prognosis of thousands of patients.

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Recent advances in clinical practice: colorectal cancer chemoprevention in the average-risk population

Gut ◽

10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320990 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (12) ◽

pp. 2244-2255 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nicolas Chapelle ◽

Myriam Martel ◽

Esther Toes-Zoutendijk ◽

Alan N Barkun ◽

Marc Bardou

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Preliminary Evidence ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Normal Colonic Mucosa ◽

Average Risk ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and lethal malignancies in Western countries. Its development is a multistep process that spans more than 15 years, thereby providing an opportunity for prevention and early detection. The high incidence and mortality rates emphasise the need for prevention and screening. Many countries have therefore introduced CRC screening programmes. It is expected, and preliminary evidence in some countries suggests, that this screening effort will decrease CRC-related mortality rates. CRC prevention involves a healthy lifestyle and chemoprevention—more specifically, oral chemoprevention that can interfere with progression from a normal colonic mucosa to adenocarcinoma. This preventive effect is important for individuals with a genetic predisposition, but also in the general population. The ideal chemopreventive agent, or combination of agents, remains unknown, especially when considering safety during long-term use. This review evaluates the evidence across 80 meta-analyses of interventional and observational studies of CRC prevention using medications, vitamins, supplements and dietary factors. This review suggests that the following factors are associated with a decreased incidence of CRC: aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, magnesium, folate, a high consumption of fruits and vegetables, fibre and dairy products. An increased incidence of CRC was observed with frequent alcohol or meat consumption. No evidence of a protective effect for tea, coffee, garlic, fish and soy products was found. The level of evidence is moderate for aspirin, β-carotene and selenium, but is low or very low for all other exposures or interventions.

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Patterns of breast, prostate and cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Colombia: An administrative registry data analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-44815/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Juliana Alexandra Hernández Vargas ◽

Paula Ximena Ramírez Barbosa ◽

Ana Milena Gil Quijano ◽

Ana María Valbuena García ◽

Lizbeth Acuña Merchán ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Cervical Cancer Incidence ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Abstract Background Cancer is widely recognized as a global public health problem. Breast, prostate and cervical cancer are among the most frequent types in developing countries. Assessing their incidence and mortality by regions and municipalities is important to guide evidence-based health policy. Our aim was to describe the incidence and mortality trends for breast, cervical and prostate cancer across regions and municipalities in Colombia during 2018. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis with data from people with breast, prostate or cervical cancer, reported to the National Administrative Cancer Registry during 2018. A descriptive analysis was performed. Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were estimated at national, regional and municipal levels. Finally, we identify the regions and municipalities with significantly higher or lower incidence and mortality rates compared to national estimations. Results Breast cancer was the most frequent type among all new cases and deaths in Colombia. Breast, prostate and cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates were: 18,69 (CI 95%: 18,15–19,25) and 10,48 (CI 95%: 10,07–10,91); 11,34 (CI 95%: 10,90 − 11,78) and 7,58 (CI 95%: 7,22 − 7,96); 5,93 (CI 95%: 5,62 − 6,25) and 4,31 (CI 95%: 4,05 − 4,58), respectively. Eastern region had both, incidence and mortality rates, significantly lower than national for all types of cancer. By municipalities, there were a heterogeneous pattern. Nonetheless, Agua de Dios (Cundinamarca), had one of the highest incidence rates for all types. Conclusions We observed clear differences in cancer incidence and mortality across regions and municipalities, depending on each type of cancer. Our findings are important to improve screening coverage, early detection and treatment in the country.

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Patterns of breast, prostate and cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Colombia: An administrative registry data analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-44815/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Juliana Alexandra Hernández Vargas ◽

Paula Ximena Ramírez Barbosa ◽

Ana Milena Gil Quijano ◽

Ana María Valbuena García ◽

Lizbeth Acuña Merchán ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Cervical Cancer Incidence ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Abstract Background: Cancer is widely recognized as a global public health problem. Breast, prostate, and cervical cancer are among the most frequent types in developing countries. Assessing their incidence and mortality by regions and municipalities is important to guide evidence-based health policy. Our aim was to describe the incidence and mortality trends for breast, cervical, and prostate cancer across regions and municipalities in Colombia during 2018.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis with data from people with breast, prostate, or cervical cancer, reported to the National Administrative Cancer Registry during 2018. A descriptive analysis was performed. Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were estimated at national, regional, and municipal levels. Finally, we identify the regions and municipalities with significantly higher or lower incidence and mortality rates compared to national estimations. Results: Breast cancer was the most frequent type among all new cases and deaths in Colombia. Breast, prostate and cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates per 100,000 were: 18.69 (CI 95%: 18.15-19.25) and 10.48 (CI 95%: 10.07-10.91); 11.34 (CI 95%: 10.90-11.78) and 7.58 (CI 95%: 7.22-7.96); 5.93 (CI 95%: 5.62-6.25) and 4.31 (CI 95%: 4.05-4.58), respectively. Eastern region had both, incidence and mortality rates, significantly lower than national for all types of cancer. By municipalities, there was a heterogeneous pattern. Nonetheless, Agua de Dios (Cundinamarca), had one of the highest incidence rates for all types. Conclusions: We observed clear differences in cancer incidence and mortality across regions and municipalities, depending on each type of cancer. Our findings are important to improve screening coverage, early detection, and treatment in the country.

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Elucidation of the molecular and clinical impact of microsatellite instability in Brazilian colorectal cancer patients at Barretos Cancer Hospital.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e23185 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e23185-e23185

Author(s):

Gustavo Noriz Berardinelli ◽

Ronilson Oliveira Duraes ◽

Marco Antonio de Oliveira ◽

Cristovam Scapulatempo ◽

Denise Peixoto-Guimarães ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Microsatellite Instability ◽

Target Genes ◽

African Ancestry ◽

Clinical Impact ◽

Genetic Ancestry ◽

Braf V600e ◽

Mutational Status ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Mlh1 Methylation

e23185 Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high incidence and mortality in the world and in Brazil. The microsatellite instability (MSI) pathway is associated with a distinct mutational profile, which affects MSI target genes contributing to a different clinical impact. Reports have suggested that CRC aspects may be influenced by patients’ ancestry. This study aims to elucidate the molecular and clinical impact of MSI, and to determine Brazilian patients’ genetic ancestry. Methods: We enrolled 1013 patients. MSI was evaluated by molecular analysis, and MSI-H cases were further analyzed for alterations in 24 MSI-target genes, BRAF V600E, and MLH1 methylation. Genetic ancestry was evaluated by an AIMs panel. Results: MSI-H was observed in 10.5% of the cases. MSI-H cases were significantly associated with: right colon localization, staging II, absence of metastasis, mucinous histological type, III/undifferentiated histological grade, presence of synchronic tumor, no disease recurrence, and complete cure response. The most altered MSI target genes was HSP110, followed by ATM and EGFR. The frequency of BRAF V600E mutation was 26.4% and of MLH1 methylation was 72.3% in MSI-H cases. No significant overall survival (OS) differences were observed among the MSI statuses, neither when stratified by 5-FU treatments, nor by HSP110 mutational status. The average ancestry proportion was 74% of European, 12% of African, 7% of Native Americans, and 7% of East Asian. We observed that African ancestry is associated with increased chance of being MSI-H, and that in MSI-H cases, the lower the Asian ancestral component the greater the probability of patient survival. Conclusions: The MSI frequency of 10% identified in Brazilian CRC is in agreement with literature. MSI-H status was found correlated with clinic-pathological features associated with less aggressive tumors, although we did not find significant differences in patient’s OS. The European ancestral component was the most representative one, confirming population genetic studies. In conclusion, this study constituted the deepest and most extensive analyses of the MSI impact in the CRC Brazilian patients.

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Colorectal Cancer and Bone Tissue: Fantastic Relations and Where to Find Them

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers12082029 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 2029

Author(s):

Isabella Gigante ◽

Valeria Tutino ◽

Valentina De Nunzio ◽

Maria Notarnicola

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Growth Factors ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Crucial Role ◽

Bone Markers ◽

Future Perspective ◽

The Third ◽

Common Cancer ◽

Prognostic Outcome ◽

Usual Site

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. There is a need for the early diagnosis of CRC for a better prognostic outcome. It is, therefore, crucial to understand the CRC pathogenesis in all its aspects. In many cases, one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths is the presence of metastases. In this context, an often overlooked aspect is the metastatic tropism, since CRC, like other cancers, is more prone to metastasize some organs rather than others. Beyond the liver and lung, and differently from other types of cancers, a not usual site of CRC metastases is the bone. However, it may assume a crucial role in the development and the outcome of the disease. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the complex relations between bone markers and CRC pathogenesis, suggesting the use of these molecules as potential targets for therapeutic purposes. Different osteogenic molecules, some of whom are growth factors and are implicated in the different osteogenic pathways, have been proved to also be involved in CRC progression. Some of them are oncogenes, while others oncosuppressors, and in a future perspective, some of them may represent new potential CRC biomarkers.

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HOSPITAL MORBIDITY AND COLORECTAL CANCER MORTALITY: IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH IN BRAZIL

Arquivos de Gastroenterologia ◽

10.1590/s0004-2803.202000000-34 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 182-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ramona Garcia Souza DOMINGUEZ ◽

Ana Luiza BIERRENBACH

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Developed Countries ◽

The South ◽

The North ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Colorectal Cancer Prevention ◽

Hospital Morbidity

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is a serious public health problem and one of the most common cancer worldwide. Countries around the world have shown different trends. While incidence and mortality rates for colorectal cancer are on an upward trend in developing countries, these rates have been on a downward trend in most developed countries. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of morbimortality by colorectal cancer in Brazil between 2002 and 2016. METHODS: Descriptive, time series research. Data were extracted from the national information systems for hospitalizations and deaths of the respective years. RESULTS: There were increasing trends in hospital morbidity and mortality from colorectal cancer in all regions of the country, with the very elderly individuals dying at a higher rate. Women (52.1%) were more affected than men, but death rates were higher for males aged 60 years or more. Regional disparities were evident, with almost 80% of deaths occurring in the South and Southeast, with the largest annual increase in the South and the lowest in the North. Regarding hospitalization, South and Southeast presented higher annual growths. CONCLUSION: These data add knowledge about the profile of public hospitalizations and deaths, reaffirming that colorectal cancer contributes to an important burden of disease and mortality in Brazil. These elements have implications for the review of colorectal cancer prevention and control strategies, as well as for public health investments.

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Modern Aspects in the Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Breast Cancer in Early Stages

Acta Medica Transilvanica ◽

10.2478/amtsb-2021-0011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 36-40

Author(s):

Andrei Moisin ◽

Ciprian Tănăsescu

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Breast Cancer ◽

Surgical Treatment ◽

Early Detection ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Health Problem ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Early Stages ◽

Common Cancer

Abstract Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and a major public health problem, affecting 2.1 million women each year globally and causing the highest number of cancer-related deaths among women. In 2018, an estimated 627,000 women died from breast cancer (about 15% of all cancer deaths among women). To improve survival, early detection is essential. There are two strategies for early detection of breast cancer: early diagnosis and screening.(1) In Romania, the latest statistics show a higher incidence of breast cancer compared to the European average of 7929 new cases / year with a mortality of 3101 deaths / year.(2)

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Screening for Colorectal Cancer Leading into a New Decade: The “Roaring ‘20s” for Epigenetic Biomarkers?

Current Oncology ◽

10.3390/curroncol28060411 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 4874-4893

Author(s):

Hélder Almeida-Lousada ◽

André Mestre ◽

Sara Ramalhete ◽

Aryeh J. Price ◽

Ramon Andrade de Mello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Early Stage ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Fecal Occult Blood ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Average Risk ◽

Epigenetic Biomarkers ◽

Pubmed Database ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

The World

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has an important bearing (top five) on cancer incidence and mortality in the world. The etiology of sporadic CRC is related to the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that result in the appearance of cancer hallmarks such as abnormal proliferation, evasion of immune destruction, resistance to apoptosis, replicative immortality, and others, contributing to cancer promotion, invasion, and metastasis. It is estimated that, each year, at least four million people are diagnosed with CRC in the world. Depending on CRC staging at diagnosis, many of these patients die, as CRC is in the top four causes of cancer death in the world. New and improved screening tests for CRC are needed to detect the disease at an early stage and adopt patient management strategies to decrease the death toll. The three pillars of CRC screening are endoscopy, radiological imaging, and molecular assays. Endoscopic procedures comprise traditional colonoscopy, and more recently, capsule-based endoscopy. The main imaging modality remains Computed Tomography (CT) of the colon. Molecular approaches continue to grow in the diversity of biomarkers and the sophistication of the technologies deployed to detect them. What started with simple fecal occult blood tests has expanded to an armamentarium, including mutation detection and identification of aberrant epigenetic signatures known to be oncogenic. Biomarker-based screening methods have critical advantages and are likely to eclipse the classical modalities of imaging and endoscopy in the future. For example, imaging methods are costly and require highly specialized medical personnel. In the case of endoscopy, their invasiveness limits compliance from large swaths of the population, especially those with average CRC risk. Beyond mere discomfort and fear, there are legitimate iatrogenic concerns associated with endoscopy. The risks of perforation and infection make endoscopy best suited for a confirmatory role in cases where there are positive results from other diagnostic tests. Biomarker-based screening methods are largely non-invasive and are growing in scope. Epigenetic biomarkers, in particular, can be detected in feces and blood, are less invasive to the average-risk patient, detect early-stage CRC, and have a demonstrably superior patient follow-up. Given the heterogeneity of CRC as it evolves, optimal screening may require a battery of blood and stool tests, where each can leverage different pathways perturbed during carcinogenesis. What follows is a comprehensive, systematic review of the literature pertaining to the screening and diagnostic protocols used in CRC. Relevant articles were retrieved from the PubMed database using keywords including: “Screening”, “Diagnosis”, and “Biomarkers for CRC”. American and European clinical trials in progress were included as well

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Inequalities in participation in colorectal cancer screening programmes: a systematic review

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz236 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 558-567 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Isabel Mosquera ◽

Nere Mendizabal ◽

Unai Martín ◽

Amaia Bacigalupe ◽

Elena Aldasoro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Health Care Providers ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Care Providers ◽

Crc Screening ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health problem due to its incidence and mortality. Screening programmes help decrease its impact on the population through early detection. However, the uneven distribution of social determinants of health can cause inequalities. The aim of this study is to identify the social inequalities in the participation in CRC screening programmes. Methods A systematic review of the literature was carried out, searching in both health and social databases for papers published since 2000 in English, Spanish, Portuguese and French. The search strategies combined terms regarding screening, CRC, participation and social inequalities. Included papers were quantitative or qualitative primary studies analyzing gender and socioeconomic inequalities in the participation in CRC screening programmes implemented by public and private health-care providers and addressing 45- to 75-year-old population. Results A total of 96 studies, described in 102 articles, were included. Most were quantitative observational studies and analyzed population-based screening programmes. They were carried out mainly in the UK (n=29) and the USA (n=18). Participation in screening programmes varied from 1.1% to 82.8% using several methods. A total of 87 studies assessed participation by sex and one focussed on men, but only two provided an analysis from a gender perspective. Although men are at a higher risk of developing CRC, they generally were less likely to participate in screening programmes. Screening attendance was higher among the least deprived areas. Conclusions Gender and socioeconomic inequalities in CRC screening participation should be addressed through the design of tailored interventions with a multidimensional focus.

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Patterns of breast, prostate and cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Colombia: an administrative registry data analysis

BMC Cancer ◽

10.1186/s12885-020-07611-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Juliana Alexandra Hernández Vargas ◽

Paula Ximena Ramírez Barbosa ◽

Ana Milena Gil Quijano ◽

Ana María Valbuena ◽

Lizbeth Acuña ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Cervical Cancer Incidence ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Incidence And Mortality

Abstract Background Cancer is widely recognized as a global public health problem. Breast, prostate, and cervical cancer are among the most frequent types in developing countries. Assessing their incidence and mortality by regions and municipalities is important to guide evidence-based health policy. Our aim was to describe the incidence and mortality trends for breast, cervical, and prostate cancer across regions and municipalities in Colombia during 2018. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis with data from people with breast, prostate, or cervical cancer, reported to the National Administrative Cancer Registry during 2018. A descriptive analysis was performed. Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were estimated at national, regional, and municipal levels. Finally, we identify the regions and municipalities with significantly higher or lower incidence and mortality rates compared to national estimations. Results Breast cancer was the most frequent type among all new cases and deaths in Colombia. Breast, prostate and cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates per 100,000 were: 18.69 (CI 95%: 18.15–19.25) and 10.48 (CI 95%: 10.07–10.91); 11.34 (CI 95%: 10.90–11.78) and 7.58 (CI 95%: 7.22–7.96); 5.93 (CI 95%: 5.62–6.25) and 4.31 (CI 95%: 4.05–4.58), respectively. Eastern region had both, incidence and mortality rates, significantly lower than national for all types of cancer. By municipalities, there was a heterogeneous pattern. Nonetheless, Agua de Dios (Cundinamarca), had one of the highest incidence rates for all types. Conclusions We observed clear differences in cancer incidence and mortality across regions and municipalities, depending on each type of cancer. Our findings are important to improve screening coverage, early detection, and treatment in the country.

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