scholarly journals Geographies of Brazil in the 18th Century: The Philosophical Journey of Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira

Terr Plural ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Karina Eugenia Fioravante ◽  
◽  
Lohanne Fernanda Gonçalves Ferreira ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Geographical Analysis ◽  
Graphic Representations ◽  
The Creation

The graphic representations have privileged space in the journeys made by naturalists since the Eighteenth century and they are fundamental elements of the geographical analysis. The main goal of this paper is to reflect on the illustrations that composed geographies of Brazil brought by the Philosophical Journey of the naturalist Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira in the Eighteenth Century. First, it is presented the relevancy of the expeditions taken by naturalists as well as the importance of the images produced by such expeditions in the consolidation of Geography as a discipline. Next, it is discussed the journey made by Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira in his Philosophical Expedition throughout Brazil. Lastly, it is analyzed the creation of images and imaginaries about Brazil at the time the graphic representations were produced.

Three Eighteenth-Century Waqf Documents from the Ottoman Courts of Aleppo

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-70
Author(s):  
Marco Salati
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City ◽  
Limited Scope ◽  
Family Groups

Abstract This article is a study of three 18th-century documents from the archives of the Ottoman qāḍī-courts of Aleppo. Although the nature of the cases they relate differ, they all deal with various aspects of the waqf institution: istibdal – i.e. the exchange of ruined or unprofitable waqf property for a more productive one – the creation of a new waqf, and, finally, a dispute over the right to benefit from waqf property. Juridical considerations aside, the interest of these cases lies primarily in the fact that the individuals mentioned and involved in the three documents belong to a restricted circle of notable family groups which are at various degrees linked to one another through marriage relations. Even in their limited scope, these documents provide valuable information on some of the notable families of the city and their social networks.

scholarly journals Portuguese America under Foreign Threat and the Creation of the Concept of uti possidetis in the First half of the 18th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-142
Author(s):  
Junia Ferreira Furtado
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Fernando De Noronha ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this article is to discuss the relationship between invasions, cartography, and possessory law in the context of diplomatic relations between Portugal and Spain in the first half of the eighteenth century, in South America territories. The Castilian siege of Colônia do Sacramento and the French invasion of Fernando de Noronha island (1736 and 1737), awoke in the Portuguese ambassador D. Luís da Cunha the need to change the foundation on which the frontiers of Brazil were negotiated. He began to use the concept of uti possidetis as a strategy, which would become the directive for the diplomatic negotiations in the 1750 Treaty of Madrid. Despite its acceptance as a resource to demarcate frontiers, uti possidetis created various controversies at the moment of the demarcation of the territories and the Treaty was annulled by the Treaty of El Pardo (1761), when the legal frontiers returned to their previous positions.

Injecting Knowledge

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Dacome
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Anatomical Models ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Cabinet Of Curiosities

Chapter 7 furthers the analysis of the role of anatomical models as cultural currencies capable of transferring value. It does so by expanding the investigation of the early stages of anatomical modelling to include a new setting. In particular, it follows the journey of the Palermitan anatomist and modeller Giuseppe Salerno and his anatomical ‘skeleton’—a specimen that represented the body’s complex web of blood vessels and was presented as the result of anatomical injections. Although Salerno was headed towards Bologna, a major centre of anatomical modelling, he ended his journey in Naples after the nobleman Raimondo di Sangro purchased the skeleton for his own cabinet of curiosities. This chapter considers the creation and viewing of an anatomical display in di Sangro’s Neapolitan Palace from a comparative perspective that highlights how geography and locality played an important part in shaping the culture of mid-eighteenth-century anatomical modelling.

Le armi dotte e la Rivoluzione francese: riformismo, elitismo e meritocrazia

2012 ◽  
pp. 41-63
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Cuccoli
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Public Services ◽  
The State ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
State Corporation ◽  
The Creation ◽  
École Polytechnique ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Revolution

The article focuses on the evolution of the military technical corps in France between the mid-Eighteenth century and the Restoration, and proposes for them the notion of "State corporation". This phase - an intermediate one between the corps de métier and the corps d'État - was attained first by the engineers and the artillery. These corps selected their officers by competitive examination, which functioned both as an intellectual filter and a social one. The distinction generated by this filter - nurtured by an elitist approach based on meritocracy was not overridden by the Revolution. On the contrary, it was further consecrated by the creation of the École polytechnique, which soon became controlled by the military technical corps. The "State corporation" model was then extended through the École polytechnique to the geographical engineers and the civil public services. The institutional conflicts among the technical corps during the National Constituent Assembly and those between them and the École polytechnique (1794-1799) are analyzed along these interpretative lines. While the former show their corporative resistance of geographical engineers in the name of equality, the latter bring out their corporative resistance to external education of candidates.

The gender politics of ‘bluestocking philosophy’

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ann Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Women Writers ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social System ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Gender Politics ◽  
Public Intellectuals ◽  
Public Identity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Single Voice

This chapter discusses the gender politics of ‘bluestocking philosophy’. The idea of a single, unified conceptualization of what constituted a bluestocking and what was understood as a bluestocking philosophy is somewhat misleading, as the idea of a single voice emerging from this group is almost a contradiction in terms. What can be identified is who made up the bluestocking circles and what they aspired to be and to do. Elizabeth Montagu was a central figure in the development of bluestocking circles and, along with Elizabeth Vesey and Frances Boscawen, helped to forge a public identity for women public intellectuals through Montagu's own scholarship as well as her support for other women writers. The early bluestocking circles were not established as a vehicle for promoting equity or women's rights, or even rights of citizenship. However, they played an important role in the second half of the 18th century in entrenching cultural and social transformation into the social system. In addition, they ‘played a crucial role in a widening and defining of women's social roles in the eighteenth century’.

scholarly journals Forgotten Books: On the Making of Jane Porter’s "Thaddeus of Warsaw"

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-328
Author(s):  
Joel J. Janicki
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Moral Reform ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cautionary Tale ◽  
National Hero ◽  
The Creation

This article attempts to identify and examine some of the factors and sources that led to the creation of a largely forgotten prose work of English fiction titled Thaddeus of Warsaw (1803) which became an immediate and extraordinary success. Jane Porter’s novel deals with a fictitious Polish patriot Thaddeus Sobieski, who is modelled on the Polish national hero Tadeusz Kosciuszko. The novel presents an excellent illustration of the cultural links between Great Britain and Poland towards the end of the 18th century and constitutes a cautionary tale for Porter’s English readers, one that creates a basis for moral reform and political engagement.

scholarly journals Sociolingvistická situace psaných slovanských jazyků v 1. polovině 18. století

2018 ◽  
pp. 7-40
Author(s):  
Vladislav Knoll
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Function Structure ◽  
Complex Image ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Creation ◽  
National Languages

The main aim of the article is to present a complex image of the diversity, use and functions of written Slavonic idioms in the first half of the 18th century, which is the period that shortly precedes the creation of the modern national languages. This detailed view shows that the number of the written varieties was much larger, and the function structure of the single languages and varieties in each speech community was more complex than now. The article also discusses the methodological issues linked to the studies on the pre-national languages and tries to find the common patterns of variety hierarchy in each of the main cultural areas of the Slavonic world.

The Evolution of Grain Policy: The Ottoman Experience

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seven Ağir
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Price System ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Fixed Price ◽  
Grain Trade ◽  
The Creation

Ottoman reformers' re-organization of the grain trade during the second half of the eighteenth century had two components—the creation of a centralized institution to supervise transactions and the replacement of the fixed price system with a more flexible one. These changes were not only a response to strains on the old system of provisioning, driven by new geopolitical conditions, but also a consequence of an increased willingness among the Ottoman elite to emulate the economic policies of successful rival states. Thus, the centralized bureaucracy and political economy of the Ottoman Empire at the time had remarkable parallels with those in such European states as France and Spain.

scholarly journals Technological mineralogy: from Academician V. M. Severgin to the present day

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
V. V. Shchiptsov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Geological Exploration ◽  
Applied Mineralogy ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Mineralogical Society

It is shown that the origins of technological mineralogy in Russia are associated with the name of Academician V. M. Severgin, who at the end of the 18th century introduced the concept of «technological and economic» mineralogy. The stage of development of 1921—1955 is considered as important for the formation of the school of applied mineralogy. The next stage is the implementation of the principles of technological mineralogy in the practice of geological exploration and mining production and the creation of the Technological Mineralogy Commission of the All-Union Mineralogical Society by the beginning of 1983. The main directions of the development of technological mineralogy and the role of the published works of the commission are substantiated.

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