Minimal Inhibitory Concentration and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) extracts against standard microorganisms

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽

Minimal Bactericidal Concentration

Ethanol Extract ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Different plant extracts are considerably safe from infectious agents and may be used for medical purposes. The present research was conducted against the six standard microorganisms to quantify the antimicrobial activities of peppermint (Mentha piperita) extracts. The traditional approaches of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were used to approximate the antibacterial activities of ethanol, methanol, and chloroform peppermint extracts. The inhibitory function of the ethanol extract was comparable to that of chloroform (10 to 80mg/ml) and methanol (10 to 80mg/ml) against all gram-negative microorganisms. The minimum value of MIC was recorded for Streptococcus pyogenes (5mg/ml for extract of ethanol), followed by E. coli (10mg/ml for extract of ethanol) and then by Enterococcus faecalis (15mg/ml for extract of ethanol). With respect to the standard microorganisms, the MBC values were higher for both extracts than the corresponding MIC values. This work demonstrated the possible efficacy of antibacterial action on M. Piperita extracts from normal microorganisms (A. Baumenii, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae), particularly ethanol extract. In summary, the peppermint ethanol extract had important growth-inhibiting effects on observed standard micro-organisms, followed by chloroform and methanol extracts. Further to in vitro and in vivo studies on a wide variety of natural microorganisms and therapeutic isolates are required to investigate and standardize the inhibitory activity of peppermint extracts against the most dangerous human pathogenic agents.

High-Throughput Identification of Organic Compounds from Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata (Zhiheshouwu) by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26133977 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (13) ◽

pp. 3977

Author(s):

Shaoyun Wang ◽

Xiaozhu Sun ◽

Shuo An ◽

Fang Sang ◽

Yunli Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Water Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Polygonum Multiflorum ◽

Q Exactive ◽

Orbitrap Ms

Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata (PMRP), as the processed product of tuberous roots of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., is one of the most famous traditional Chinese medicines, with a long history. However, in recent years, liver adverse reactions linked to PMRP have been frequently reported. Our work attempted to investigate the chemical constituents of PMRP for clinical research and safe medication. In this study, an effective and rapid method was established to separate and characterize the constituents in PMRP by combining ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS). Based on the accurate mass measurements for molecular and characteristic fragment ions, a total of 103 compounds, including 24 anthraquinones, 21 stilbenes, 15 phenolic acids, 14 flavones, and 29 other compounds were identified or tentatively characterized. Forty-eight compounds were tentatively characterized from PMRP for the first time, and their fragmentation behaviors were summarized. There were 101 components in PMRP ethanol extract (PMRPE) and 91 components in PMRP water extract (PMRPW). Simultaneously, the peak areas of several potential xenobiotic components were compared in the detection, which showed that PMRPE has a higher content of anthraquinones and stilbenes. The obtained results can be used in pharmacological and toxicological research and provided useful information for further in vitro and in vivo studies.

Fatty Acyl Benzamido Antibacterials Based on Inhibition of DnaK-catalyzed Protein Folding

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1074/jbc.m607667200 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 282 (7) ◽

pp. 4437-4446 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Markus Liebscher ◽

Günther Jahreis ◽

Christian Lücke ◽

Susanne Grabley ◽

Satish Raina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Folding ◽

Acyl Chain ◽

Fatty Acyl ◽

Secondary Amide ◽

Fatty Acyl Chain ◽

Isomerase Activity

We have reported that the hsp70 chaperone DnaK from Escherichia coli might assist protein folding by catalyzing the cis/trans isomerization of secondary amide peptide bonds in unfolded or partially folded proteins. In this study a series of fatty acylated benzamido inhibitors of the cis/trans isomerase activity of DnaK was developed and tested for antibacterial effects in E. coli MC4100 cells. Nα-[Tetradecanoyl-(4-aminomethylbenzoyl)]-l-asparagine is the most effective antibacterial with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 100 ± 20 μg/ml. The compounds were shown to compete with fluorophore-labeled σ32-derived peptide for the peptide binding site of DnaK and to increase the fraction of aggregated proteins in heat-shocked bacteria. Despite its inability to serve as a folding helper in vivo a DnaK-inhibitor complex was still able to sequester an unfolded protein in vitro. Structure activity relationships revealed a distinct dependence of DnaK-assisted refolding of luciferase on the fatty acyl chain length, whereas the minimal inhibitory concentration was most sensitive to the structural nature of the benzamido core. We conclude that the isomerase activity of DnaK is a major survival factor in the heat shock response of bacteria and that small molecule inhibitors can lead to functional inactivation of DnaK and thus will display antibacterial activity.

Once-versus thrice-daily netilmicin combined with amoxicillin, penicillin, or vancomycin against Enterococcus faecalis in a pharmacodynamic in vitro model.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.40.10.2258 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 40 (10) ◽

pp. 2258-2261 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S Schwank ◽

J Blaser

Keyword(s):

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Half Life ◽

In Vitro Model ◽

Bacterial Biofilm ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Bacterial Killing ◽

Once Daily ◽

Vitro Model

Several in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical trials have demonstrated that once-daily aminoglycoside regimens are as effective as or more effective than multiple daily dosings. However, the most favorable aminoglycoside dosing regimen for treating enterococcal endocarditis remains controversial. The same total dose of netilmicin was administered as once-daily (24-micrograms/ml peaks) and thrice-daily (8 micrograms/ml) regimens in a pharmacodynamic in vitro model simulating exposure of Enterococcus faecalis to human serum kinetics. Netilmicin was administered in combination with continuous infusions of amoxicillin, vancomycin, or penicillin against a bacterial biofilm adhering to glass beads. No significant differences in bacterial killing were found after 24 or 48 h between the once- and thrice-daily regimens. Additional experiments considering animal kinetics (half-life of netilmicin, 20 min) instead of human kinetics (half-life, 2.5 h) in the pharmacodynamic model also revealed similar results. The addition of netilmicin synergistically increased the activity of vancomycin (P < 0.05). In contrast, amoxicillin alone was as effective as the combination with netilmicin. Thus, it could not be established in this model that once-daily dosing of aminoglycosides is contraindicated for treating infections caused by E. faecalis.

Comparative Activity of Daptomycin and Teicoplanin against Enterococci Isolated from Blood and Urine

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1155/1992/257026 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 173-178

Author(s):

Kevin R Forward ◽

Patricia DeGagne ◽

Kathryn R Bartlett ◽

Godfrey K Harding

Keyword(s):

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Suitable Alternative ◽

Time Kill ◽

Comparative Activity ◽

Enterococcal Infections

The authors compared the activity of daptomycin with that of ampicillin, penicillin, teicoplanin and vancomycin against 304 strains ofEnterococcusspecies isolated from blood and urine. Daptomycin was as active as penicillin againstEnterococcus faecalis: 90% of strains were inhibited by 2 mg/L. Daptomycin was more active than vancomycin (90% minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC90] 2 mg/L; 90% minimal bactericidal concentration [MBC90] 8 mg/L) but was less active than teicoplanin (MIC500.25; MBC908 mg/L) or ampicillin (MIC901 mg/L; MBC902 mg/L) againstE faecalis. In time-kill studies daptomycin was not more rapidly bactericidal than ampicillin or penicillin but was significantly more rapidly bactericidal than either teicoplanin or vancomycin. In combination with gentamicin, daptomycin has activity similar to that of penicillin, vancomycin and teicoplanin. Daptomycin may be a suitable alternative to penicillin in patients allergic to penicillins or for the treatment of enterococcal infections caused by beta-lactamase-producing enterococci.

IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES OF ANTIHYPERURICEMIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY FROM BULBS OF BAWANG TIWAI (ELEUTHERINE PALMIFOLIA (L.) MERR.) FROM INDONESIA

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v12i1.30550 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 497

Author(s):

Dian Ratih Laksmitawati ◽

Rininta Firdaus ◽

Mediana Astika Zein

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Body Weight ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Inhibit Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Plasma Malondialdehyde

Objectives: This study would like to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activity through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay and in vitro xanthine oxidase activity of the bulbs. This study performs in vivo assays to study the antihyperuricemic activity and antioxidant in the hyperuricemic rat through plasma malondialdehyde measurement. Method: The study was conducted by testing the fresh bulbs of bawang tiwai (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. with chemical solvent of ethanol 70% to extract the bulbs. Allopurinol and Vitamin C were used as positive control for the antihyperuricemic assay and antioxidant assay, respectively. Other chemical substances were also used in this study. This study used chicken extract (Brands) 20 ml/kg/body weight to induce the level of uric acid in the blood serum, and potassium oxonate (Sigma 156124) to inhibit the uricase in rats. Results: The results show that the levels of uric acid were measured using spectrophotometer with dichloro-hydroxybenzen sulfonate (Biolabo) a as reagent. The ethanol extract of bawang tiwai (EBT) (E. palmifolia (L.) Merr) was potential to reduce uric acid level at 140, 280, and 560 mg/kg body weight, but possibly without inhibition against xanthine oxydase activity. Conclusion: All doses of EBT could inhibit lipid peroxidation in hyperuricemic condition caused by high purine diet in 14 days.

DAYA ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN KEDONDONG BANGKOK (Spondias dulcis Forst.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Enterococcus faecalis Antibacterial Potency of Kedondong Bangkok Leaves Extract (Spondias dulcis Forst.) against Enterococcus faecalis Bacteria

Conservative Dentistry Journal ◽

10.20473/cdj.v6i2.2016.110-116 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 110

Author(s):

Singgih Harseno ◽

Latief Mooduto ◽

Eric Priyo Prasetyo

Keyword(s):

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Bacterial Growth ◽

Root Canal ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Endodontic Infection ◽

Post Test

Background. The prevalence of endodontic infection after root canal treatment caused by the Enterococcus faecalis bacteria ranged between 24-77%. It is caused by resilience and virulence from Enterococcus faecalis. An alternative solution have to be done toward irrigation of root canal wall which is effective to kill bacteria. Kedondong Bangkok (Spondias dulcis Forst.) is one of the plants or natural substance potentially as an antibacteria. The antibacterial potencies of Kedondong Bangkok leaves extract (Spondias dulcis Forst.) against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria could be identified by determining Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Purpose. This study is aimed to prove antibacterial potencies by identifying Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Kedondong Bangkok leaves extract (Spondias dulcis Forst.) against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria. Method. This study is an experimental laboratories through research design of The Post Test Only Control Group Design. Value of MIC and MBC were known by counting the growth of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria by treating the leaves extract of Kedondong Bangkok with concentration respectively 25%, 22,5%, 20%,17,5%, 15%, and 12,5% on nutrient agar media in CFU/ml. Result. In the concentration 12,5% there are 8.8% bacterial growth and in the concentration 15% there are no bacterial growth. Conclusion. Kedondong Bangkok leaf extract (Spondias dulcis Forst.) has an antibacterial potency against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria. The MIC shows in concentration of 12,5% and the MBC shows in concentration of 15%.

Antimicrobial and Antihypercholesterolemic Activities of Pulicaria gnaphalodes

Dose-Response ◽

10.1177/1559325820904858 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 155932582090485 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Syed Ali Raza Naqvi ◽

Syed Muhammad Ali Shah ◽

Laiba Kanwal ◽

Muhammad Saeed ◽

Atta-ul-Haq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Alternative Therapies ◽

Zone Of Inhibition

Multidrug resistance has increased globally in the communities. Bacterial infections associated with health care have weakened the existing antimicrobial therapy and demand the search for alternative therapies. In the present investigation, the medicinal plant Pulicaria gnaphalodes from Quetta, Pakistan, has been screened for antimicrobial potential. In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of P gnaphalodes extracts (methanol and ethanol) was quantitatively evaluated on the basis of zone of inhibition against different bacteria and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In vivo, antihypercholesterolemic activity is determined in different rat groups. The results of the study indicated that the ethanol extract of P gnaphalodes showed maximum zone of inhibition for Bacillus subtilis of 12.1 ± 1.1 mm from all others. The methanol extract showed maximum zone of inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus of 11.9 ± 1.0 mm and rifampicin showed maximum zone of inhibition of 23.1 ± 0.9 mm. The results of ethanol and methanol extract of P gnaphalodes against different bacteria revealed that this plant has greater antimicrobial activity. However, the plant extract shows nonsignificant antihypercholesterolemic activity. The extract of this plant can be utilized as medicine to inhibit several infections caused by some bacterial pathogens found in human body.

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of GSQ1530, a New Heteroaromatic Polycyclic Compound

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.46.10.3168-3174.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 46 (10) ◽

pp. 3168-3174 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Yigong Ge ◽

Stacey Difuntorum ◽

Sofia Touami ◽

Ian Critchley ◽

Roland Bürli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Gram Positive ◽

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity

ABSTRACT GSQ1530 is a compound derived from a newly identified class of antibiotics referred to as heteroaromatic polycyclic (HARP) antibiotics. The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro antimicrobial activity of GSQ1530. By using an NCCLS broth microdilution assay, the activities of GSQ1530 and other antibiotics were coevaluated against 215 clinical isolates. The MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC90s) of GSQ1530 for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were 2 and 4 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC90s of GSQ1530 for the streptococci tested were 2 μg/ml or less, regardless of their susceptibilities to other antibiotics. The MIC90 of GSQ1530 for the enterococci tested (including vancomycin-resistant enterococci) was 4 μg/ml. No cross-resistance was found between GSQ1530 and other known antibiotics. In a separate assay, GSQ1530 demonstrated excellent activity against vancomycin-intermediate-susceptible staphylococci (MIC90, 1 μg/ml). The minimal bactericidal concentration test was conducted with 73 clinical isolates; GSQ1530 was cidal against streptococci and staphylococci but static against enterococci. An in vitro killing kinetic study revealed a time-dependent profile, with at least a 3-log reduction of bacterial growth within 6 h after exposure to four times the MICs of GSQ1530 for both S. aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The checkerboard study showed that GSQ1530 had a synergistic interaction with rifampin against MRSA. The test medium was found to have little effect on in vitro antimicrobial potency. The MICs of GSQ1530 for gram-positive cocci were 4- to 32-fold higher in the presence of serum proteins. GSQ1530 has high levels of plasma protein binding (91 and 89% for rat and human plasma, respectively). These preliminary results demonstrate that GSQ1530, a representative compound of our novel HARP antibiotics, has broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive bacteria. This novel class of antibacterial compounds is profiled in vivo to assess the therapeutic potential in humans. Ongoing in vivo studies will assess whether this class of molecules has promising in vivo efficacy and safety profiles.

In Vitro Activities of Sparfloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Penicillin, Tetracycline and Doxycycline againstChlamydia trachomatisandNeisseria gonhorrhoeae

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1155/1992/743419 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 114-117

Author(s):

Hazel Talbot ◽

Barbara Romanowski

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽

Highly Active ◽

Resistant Strains

In vitro sparfloxacin was highly active against 223 penicillin-susceptible isolates ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaewith a 90% minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC90) of 0.004 μg/mL. Resistant strains ofN gonorrhoeaetotalled 55; 32 were penicillinase-producing and 23 chromosomally resistant. The MIC90for these isolates was 0.004 μg/mL and 0.008 μg/mL, respectively.Chlamydia trachomatiswas also very susceptible with an MIC50of 0.063 μg/mL and a 50% minimal bactericidal concentration of 0.032 μg/mL for 11 isolates.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIDIABETIC, ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC PROPERTIES OF LEAVES OF Filicium decipiens IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS.

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics ◽

10.22270/jddt.v9i5.3516 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 62-66

Author(s):

Elias Akila ◽

C Geetha Priya

Keyword(s):

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Soxhlet Extraction ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Pharmacological Screening ◽

Selection Of

The Present study was undertaken with a view to evaluate the Phytochemical & Pharmacological activities of the leaves of Filicium decipiens (Sapindaceae). The shade dried powdered plant material was subjected to successive soxhlet extraction with Petroleum Ether, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and Ethanol. The various extracts were then subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of flavanoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, sugars, lipids, alkaloids & steroids. Selection of active extract for in vivo studies was based on preliminary phytochemical tests and in vitro glucose diffusion inhibition potential and accordingly ethanolic and chloroform extracts were chosen for further studies. Pharmacological screening included evaluation of antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activity of chloroform and ethanolic extracts (200mg/kg b.w) on Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The ethanolic extract was found to be more effective and brought about significant antidiabetic & hypolipidemic potential. This was due to the presence of one or more phytoconstituents present in ethanol extract. Thus, the present study validates the traditional claim of the plant and endorses a scientific proof in future.