scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON HOUSEHOLD EDUCATIONAL EXPENDITURE IN PAKISTAN: A MESSAGE FORWARD

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazrat Yousaf, Parvez Ahmed Shaikh, Mahjabeen Zehri
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Educational Development ◽  
T Test ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Educational Expenditure ◽  
Expenditure Elasticity ◽  
Household Budget ◽  
Household Budget Surveys

This comparative study aims to examine household educational expenditure in Pakistan. The data was collected from Pakistan household budget surveys 2013-14, 2015-16 and 2018-19. To meet the objectives of study, descriptive, two sample t-test and Working-Leser model through econometric regression were performed for the confirmation of hypotheses. Results of the study show that educational expenditure increased from US$213.29 household-1 in 2013-14 to US$280.94 household-1 in 2015- 16 and there is obtained slightly increased in educational expenditure (i.e., from US$280.94 household-1 to US$281.06 household-1 ) from 2015-16 to 2018-19. A significant increase in household educational expenditure in Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces obtained while educational expenditure of households belongs to Balochistan decreased (i.e., from US$211. 94 household-1 in 2015 to US$128.76 household-1 in 2018). There is obtained positive and statistically significant impact of logarithm income on budget shares of education. Education expenditure elasticity turns out greater than one, which advocates households treat education as expensive one. Findings of study reveals that expenditure on fees and books accounts for more than 80 per cent share of household total educational expenditure. Keeping in view the findings of study, some lucrative policies are recommended for educational development at household level in Pakistan.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STUDENTS’ PREFERENCES FOR LEARNING ENVIRONMENT ON THE BASIS OF SCHOOL TYPES.

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megha D’souza ◽  
Shefali Pandya
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
T Test ◽  
Dominance Test ◽  
Environment Scale ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Descriptive Method

Education is a potent force in developing a child into skilled, effective, productive and law-abiding citizen. It is therefore imperative that the environment for the education of the child is conducive and congenial for his growth and development. The aim of the study was to compare students’ preferences for learning environment on the basis of School Types. The study adopted the descriptive method of the Casual – Comparative type. The sample comprised of 574 standard VIII English medium students from schools. The tools used for the study were Preferred Learning Environment Scale by Fraser (1996) and Hemisphericity Dominance Test by Venkataraman. ANOVA and ‘t’ test was used to compare students’ preference for learning environment on the basis of hemisphericity and gender respectively. The findings are discussed in detail in the paper.

scholarly journals Availability of ultra-processed food associated with health outcomes: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Pereira de Araújo ◽  
M Moraes ◽  
V Magalhães ◽  
C Afonso ◽  
S Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Research Association ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Household Budget ◽  
Household Budget Surveys

Abstract Background Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption increases worldwide, which can be harm to population's health. To establish associations between UPF and health outcomes, food consumption can be assessed individually or by using availability data, such as purchase lists or household budget surveys. The aim of this review was to search for studies on the availability of UPF related with mortality and morbidity from noncommunicable diseases or their risk factors. Methods PRISMA guideline was used. Searches were performed on PubMED, EBSCO, Scopus and Web of Science on December 2019. Search strategy included terms related with exposure (UPF) and outcomes (mortality or morbidity from noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors). Studies were selected based on the title and abstracts. Full texts were screened for eligibility and the snowballing method was used to find other relevant studies. To be based on UPF availability data and its relation with health outcomes were the inclusion criteria. Studies that assessed only food consumption at an individual level and did not present health outcome were excluded. Selection was conducted by two reviewers and a third helped when disagreement occurred. Results After duplicates removal, 560 records were analyzed. From the 11 eligible studies, 55% were conducted in more than one country. Others were performed in Brazil (27%), Guatemala (9%) and Sweden (9%). Studies were ecological (64%), cross-sectional (27%) and longitudinal (9%). All had representative samples, 45.5% were national samples, and the others were from particular population subgroups. In all studies, the only health outcomes that showed positive association with UPF availability were overweight and obesity prevalence. Conclusions Studies relating ultra-processed food availability and health outcomes are mainly focused on overweight and obesity. It is thus necessary to further explore the relationship between UPF availability and other health outcomes. Key messages It is necessary to further research association between ultra-processed food availability and other health outcomes, such as morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases, diabetes or cancer. Purchase lists or household budget surveys are an important source of food availability data and can be used to relate the consumption of ultra-processed foods to health outcomes.

scholarly journals Problems of Household Budget Surveys: Regional Experience

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
R. P. Aichepsheva
Keyword(s):  
Sample Survey ◽  
Information Load ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Organizational Challenges ◽  
Level Of Automation ◽  
Household Budget ◽  
Household Budget Surveys

The article addresses organizational challenges and methodological issues that state statistical bodies face while preparing for and conducting household budget sample survey (HBS). Among these problems, the author considers the difficulties associated with ensuring the quality of HBS results and minimizing the number of respondent refusals to participate in this observation.According to the author, the range of tasks to be solved includes, among other things, methodological and organizational aspects, such as the need to review certain regulations of the HBS by-laws, search for reserves to reduce the survey program, to change the order of generating sample units, and a number of other provisions. In this regard, the author proposes to decrease the information load on respondents. It includes reducing the time of filling out the questionnaire, as well as applying an updated approach to the formation of the respondent network. In addition, the author emphasizes the need to increase the level of automation of collecting and processing of primary HBS data.

scholarly journals TO COMPARE THE EFFECT OF CHITOSAN, LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION, AND COMBINATION OF CHITOSAN AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION ON BODY MASS INDEX IN OBESE PATIENTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 230-233
Author(s):  
VASUNDHARA BHOPLE ◽  
DEEPAK BHOSLE
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
T Test ◽  
Pronounced Effect ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Pronounced Reduction

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the effect of chitosan, lifestyle modification, and combination of chitosan and lifestyle modification on body mass index (BMI) in obese patients. Methods: A prospective, randomized, open-label comparative study conducted for the period of 24 weeks. The study population was enrolled in three groups (chitosan 500 mg BD, lifestyle modification, and chitosan 500 mg BD and lifestyle modification). Data were analyzed using “t”-test and ANOVA. Results: There is a reduction in BMI in all the three groups. However, when we combined chitosan and lifestyle modification, there is pronounced reduction in BMI, which is statistically significant (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Chitosan and lifestyle modification have more pronounced effect on reduction on BMI as compared to monotherapy alone.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Mental Health among Old People

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandana N Solanki
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Old Age ◽  
T Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Old People ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender

The study was intended to examine the effect of mental health on old people. Aim: The aim was to estimate the prevalence of mental health in old people and to determine the association of mental health with types of family and gender. Sample: The sample consists of 120 old people from different old age home and family in Rajkot district area. The sample was selected from randomly. Design: 2*2research design was used the present study. Tools: Mental Health was measured through a questionnaire ‘Mental Health Inventory’was used. Test developed by Bhatt D & Gida G. in (1992).The data was analyzed by the t test. Results: There will be no significant difference between Gender and Types of Area in relation to their mental health. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates a higher prevalence of mental health in old people.

scholarly journals Comparative study of semen quality traits between Etawah grade and Senduro bucks

2021 ◽  
Vol 888 (1) ◽  
pp. 012022
Author(s):  
N Isnaini ◽  
A A Hakim ◽  
D Amertaningtyas ◽  
H E Sulistyo ◽  
A Irsyammawati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
T Test ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Spermatozoa Motility ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Semen Volume

Abstract This study compared the semen quality traits between Etawah grade (EGB) and Senduro bucks (SB) raised in Singosari National Artificial Insemination Center, Indonesia. A total of 96 ejaculated semen were collected from three EGB and three SB with an average age of three years. The ejaculates were evaluated for semen volume (SV), spermatozoa concentration (SC), total spermatozoa (TS), spermatozoa motility (SM), post-thawing spermatozoa motility (PTSM), the recovery rate of spermatozoa motility (RRSM), and frozen semen production (FSP). Data of SV, SM, PTSM, and RRSM were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. While the data of SC, TS, and FSP were analyzed using an independent t-test. The results showed that SV, SM, PTSM, and RRSM were not significantly differed (P>0.05) between breeds. Whereas, SC, TS, and FSP of EGB were significantly higher (P<0.05) than SB. Therefore, it can be concluded that Etawah grade bucks can produce higher total spermatozoa and as a result higher frozen semen production for artificial insemination as compared to Senduro bucks.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Anxiety among Diabetic Patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandana N Solanki
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Research Design ◽  
T Test ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Anxiety Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
And Gender

The study was intended to examine the effect of Anxiety on diabetic patients. Aim: The aim was to estimate the prevalence of anxiety in patients with diabetes and to determine the association of anxiety with area and gender. Sample: The sample consists of 160 diabetic patients from different hospital in Rajkot district area. The sample was selected from randomly. Design: 2*2 research design was used the present study. Tools: Anxiety was measured through a questionnaire ‘Sinha’s Comprehensive Anxiety Test (SCAT) was used. Test developed by A.K.P Sinha and L.N.K Sinha in (1995).The data was analyzed by the t test. Results: There will be no significant difference between Gender and Types of Area in relation to their Anxiety. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates a higher prevalence of anxiety in diabetic patients. No factor was significantly associated with anxiety.

scholarly journals Psychological Adjustment: A Comparative Study of the Joint and Nuclear Families People Willing To Take Divorce

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil S. Jadav
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Psychological Adjustment ◽  
T Test ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Nuclear Families ◽  
Result Show ◽  
High Age ◽  
Test Result

Aim of the research is to find out the Psychological adjustment among joint and nuclear families people willing to take divorce, both groups have 160 peoples. In one group has 90 joint and another group has 70 nuclear families people. The all subjects were simple randomly selected. Data were collected from Anand district. Scale was use for data collection is personal datasheet and Psychological adjustment Scale was developed by Bell (1905) and Gujarati-translated by Bhatt, (1994) was used. Data were analysis by ‘t’ test. Result show, There is no significant mean difference of psychological adjustment between joint and nuclear families people. There is no significant mean difference of the Psychological adjustment between low and high age people. There is no significant mean difference of the Psychological adjustment between low, medium and high total monthly incomes people.

scholarly journals Work Value among Married and Unmarried Person’: A Comparative Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh O. Prajapati
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
T Test ◽  
Nuclear Families ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Work Value ◽  
Test Result ◽  
Better Than

Aim of the research is to find out the Work value among married and unmarried person’s. So investigator selected two groups one is married and other is unmarried persons, both groups have 200 persons. In one group has 113 married and other one groups has 87 unmarried persons. The all subjects were randomly selected. Data were collected from Ahmadabad district. Scale was use for data collection is personal datasheet and Work value scale developed by super (1970) and this scale was translated into Gujarati by Jalawadiya (2002), and data were analysis by ‘t’ test. Result show, There is no significant mean difference of Work value between married and unmarried persons. There is no significant difference of the Work value of joint and nuclear families. The high income persons work value is better than the low incomes.

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