scholarly journals Concurrent Respiratory Disease in Broiler Chickens in Egypt during 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-394
Author(s):  
Nahed Yehia ◽  
Fatma Amer ◽  
Abdelhafez Samir ◽  
Mohamed Samy ◽  
Ahmed Sedeek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Antigenic Site ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Receptor Binding Site ◽  
Ha Gene ◽  
Group B

Poultry production has been affected by multiple respiratory diseases triggering serious economic losses in Egypt. The current study aimed to investigate the situation and genetic evolution of respiratory diseases in Egypt during 2020. A total of 53 samples were collected from infected flocks suffering from respiratory signs and variable mortality rates from nine governorates in Egypt during 2020. The collected samples were examined for the detection of respiratory disease viruses (Avian influenza virus (AIV (H5N8, H9N2), Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) by rRT-PCR. The single infection was confirmed in 90.6% (37.7% I.B, 30.2% AIV (H5N8), 9.4% I.B and 5.7% NDV) and co-infection of HPAIV (H5N8) + I.BV and LPAIV (H9N2) +IBV were detected in 3.8% of nine governorates. The HA gene of HPAIV (H5N8) was cluster to clad 2.3.4.4.1b in a new branch with characteristic specific mutations especially in T140A in antigenic site A and R72S in the receptor-binding site, compared to A/duck/Egypt/F446/2017 with low A.A identity percent with vaccinal strains of H5N1 and H5N2 reaching to 91.9-94% and 84.6%, respectively. The HA gene of AIV (H9N2) belonged to A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97-like virus clustered with group B with a specific mutation (212I) that may affect the human transmission of the virus. The HVRs of S1 gene of IBV cluster to GI23 (Egy Var I) clad with multiple mutations in HVR1 and HVR2, compared to IBV/CU/4/2014 and low identity percent (68.3-78.8%) with vaccine strains (H120, M41, 4/91). In conclusion, respiratory disease continues to circulate and rapidly evolve in Egypt during 2020.

scholarly journals Isolation and Molecular Identification of Respiratory Diseases Viruses in Poultry During 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahed Yehia ◽  
Fatma Amer ◽  
Abdelhafez Samir ◽  
Mohamed Samy ◽  
Ahmed Sedeek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Antigenic Site ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Receptor Binding Site ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Ha Gene ◽  
Multiple Mutation ◽  
Group B

Abstract Poultry production has affected by multiple respiratory disease triggering serious economic losses in Egypt. In this study, the situation and genetic evolution of respiratory disease in Egypt during 2020 were studied. We collected 53 samples from infected flocks suffered from respiratory signs and variable mortality rate from nine governorates in Egypt during 2020. The collected samples were examined for detection of respiratory disease viruses (Avian influenza virus (AIV), Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) by rRT-PCR. The single infection was confirmed in 90.6% (37.7% I. B, 30.2% AIV (H5N8), 9.4% I. B and 5.7% NDV) and co-infection of HPAIV (H5N8) + I.BV and LPAIV (H9N2) +IBV were detected in 3.8% in nine governorates. The HA gene of HPAIV (H5N8) were cluster to clad 2.3.4.4.1b in new branch with characteristic specific mutations especially in T140A in antigenic site A and R72S in the receptor binding site when comparing with A/duck/Egypt/F446/2017 with low A.A identity percent with vaccinal strains (H5N1 and H5N2) reach to 91.9-94% and 84.6% respectively. The HA gene of AIV (H9N2) were belong to A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97-like virus clustered with group B with specific mutation (212I) that may be effect on human transmission of the virus. The HVRs of S1 gene of IBV cluster to GI23 (Egy Var I) clad with multiple mutation in HVR1, HVR2 when comparing with IBV/CU/4/2014 and low identity percent (68.3%-78.8%) with vaccine strains (H120, M41, 4/91). In conclusion, the respiratory disease continues circulate and rapidly evolved in Egypt during 2020.

scholarly journals The frequency of respiratory diseases in broiler chickens during 1992-2001

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. GEORGOPOULOU (Ι. ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) ◽  
P. IORDANIDIS (Π. ΙΟΡΔΑΝΙΔΗΣ) ◽  
P. BOUGIOUKLIS (Π. ΜΠΟΥΠΟΥΚΛΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chicken Anemia Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Poultry Houses ◽  
Mycoplasma Spp

The respiratory diseases of broiler chickens are included among the very important problems in the poultry industry. The pathogenic causes of these diseases are viruses (NDV, IBV, ILTV, etc), bacteria (Mycoplasma spp, Haemophilus paragallinarum, E.coli, ORT, etc), fungi and parasites. These factors can act either alone, leading in complete disease or in combinations, causing respiratory syndromes. In broiler flocks the most frequent respiratory disease with considerable economic losses is Colibacillosis. It is either the result of primary infection of the birds with the pathogenic E.coli or secondary as complicated agent leading in the CDR syndrome. The evaluation of the respiratory diseases incidents in the Clinic of Avian Medicine showed that there has been a gradual decline in the number of the respiratory diseases during the last decade 1992 - 2001. More specifically, the percentages of the incidents of respiratory diseases were: 26,49% (1992), 22,14% (1993), 17,24% (1994), 18,00% (1995), 10,04% (1996), 9,93% (1997), 11,92% (1998), 7,79% (1999), 7,77% (2000) and 6,99% (2001). This significant reduction of the respiratory disease percentages was probably caused by factors relative with a series of measures applied in breeder flocks, in hatcheries and in poultry houses. These measures concern the continuous improvement of the poultry houses and equipment, the application of systematic vaccination programs in breeders and chicks, the good collaboration between farmers and veterinarians, the improvement of nutrition, the supplying of chicks free of bacteria, such as Mycoplasma spp, Salmonella spp, etc, and viruses, such as Reovirus, Chicken anemia virus, e.t.c, and the strict application of appropriate disinfections. The application of the above measures reduces the poultry stress, enhances their immunity, eliminates the presence and the spread of pathogens and secures better health and growth in the birds of the poultry industry. Keywords: Respiratory diseases, broilers, incidents' frequency, decade 1992-2001

scholarly journals Pretreatment with probiotics ameliorate gut health and necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens, a substitute to antibiotics

AMB Express ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danish Sharafat Rajput ◽  
Dong Zeng ◽  
Abdul Khalique ◽  
Samia Sharafat Rajput ◽  
Hesong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽  
Microbial Strains

AbstractNecrotic enteritis (NE) is being considered as one of the most important intestinal diseases in the recent poultry production systems, which causes huge economic losses globally. NE is caused by Clostridium perfringens, a pathogenic bacterium, and normal resident of the intestinal microflora of healthy broiler chickens. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broiler chicken is considered as the most integral part of pathogen’s entrance, their production and disease prevention. Interaction between C. perfringens and other pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella present in the small intestine may contribute to the development of NE in broiler chickens. The antibiotic therapy was used to treat the NE; however European Union has imposed a strict ban due to the negative implications of drug resistance. Moreover, antibiotic growth promoters cause adverse effects on human health as results of withdrawal of antibiotic residues in the chicken meat. After restriction on use of antibiotics, numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the alternatives to antibiotics for controlling NE. Thus, possible alternatives to prevent NE are bio-therapeutic agents (Probiotics), prebiotics, organic acids and essential oils which help in nutrients digestion, immunity enhancement and overall broiler performance. Recently, probiotics are extensively used alternatives to antibiotics for improving host health status and making them efficient in production. The aim of review is to describe a replacement to antibiotics by using different microbial strains as probiotics such as bacteria and yeasts etc. having bacteriostatic properties which inhibit growth of pathogens and neutralize the toxins by different modes of action.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanisms of growth depression in broiler chickens (Gallus Gallus domesticus) mediated by immune stress: a hepatic proteome study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aijuan Zheng ◽  
Anrong Zhang ◽  
Zhimin Chen ◽  
Shoaib Ahmed Pirzado ◽  
Wenhuan Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Gallus Gallus ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Gallus Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Growth Depression ◽  
Stress Group ◽  
Immune Stress

Abstract Background Immunological stress decreases feed intake, suppresses growth and induces economic losses. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Label-free liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) proteomics techniques were employed to investigate effects of immune stress on the hepatic proteome changes of Arbor Acres broilers (Gallus Gallus domesticus) challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Results Proteomic analysis indicated that 111 proteins were differentially expressed in the liver of broiler chickens from the immune stress group. Of these, 28 proteins were down-regulated, and 83 proteins were up-regulated in the immune stress group. Enrichment analysis showed that immune stress upregulated the expression of hepatic proteins involved in defense function, amino acid catabolism, ion transport, wound healing, and hormone secretion. Furthermore, immune stress increased valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation pathways. Conclusion The data suggests that growth depression of broiler chickens induced by immune stress is triggered by hepatic proteome alterations, and provides a new insight into the mechanism by which immune challenge impairs poultry production.

scholarly journals An In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Test of Meniran Herbs’(Phyllanthus Niruri L.) Ethanol ExtractAgainst Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in Broiler Chickens

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum ◽  
Sri Hidanah ◽  
Retno Sri Wahjuni ◽  
Sri Chusniati ◽  
Arimbi Arimbi
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Phyllanthus Niruri

Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) is a chicken respiratory disease that attacks both broilers and layers. Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) has important economic significance in the intensification of chicken farms because this disease can cause huge economic losses. Meniran plant (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) is one of the plants that can be used as prevention and alternative treatment as a substitute of antibiotic caused by Mycoplasma galisepticum causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in broiler chickens. The chemicals contained in meniran include tannins, saponins, alkaloids as antibacterials. The purpose of this study is to determine the activity of meniran herbs’ (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn) as antibacterial to eradicate Mycoplasma galisepticum. The method of this study is dilution method which included Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC) was taken by making the concentration of meniran extract as much 65%, 62,5%; 60%; 55%; 50%; 45%; 40%. It was then added Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria. The result of this study is Meniran’s activation test on Mycoplasma galisepticum obtained a dose of 62,5% could eradicate Mycoplasma galisepticum causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in broiler chickens. Meniran herbs’ (Phyllanthus niruri linn) is effective as antibacterial at concentrations of 30% against Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in broiler chickens. Keywords: Meniran herbs’ (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn), Mycoplasma Galisepticum, Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD)

scholarly journals Ongoing genetic evolution of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Iranian industrial poultry farms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Bashashati ◽  
Zohreh Mojahedi ◽  
Ali Ameghi Roudsari ◽  
Morteza Taghizadeh ◽  
Aidin Molouki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Vaccine Strain ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Receptor Binding Site ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Distinct Cluster ◽  
Wide Scale

AbstractDespite the use of wide-scale vaccination programmes against the H9N2 virus, enzootic outbreaks of H9N2 avian influenza (AI) have often occurred and caused serious nationwide economic losses, particularly in broiler chickens. In this study, the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of nine recent H9N2s and a common vaccine strain were fully sequenced and compared with other representative Iranian viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all Iranian viruses were grouped into the G1 sub-lineage with different clusters in which recent isolates (2014–2017) formed a distinct cluster compared to the vaccine group (1998–2004). All Iranian H9N2s exhibited low pathogenicity AI connecting peptide feature with an R/KSSR motif. Amino acid 226, located in the 220 loop of the receptor binding site, was leucine among the recent Iranian viruses, a characteristic of human influenza viruses. With an overall gradual increase in the genetic diversity of H9N2s, Bayesian skyline plots of Iranian HA and NA genes depicted a fluctuation and a relative stable situation, respectively. It is recommended to apply constant surveillance to assess any increase in viral human adaptation and evolutionary changes in circulating field H9N2s. Moreover, antigenic characterisation of the prevailing H9N2 viruses seems to be necessary for evaluating the possible antigenic drift from the vaccine strain.

scholarly journals EPIZOOTIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF SALMONELLA SPP. ISOLATED IN VARIOUS ASPECTS OF POULTRY PRODUCTION IN THE SOUTHERN BAČKA AND SREM REGION

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Marko Pajić ◽  
Dalibor Todorović ◽  
Maja Velhner ◽  
Dubravka Milanov ◽  
Vladimir Polaček ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
Research Period

Salmonella causes local and systemic infections of poultry, which may lead to substantial direct and indirect economic losses, presenting also significant risk to human health. Th e aim of this study was to monitor the occurrence of certain serotypes of Salmonella spp. isolated on poultry farmsin Southern Bačka and Srem regions in the period from 2010 to 2014, as recommended by the Book of rules of early detection, diagnostic, prevention of spreading and eradication of Salmonella spp. We analyzed the results obtained from the laboratory for clinical bacteriology to determine number of salmonella cases. From all samples that have been submitted for bacteriology analysis, salmonellas were isolated from 7.3% samples. Salmonella infantis was isolated from 50.3% of all salmonella-positive samples, mostly from materials supplied from broiler farms. Salmonella enteritidis was most frequently isolated in broiler chickens at the rate of 48.2%. Th ere is an increasing trend in the occurrence of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella infantis on poultry farms from year to year. Our research revealed the highest incidence of salmonella isolates in broilers that died during transportation or within the fi rst three days upon arrival of chickens. During the five-year research period, 65 samples from parent fl ocks (63 from broiler breeders and 2 from parent fl ocks of layers) were salmonella positive, which makes 8.03% of all positive isolates. It is most likely that salmonella infection occurs due to infection of parent flocks and young chickens are infected trough both vertical and horizontal transmission.

scholarly journals Implementation of Meniran Extract (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn) on the Performance of Broiler Chickens Infected by Mycoplasma gallisepticum Caused Chronic Respiratory Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Sri Hidanah ◽  
Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum ◽  
Retno Sri Wahjuni ◽  
Arimbi Arimbi
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Inhibit Protein Synthesis ◽  
Phyllanthus Niruri ◽  
The World

Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chicken is a disease that has great economic losses in poultry industry in the world. The losses are mainly due to the decrease of body weight gain, feed efficiencies, hatchabilities and increase conversion of the feed, of embryo mortality. The main causative agent of Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) is Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Mycoplasma gallisepticum attacks the respiratory tract, especially in young broiler chickens with age ranged 3-5 weeks. CRD treatment usually uses macrolide antibiotics, because it has proven effective to inhibit protein synthesis. However, it is not recommended to continuously given because the chicken can be resistant to the medicineand leave a harmful reside to consumers. The development of herbal medicine utilization currently is mostly implemented for the treatment of diseases that infected livestock. Meniran plants (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) is one of the plants that can be used as prevention and alternative treatment caused by Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD). Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) has the content of bioactive compounds that have antibacterial activity, including terpenoids,alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The purpose of this study is to test and evaluate the effectiveness of Meniran extract (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn) on the performance of broiler chickens infected by Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), seen from the feed conversion.Keywords: Meniran, Mycoplasma galisepticum, Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), performance of Broiler Chickens, Feed Conversion

scholarly journals Pathomorphological changes in the organs of chickens infected spontaneously by the species Salmonella pullorum on private farms in Chernivtsi region

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-619
Author(s):  
O. Shchebentovska ◽  
A. Kostynuk ◽  
S. Zaika ◽  
L. Kovalova ◽  
L. Yevtukh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Coagulation Necrosis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sharp Change ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Salmonella Pullorum

Commercial poultry production growth and the increase in the number of small farms specializing in raising broiler chickens, laying hens, quails, and other poultry contribute to the spread of infectious diseases. Non-compliance with the principles of biosafety during incubation and breeding results in mass deaths of poultry and, consequently, significant economic losses for farmers. Salmonellosis is one of the most dangerous anthropozoonotic diseases of poultry, which is most often registered in private farms. Age analysis of the poultry salmonellosis in the EU countries indicates the infection of adult laying hens most often, young poultry to a lesser extent, and chickens aged up to 10 days less frequently. Although the program for the prevention and elimination of poultry salmonellosis has been approved at the legislative level in Ukraine, monitoring studies are not carefully conducted. This is especially true for private homesteads and small farms, which greatly complicates the epizootiological situation in some regions of the country. The article describes the pathological and histological changes in the liver, heart, lungs, kidneys, and spleen. The changes were detected in chickens aged 10 and 14 days infected with microorganisms of the species Salmonella pullorum. Eggs for incubation were obtained from different family flocks, and incubation was performed in a single incubator. The initial clinical signs of the disease appeared in chickens aged 7 days and included diarrhea, increased water consumption, lameness, mass concentration of chickens near heat sources, nervous phenomena in the form of circle walking, and partial blindness in some cases. The pathological autopsy revealed hepatomegaly with sharp change in the organ colour, diapedetic hemorrhage under Glisson’s capsule, and diffuse miliary necrosis. Greyish-white nodular lesions of the lungs and heart, dystrophic changes in the kidneys, and deposition of uric acid salts in the ureters were also characteristic features. Diffuse coagulation necrosis, massive perivascular infiltration by heterophilic lymphocytes and stasis were observed in the liver. Changes in the heart were characterized by significant infiltration by mononuclear cells and heterophiles, which led to atrophy, necrosis, and replacement of cardiomyocytes by connective tissue cellular elements. Delymphatization and necrosis of the lymph nodes were pronounced in the spleen.

Impact of feed-borne mycotoxins on avian cell-mediated and humoral immune responses

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Girish ◽  
T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Lymphocyte Proliferation Response

Mycotoxins of economic importance in poultry production are mainly produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium fungi. The important mycotoxins in poultry production are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins. Mycotoxins exert their immunotoxic effects through various mechanisms which are manifested as reduced response of the immune system. Mycotoxin-induced immunosuppression in poultry may be manifested as decreased antibody production to antigens (e.g. sheep red blood cells) and impaired delayed hypersensitivity response (e.g. dinitrochlorobenzene), reduction in systemic bacterial clearance (e.g. Salmonella, Brucella, Listeria and Escherichia), lymphocyte proliferation (response to mitogens), macrophage phagocytotic ability, and alterations in CD4+/CD8+ ratio, immune organ weights (spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius), and histological changes (lymphocyte depletion, degeneration and necrosis). Mycotoxins, especially fumonisin B1 have been shown to down regulate proinflammatory cytokine levels including those of interferon (IFN)-γ, IFN-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-2 in broiler chickens. Fusarium mycotoxins exert part of their toxic effects by altering cytokine production in poultry. Mycotoxins adversely affect intestinal barrier functions by reducing the intestinal epithelial integrity and removing tight junction proteins. Apoptosis, increased colonisation of pathogenic microorganisms, cytotoxicity and oxidative stress, inhibition of protein synthesis and lipid peroxidation are characteristic of the toxic effects of mycotoxins on intestinal epithelium. These directly or indirectly affect host immune responses. Such immunotoxic effects of mycotoxins render poultry susceptible to many infectious diseases. The avian immune system is sensitive to most mycotoxins. Both cell-mediated and humoral immunity may be adversely affected after feeding mycotoxins to poultry. The avian immune system may be more sensitive to naturally contaminated feedstuffs because of the presence of multiple mycotoxins and the complex interactions between them which can cause severe adverse effects. Adverse effects of mycotoxins on the immune system reduce production and performance resulting in economic losses to poultry industries. Caution must be exercised while feeding grains contaminated with mycotoxins.

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