Disonancia en el entorno emprendedor español

2021 ◽  
pp. 457-490
Author(s):  
Antonio Moar
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
The Real ◽  
Entrepreneurial Culture ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Sobre Todo

The dissonance between the theoretical possibilities of Spanish enter-prise system and our current situation requires in depth analysis to identify the contributing reasons and causes. The article discusses the main historical reasons and places greater emphasis on assessing the real weight of some of the factors that have traditionally been cited as causes for the differences —between theory and reality—. The current causes are analyzed from a general social and cultural context in which the performance of specific companies is studied. The legal and regulatory fra-mework which affects enterprise is also examined specifically. In both cases, the research spans across company life cycle. Finally a viable and reasoned solution is proposed from the Austriac perspective that should produce positive changes in the current situation. Keywords: Entrepreneuship, entrepreneurial culture, Austrian school JEL Codes: B13, D20, P12 Resumen: La disonancia entre las posibilidades teóricas del sistema de empren-dimiento español y nuestra situación actual exige profundizar en las razones que pueden haber contribuido a provocarla. El artículo aborda las principales razones históricas, poniendo mayor énfasis en valorar el peso real de algunos de los factores que tradicionalmente se han mencionado como causas. A continuación se analizan las razones actuales a partir del análisis de factores de carácter general cultural y social —o contexto en el que se desarrolla la actuación de las empresas— y de carácter específico legal o regulatorio —o marco legal—. Los primeros están presentes y actúan en todo el conjunto de los cuerpos sociales y los segundos son normalmente actos normativos dirigidos a las empresas, y sus efectos se manifiestan sobre todo en estas a lo largo de todo su ciclo vital. Finalmente, se propone una so-lución viable y razonada desde la perspectiva austriaca que permitiría cam-biar el rumbo de la actual situación. Palabras clave: función empresarial, cultura empresarial, escuela austríaca. Códigos JEL: B13, D20, P12

scholarly journals Los desarrollos teóricos de la Escuela Austriaca de Economía inspirados en la Escuela de Salamanca. Validez en el estudio de problemas contemporáneos

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-155
Author(s):  
Carlos Arturo Gómez Restrepo
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Monetary Theory ◽  
Market Theory ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
School Of Salamanca ◽  
Theory Of Value

This paper studies the theoretical contributions of both The School of Salamanca and The Austrian School regarding the theory of value, capital theory and monetary theory. This study permits to understrud the failure of the economic analysis of the mainstream based on the equilibrium, simmetric information, and the narrow concepts of perfect competion and rationality, among others. Key words: School of Salamanca, Austrian School, free market, theory of capital and interest, value theory, monetary theory. JEL codes: B11, B25, B53. Resumen: En este artículo se muestran los concurrentes desarrollos teóricos de la Escuela de Salamanca y de la Escuela Austriaca de Economía, que para efectos de su análisis se agrupan en tres teorías enmarcadas dentro de la concepción del libre mercado: La teoría del valor, la teoría del capital y del interés, y la teoría monetaria, y que permiten evidenciar los fallos del análisis económico de problemas actuales, realizado por la denominada «corriente principal», y desarrollados a partir de los supuestos de mercado en equilibrio, información simétrica, competencia perfecta, y racionalidad económica, entre otros. Palabras clave: Escuela de Salamanca, Escuela Austriaca de Economía, libre mercado, teoría del capital y del interés, teoría del valor, teoría monetaria. Códigos JEL: B11, B25, B53.

scholarly journals Estrellas sobre fondos cambiantes: convocando la luz

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Álvarez Gallego ◽  
Silvia Blanco Agüeira
Keyword(s):  
Creative Process ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Le Corbusier ◽  
The Real ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Sobre Todo

Resumen: Tras crear y desarrollar durante siete años diecinueve poemas manuscritos, que hoy en día son considerados síntesis de su pensamiento, Le Corbusier publicó en 1955 su Poème de l´Angle Droit. Al estudiar este poema reconocemos en él los principales temas presentes en su trayectoria, así como algunos elementos —la espada, la nube y la estrella— que aparecen en su obra pictórica y arquitectónica. La presente comunicación pretende desvelar las conexiones que se establecen entre uno de estos elementos en concreto, como es la imagen de la estrella, y su incorporación al proceso de proyecto lecorbusieriano. Se trata de analizar cómo este tema, que se repite de forma obsesiva, configura imágenes que permanecen en las estrategias arquitectónicas que llevó a cabo el maestro suizo. La estrella habla de faro, de guía, de motor dentro de un proceso de viaje. Es el elemento que representa la movilidad del cosmos, que rige ese carácter de repetición ligado al arte; una señal que guía al viajero y define el itinerario que deben seguir sus pasos, que nos hace pensar en una brillante luz y en la distancia entre lo real y lo imaginado. Y, sobre todo, es la referencia presente en edificios, que condensaban así reflexiones que daban coherencia y unidad a las distintas opciones del proyecto. Abstract: Following a seven year period dedicated to the creation and development of nineteen manuscript poems, which today are considered a synthesis of his thinking, in 1955 Le Corbusier published his Poème de l´Angle Droit. The study of this poem reveals the principal themes that dominated his trajectory, as well as a series of elements, namely the sword, the cloud and the star, which appear in his pictorial and architectural work. This paper aims to shed light on the connections established between one of these elements in particular —the star— and its incorporation into Lecorbuserian method of architectural design. It seeks to analyse how this item is repeated obsessively, forming images which remain rooted in the architectural strategies developed by the Swiss architect. The star speaks of a lighthouse, a guide, a driving force that spurs on the journey. It is the element that represents the mobility of the cosmos, which governs the nature of repetition linked to art; a signal that guides the traveler and traces the route their steps must take them, leading us to think of a bright light and the distance that separates the real and the imagined. And above all, it is the reference in those buildings that condensed the reflections that gave coherence and unity to the various project options.  Palabras clave: estrella; cosmos; proyecto; mirada; símbolo; proceso creativo. Keywords: star; cosmos; project; gaze, symbol; creative process. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.980

scholarly journals Simbolismo de agua en el cine: entre el orientalismo poético ruso y el catastrofismo occidental

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Borisova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Spiritual Quest ◽  
The Road ◽  
Liquid Modernity ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The World ◽  
Flowing Waters ◽  
Sobre Todo

La representación de agua en las artes visuales tuvo siempre una potente carga simbólica que se nutrió de las tradiciones religiosas y filosóficas de todo el mundo. En función del contexto cultural, este elemento puede hacer referencia a la idea del nacimiento, a la búsqueda espiritual, al subconsciente, a la vía que une el mundo de los vivos y los muertos, etc. La aparición del cine, como un género que da vida a una imagen fija, proporciona al artista la posibilidad de explorar la totalidad de las posibilidades expresivas de las “aguas que corren” convirtiéndolas en un recurso visual recurrente en las obras cinematográficas de todo el mundo. En este artículo ofrecemos un estudio de la presencia acuática como argumento plástico y simbólico en el cine,  centrando nuestra atención sobre todo en el análisis comparativo de las producciones rusas y occidentales. En este sentido,  las primeras ofrecen un simbolismo acuático afine a la tradición oriental y las segundas se decantan por la línea del catastrofismo.   Abstract: The representation of water in the visual arts always had a powerful symbolism that was nurtured by religious and philosophical traditions all over the world. Depending on the cultural context, this element can refer to the idea of ​​birth, to the spiritual quest, the subconscious, the road linking the world of the living and the dead, etc. The emergence of cinema as a genre that gives life to a still picture, gives the artist the opportunity to explore expressive possibilities of the "flowing waters" making a visual recurring resource in cinematographic works all over the world. In this article we provide a study of aquatic presence as symbolic and plastic argument in the film, focusing our attention mainly on the comparative analysis of Russian and Western productions. In this sense, the firsts offer aquatic symbolism tune to the Eastern tradition and the seconds opt for the line of catastrophism.  Palabras clave: Agua; cine; búsqueda espiritual; oriental; occidental; modernidad líquida. Keywords: Water; Cinema; Spiritual Search; Eastern; Western; Liquid Modernity.

scholarly journals Algunos antecedentes del liberalismo constitucional en España: El pensamiento político de la segunda escolástica

2021 ◽  
pp. 175-197
Author(s):  
León Gómez Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Jel Codes ◽  
Spanish Constitution ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
School Of Salamanca ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Right ◽  
The University ◽  
Francisco De Vitoria ◽  
Right Of Resistance ◽  
Sobre Todo

The name «School of Salamanca» is refered to a group of theologians and Natural Law philosophers who taught in the University of Salamanca, following the inspiration of the great tomist Francisco de Vitoria. They developed some original theories on Political Thought, like the pactum translationis (or the delegated power to the kings from the civil society) and the right of resistance to tyranny. Theories that will revive at the times of the French invasion of Spain (1808-1812). Key words: Scholastics, liberalism, School of Salamanca, 1812 Spanish Constitution. JEL codes: B11. Resumen: Tanto en lo referente a la teoría del contrato social, como a los fundamentos «democráticos» de la autoridad civil, las universidades españolas llevaban varios siglos enseñando unas doctrinas que luego pusieron de moda los teóricos del liberalismo (desde Locke hasta Rousseau); pero que, como sostendremos a continuación, ya habían sido expuestas desde la época de Vitoria y —sobre todo— Suárez, hasta las postrimerías del siglo XVIII. Y que resumidamente podemos expresar así: según las teorías escolásticas del pactum translationis, la autoridad civil recae directamente en el pueblo, quien la delega en el soberano. Al faltar éste, ese poder vuelve a la sociedad; que justamente sería la circunstancia histórica de 1808 con la invasión napoleónica de España y el surgimiento de unas Juntas a ambos lados del Atlántico, como garantes de la legitimidad gubernativa. Palabras clave: Escolástica, liberalismo, Escuela de Salamanca, Cortes de Cádiz. Códigos JEL: B11.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment and Material Flow Analysis: Two Under-Utilized Tools for Informing E-Waste Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7939
Author(s):  
Sohani Vihanga Withanage ◽  
Komal Habib
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Material Flow ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Material Flow Analysis ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Depth Analysis

The unprecedented technological development and economic growth over the past two decades has resulted in streams of rapidly growing electronic waste (e-waste) around the world. As the potential source of secondary raw materials including precious and critical materials, e-waste has recently gained significant attention across the board, ranging from governments and industry, to academia and civil society organizations. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the last decade of e-waste literature followed by an in-depth analysis of the application of material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA), i.e., two less commonly used strategic tools to guide the relevant stakeholders in efficient management of e-waste. Through a keyword search on two main online search databases, Scopus and Web of Science, 1835 peer-reviewed publications were selected and subjected to a bibliographic network analysis to identify and visualize major research themes across the selected literature. The selected 1835 studies were classified into ten different categories based on research area, such as environmental and human health impacts, recycling and recovery technologies, associated social aspects, etc. With this selected literature in mind, the review process revealed the two least explored research areas over the past decade: MFA and LCA with 33 and 31 studies, respectively. A further in-depth analysis was conducted for these two areas regarding their application to various systems with numerous scopes and different stages of e-waste life cycle. The study provides a detailed discussion regarding their applicability, and highlights challenges and opportunities for further research.

How Does Innovation Affect Economic Growth? Evidence from G20 Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 001946622110635
Author(s):  
Ajoy K Sarangi ◽  
Rudra P. Pradhan ◽  
Tamal Nath ◽  
Rana P. Maradana ◽  
Hiranmoy Roy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Causal Relationships ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Shed Light

We study the interactions between innovation and economic growth in G20 countries over 1961–2019. We establish whether there is a temporal causality between these two variables. Employing the autoregressive distributive lag framework, our results expose a grid of short-run and long-run causal relationships between innovation and growth, including long-run unidirectional causality from innovation to economic growth. Overall, our findings shed light on the real effects of innovation on economic growth. JEL Codes: O38, O31, O32

The Change of Real Estate Enterprises' Strategic Plan under New Situation

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 3393-3396
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Ming Yue Hu ◽  
Ying Peng
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Great Change ◽  
Real Estate Industry ◽  
Environment Factors ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Real Estate Enterprises ◽  
New Situation

Government strictly regulates real estate industry by a series of policy recently. Because of the great change of polices, the real estate industry was taken a big knock. In order to find out the solution of real estate enterprises keep developing under new situation. By analyzing the external environment factors of real estate enterprises, the study deduces that the change of real estate enterprises’ strategy plane is inevitable. Elaborate the current situation of real estate enterprises from five aspects of strategy plane, and make a conclusion that how to change it. Therefore, ensure that real estate enterprises could avoid policies risk, and keep developing.

scholarly journals The business cycle: a definition

2021 ◽  
pp. 205-262
Author(s):  
Tuur Demeester
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
The Core ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Counter Argument

The goal of this article is to properly define the economic phenomenon of the business cycle. The text is rooted in the tradition of the Austrian School of Economics, and the methodological framework builds on concepts developed by Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas. This leads to the development of a few new methodological concepts, such as a re-interpretation of «inflation» and «deflation», and the re-introduction of «imaginary goods» as an important social phenomenon. The core observation of the article is that the business cycle is in fact a subclass of another kind of cycle, the «fraud cycle». Our conclusion is that in order to produce a business cycle, the occurrence of institutional fraud in the sphere of money and banking are both necessary and sufficient. The counter-argument that honest banking can also produce business cycles is refuted in Appendix I. We believe this article is significant in two ways: 1) it provides an unambiguous recipe for the long term extermination of the business cycle; and 2) it helps expand the scope of the Austrian School beyond economics into fields of law and morality. Key words: Business Cycle, Fraud Cycle, Austrian School, money and banking. JEL Classification: B53, B49, D01, K13. Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es definir apropiadamente el fenómeno económico del ciclo económico. El resto está enraizado en la tradición de la Escuela Austriaca de Economía, y el marco metodológico parte de los conceptos desarrollados por Aristóteles y Tomás de Aquino. Esto conduce al desarrollo de algunos conceptos metodológicos nuevos, tales como la reinterpretación de la «inflación» y la «deflación», y la reintroducción de los «bienes imaginarios» como un fenómeno social importante. La observación central de este artículo es que el ciclo económico es de hecho una subclase de otro tipo de ciclo, el «ciclo del fraude». Nuestra conclusión es que para producir un ciclo económico, la existencia de un fraude institucional en la esfera del dinero y la banca es una condición necesaria y suficiente. El Apéndice I refuta el contra-argumento de que una banca honesta también puede producir ciclos económicos. Creemos que este artículo es significativo por dos motivos: 1) ofrece una receta clara para la eliminación del ciclo económico; y 2) ayuda a expandir el ámbito de la Escuela Austriaca más allá del campo de la Economía hacia los campos del Derecho y la Moralidad. Palabras clave: Ciclo económico, ciclo del fraude, Escuela Austriaca, dinero y banca. Clasificación JEL: B53, B49, D01, K13.

scholarly journals General principles of ground of efficiency of informatively-measuring technologies in the process of exploitation of objects of the real estate

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (I) ◽  
pp. 74-85
Author(s):  
P. HRYHOROVSKYI ◽  
◽  
N. CHUKANOVA ◽  
YU. KROSHKA ◽  
I. OSADCHA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Repair Work ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Instrumental Measurement

Aim of this work – to set forth general principles of ground of efficiency of informatively-measuring technologies in the process of exploitation of objects of the real estate. Methodology. The method of substantiating the effectiveness of the restoration of the technical condition of real estate in the process of their operation is based on the use of information and measurement technologies to establish the technical condition of the object, which is a combination of information retrieval methods, instrumental measurement, analysis and processing of such information, technological and technical solutions to ensure the operational suitability of the facility in conditions of uncertainty. The method involves the formation of a repair strategy using information and measurement technologies based on the development of the life cycle of repairs and algorithms for selecting options for instrumental monitoring systems, choosing the procedure for studying the duration of measurement work, justification of labor and information technology costs and comparative assessment of total costs of real estate object. Results. It is established that measuring works are an integral part of the process of operation and repair work in its composition, which are carried out according to a single schedule of operation of the building and are part of repair work, and the frequency and volume of measuring, including geodetic work correlate with. To plan the volume of measuring work, their duration and labor costs are determined on the basis of existing time norms, and in their absence – by methods of technical rationing. Substantiation of the effectiveness of information and measurement technologies in the operation of real estate is performed by comparative assessment of total costs during the operational stage of its life cycle, taking into account the costs of implementing information and measurement technologies, that is the set of processes for obtaining information by instrumental measurement and processing ‘effective conclusion on the technical condition of the property. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is in the development of general principles for substantiating the effectiveness of information and measurement technologies in the operation of real estate. The practical significance lies in the improvement of standard solutions for the choice of composition and content of information and measurement technologies, taking into account their impact on the duration and labor costs of all types of repairs and reconstruction.

scholarly journals Vínculos entre la Escuela Austriaca de Economía y el método de la inversión en valor

2021 ◽  
pp. 255-304
Author(s):  
Diego E. Quijano Durán
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Economic Calculation ◽  
Austrian School Of Economics ◽  
Value Investing ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common

The Austrian school of economics and the investment method known as value investing have a similar conception of the world, so that it is possible to find multiple links between them and form a coherent structure. To the economist, this allows for a much deeper understanding of the entrepreneurial function and the manner in which economic calculation is actually performed. To the investor, it offers a theoretical framework that explains economic phenomena, permitting him to better understand the role of the entrepreneur and to protect his investment when dangerous patterns can be observed. In this essay, we begin from the common stance of both schools of thought towards common sense, the use of realistic assumptions, the importance of prudence and the low value of complex mathematics in the fields of economics and finance. We then proceed to develop in greater depth nine aspects that have strong philosophical and scientific links. Key words: Value investing, Austrian school of economics, entrepreneurship, dynamic efficiency, economic calculation. JEL Classification: A12, G17, M20. Resumen: La Escuela Austriaca de Economía y el método de inversión en valor tienen una concepción similar del mundo que permite entrelazarlas coherentemente. Al economista, le permite profundizar el conocimiento del ejercicio de la función empresarial y la realización del cálculo económico en la práctica. Al inversor, le ofrece un marco teórico para comprender mejor el papel del empresario y los fenómenos económicos y detectar temprano patrones peligrosos y así protegerse. En este trabajo partimos de la base de que ambas escuelas de pensamiento tienen sus raíces en el sentido común y los supuestos realistas, que son prudentes a la hora de ver el futuro y que dudan de la utilidad de las matemáticas complejas en los campos económicos y financieros. Sobre ello, desarrollamos nueve aspectos en los cuales hay fuertes conexiones como, por ejemplo, la manera en que el ejercicio de la empresarialidad mejora la eficiencia del mercado y coordina los planes de las personas. Palabras clave: Inversión en valor, escuela austriaca de economía, empre-sarialidad, eficiencia dinámica, cálculo económico. Clasificación JEL: A12, G17, M20.

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