Chemical Additives Migration in Rubber

2003 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Ignatz-Hoover ◽  
Byron H. To ◽  
R. N. Datta ◽  
Arie J. De Hoog ◽  
N. M. Huntink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Migration Mechanism ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Migration of compounding ingredients is an important factor in the overall properties and performance of rubber articles containing a number of layers for example, a tire, a hose or a conveyor belt. In certain cases, migration of compounding ingredients before, during and after vulcanization in rubber compounds can be of benefit. For example, waxes and p-phenylenediamines antiozonants rely heavily on the migration mechanism to provide optimum protection of rubber products during service against degradation by ozone. In addition, the dispersion of compounding ingredients such as oil, curatives, and antidegradants can be enhanced by diffusion within rubber. In other cases, however, diffusion across a rubber-to-rubber interface can be detrimental to performance. Diffusion will change the distribution of materials which in turn may result in changes in mechanical properties, loss in adhesion or antidegradant protection, and staining of light-colored products. Thus, a better understanding of the migration of chemical additives in rubber could provide the desired distribution of ingredients for obtaining the optimum compound performance.

EPDM/SBR Blends for Skim Compound of Steel Cord Conveyor Belt: Mechanical Properties, Thermal Stability and Adhesion Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 889 ◽  
pp. 135-143
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thanh Liem ◽  
Nguyen Pham Duy Linh ◽  
Nguyen Huy Tung ◽  
Bach Trong Phuc
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Thermal Aging ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Aging Properties ◽  
Steel Cord ◽  
Adhesion Level

In this paper, the influence of some ingredient concentrations such as SBR ratio, DCP/S, CBS/DPG accelerator, EPDM-g-AM and cord surface on mechanical, thermal aging properties and adhesion between rubber compounds and cord have been investigated. The results showed that with suitable ingredients loading such as EPDM/SBR is 85/15 phr, DCP/S is 2.0/1.5 phr and EPDM-g-AM content is 2.0 phr with respect to rubber, the vulcanizates had good mechanical properties, thermal stability and adhesion level to the zinc/copper galvanized cord. The highest tensile strength, elongation at break and pull out strength reached 18.1 MPa, 432% and 60.3 N/mm respectively, and the highest retention after thermal aging at 150°C for 168 hours was about 0.76.

Effects of particle sizes, wood to cement ratio and chemical additives on the properties of sesendok (Endospermum Diadenum) cement-bonded particleboard

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Jamaludin Kasim ◽  
Shaikh Abdul Karim Yamani ◽  
Ahmad Firdaus Mat Hedzir ◽  
Ahmad Syafiq Badrul Hisham ◽  
Mohd Arif Fikri Mohamad Adnan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Board Density ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Aluminium Silicate ◽  
Cement Board

An experimental investigation was performed to evaluate the properties of cement-bonded particleboard made from Sesendok wood. The target board density was set at a standard 1200 kg m". The effect offarticle size, wood to cement ratio and the addition ofsodium silicate and aluminium silicate on the wood cement board properties has been evaluated. A change ofparticle size from 1.0 mm to 2.0 mm has a significant effect on the mechanical properties, however the physical properties deteriorate. Increasing the wood to cement ratio from 1:2.25 to 1:3 decreases the modulus ofrupture (MOR) by 11% and the addition ofsodium silicate improves valuesfurther by about 28% compared to the addition ofaluminum silicate. The modulus ofelasticity (MOE) in general increases with increasing cement content, but is not significantly affected by the addition ofsodium silicate or aluminium silicate, although the addition of their mixture (sodium silicate andaluminium silicate) consistentlyyields greater MOE values. Water absorption and thickness swelling is significantly affected by the inclusion ofadditives and better values are attained using higher wood to cement ratios.

Metallic Nanoneedles Arrays for TEM Sample Preparation “Lift-Out”

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romaneh Jalilian ◽  
David Mudd ◽  
Neil Torrez ◽  
Jose Rivera ◽  
Mehdi M. Yazdanpanah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Beam System ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nanoneedle Array ◽  
Superior Mechanical Properties ◽  
And Performance

Abstract The sample preparation for transmission electron microscope can be done using a method known as "lift-out". This paper demonstrates a method of using a silver-gallium nanoneedle array for a quicker sharpening process of tungsten probes with better sample viewing, covering the fabrication steps and performance of needle-tipped probes for lift-out process. First, an array of high aspect ratio silver-gallium nanoneedles was fabricated and coated to improve their conductivity and strength. Then, the nanoneedles were welded to a regular tungsten probe in the focused ion beam system at the desired angle, and used as a sharp probe for lift-out. The paper demonstrates the superior mechanical properties of crystalline silver-gallium metallic nanoneedles. Finally, a weldless lift-out process is described whereby a nano-fork gripper was fabricated by attaching two nanoneedles to a tungsten probe.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Contents of Each Component on the Structural Stability and Mechanical Properties of Co-Cr-Fe-Ni High-Entropy Alloys

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2832
Author(s):  
Haibo Liu ◽  
Cunlin Xin ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Chunqiang Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Structural Stability ◽  
High Entropy Alloys ◽  
Face Centered Cubic ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
High Entropy ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Component Content ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
And Performance

The structural stability of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) is closely related to their mechanical properties. The precise control of the component content is a key step toward understanding their structural stability and further determining their mechanical properties. In this study, first-principle calculations were performed to investigate the effects of different contents of each component on the structural stability and mechanical properties of Co-Cr-Fe-Ni HEAs based on the supercell model. Co-Cr-Fe-Ni HEAs were constructed based on a single face-centered cubic (FCC) solid solution. Elemental components have a clear effect on their structure and performance; the Cr and Fe elements have an obvious effect on the structural stability and equilibrium lattice constant, respectively. The Ni elements have an obvious effect on stiffness. The Pugh ratios indicate that Cr and Ni addition may increase ductility, whereas Co and Fe addition may decrease it. With increasing Co and Fe contents or decreasing Cr and Ni contents, the structural stability and stiffness of Co-Cr-Fe-Ni HEAs are improved. The structural stability and mechanical properties may be related to the strength of the metallic bonding and covalent bonding inside Co-Cr-Fe-Ni HEAs, which, in turn, is determined by the change in element content. Our results provide the underlying insights needed to guide the optimization of Co-Cr-Fe-Ni HEAs with excellent mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Effect of Structural Differences on the Mechanical Properties of 3D Integrated Woven Spacer Sandwich Composites

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4284
Author(s):  
Lvtao Zhu ◽  
Mahfuz Bin Rahman ◽  
Zhenxing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sheet Thickness ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Sandwich Composites ◽  
Computed Tomography Images ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Industrial Textiles ◽  
Load Conditions

Three-dimensional integrated woven spacer sandwich composites have been widely used as industrial textiles for many applications due to their superior physical and mechanical properties. In this research, 3D integrated woven spacer sandwich composites of five different specifications were produced, and the mechanical properties and performance were investigated under different load conditions. XR-CT (X-ray computed tomography) images were employed to visualize the microstructural details and analyze the fracture morphologies of fractured specimens under different load conditions. In addition, the effects of warp and weft direction, face sheet thickness, and core pile height on the mechanical properties and performance of the composite materials were analyzed. This investigation can provide significant guidance to help determine the structure of composite materials and design new products according to the required mechanical properties.

Investigations on Dynamic Puncture Behaviors of Integrated Composite Reinforced with Varying Fabrics

2013 ◽  
Vol 365-366 ◽  
pp. 1070-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia Chang Lin ◽  
Ting Ting Li ◽  
Ching Wen Lou ◽  
Jan Yi Lin ◽  
Jia Horng Lin
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Puncture Resistance ◽  
Fabric Reinforcement ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
Layer Composite ◽  
Puncture Force ◽  
And Performance

The dynamic puncture resistance of multi-layer integrated composite which was comprised of glass fabric reinforcement or Kevlar fabric reinforcement and nonwovens were discussed as related to recycled Kevlar fibers amount, number of layer and K-ply position for purpose of cost reduction and performance improvement. The result shows that, 20 wt% Kevlar fibers contained in nonwovens have the optimum puncture resistance. And the dynamic puncture force increases linearly with number of layers, and also improves proportionally as increasing number of K-ply. The resultant multi-layer composite is expected to be used as body armor interlayer and packaging materials.

scholarly journals Mechanical characterization of porous asphalt mixes modifying the asphalt with fatty acid amides -FAA-

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Senior Arrieta ◽  
Jorge Eliecer Córdoba Maquilon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Mechanical Characterization ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Asphalt Mixes ◽  
Porous Asphalt ◽  
Fatty Acid Amides ◽  
Pavement Structures ◽  
And Performance

Porous asphalt mixes (PAM), form a special road surface for asphalt pavement structures, have a special particle size distribution that lets infiltrate to the runoff storm water through of it because of its voids content about 20 %. Many researchers conducted studies and have concluded that the use of modified asphalts is completely necessary to design PAM. Organic and chemical additives and special procedures as foamed asphalt have enhanced the performance of PAM, during their service life. This paper is focused on the mechanical characterization of PAM and how the asphalt modified with fatty acid amides, influenced on their behavior and performance. Based on an experimental methodology with laboratory tests aimed at establishing a comparison between porous asphalt mixes, using for its design and production a penetration 60-70 pure asphalt and another one asphalt modified with fatty acid amides.

scholarly journals The potential use of lightweight cellular concrete in pavement application: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 686-696
Author(s):  
Frank Mi-Way Ni ◽  
Abimbola Grace Oyeyi ◽  
Susan Tighe
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Lower Weight ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Cellular Concrete

AbstractProtecting the pavement subgrade to increase the service life of road pavements is an aspect currently being explored. Several alternative pavement subbase materials are being considered, including Lightweight Cellular Concrete (LCC). Due to its lower weight, LCC incorporating industrial by-product, making it sustainable, and ease of use amongst other benefits, is seen as a potential candidate. This paper reports reviewing the potential application of LCC within the pavement structure with a specific application as a subbase. It examines the various properties such as modulus of elasticity, compressive and tensile strength, Water absorption, and freeze-thaw resistance necessary for pavement application. It also assesses its use in the field in Canada considering the design methods utilized. Some limitations and gaps for LCC application in pavements are also established and recommendations on how to further its use and performance. This review concludes that LCC possesses potential as a pavement subbase alternative; however, other mechanical properties like LCC’s fatigue life is essential. A comparative field study is also recommended to monitor actual performance and various factors on performance.

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