Isolation and Molecular Identification of Respiratory Diseases Viruses in Poultry During 2020

Abstract Poultry production has affected by multiple respiratory disease triggering serious economic losses in Egypt. In this study, the situation and genetic evolution of respiratory disease in Egypt during 2020 were studied. We collected 53 samples from infected flocks suffered from respiratory signs and variable mortality rate from nine governorates in Egypt during 2020. The collected samples were examined for detection of respiratory disease viruses (Avian influenza virus (AIV), Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) by rRT-PCR. The single infection was confirmed in 90.6% (37.7% I. B, 30.2% AIV (H5N8), 9.4% I. B and 5.7% NDV) and co-infection of HPAIV (H5N8) + I.BV and LPAIV (H9N2) +IBV were detected in 3.8% in nine governorates. The HA gene of HPAIV (H5N8) were cluster to clad 2.3.4.4.1b in new branch with characteristic specific mutations especially in T140A in antigenic site A and R72S in the receptor binding site when comparing with A/duck/Egypt/F446/2017 with low A.A identity percent with vaccinal strains (H5N1 and H5N2) reach to 91.9-94% and 84.6% respectively. The HA gene of AIV (H9N2) were belong to A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97-like virus clustered with group B with specific mutation (212I) that may be effect on human transmission of the virus. The HVRs of S1 gene of IBV cluster to GI23 (Egy Var I) clad with multiple mutation in HVR1, HVR2 when comparing with IBV/CU/4/2014 and low identity percent (68.3%-78.8%) with vaccine strains (H120, M41, 4/91). In conclusion, the respiratory disease continues circulate and rapidly evolved in Egypt during 2020.

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Concurrent Respiratory Disease in Broiler Chickens in Egypt during 2020

World s Veterinary Journal ◽

10.54203/scil.2021.wvj50 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 384-394

Author(s):

Nahed Yehia ◽

Fatma Amer ◽

Abdelhafez Samir ◽

Mohamed Samy ◽

Ahmed Sedeek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Antigenic Site ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Single Infection ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Receptor Binding Site ◽

Ha Gene ◽

Group B

Poultry production has been affected by multiple respiratory diseases triggering serious economic losses in Egypt. The current study aimed to investigate the situation and genetic evolution of respiratory diseases in Egypt during 2020. A total of 53 samples were collected from infected flocks suffering from respiratory signs and variable mortality rates from nine governorates in Egypt during 2020. The collected samples were examined for the detection of respiratory disease viruses (Avian influenza virus (AIV (H5N8, H9N2), Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) by rRT-PCR. The single infection was confirmed in 90.6% (37.7% I.B, 30.2% AIV (H5N8), 9.4% I.B and 5.7% NDV) and co-infection of HPAIV (H5N8) + I.BV and LPAIV (H9N2) +IBV were detected in 3.8% of nine governorates. The HA gene of HPAIV (H5N8) was cluster to clad 2.3.4.4.1b in a new branch with characteristic specific mutations especially in T140A in antigenic site A and R72S in the receptor-binding site, compared to A/duck/Egypt/F446/2017 with low A.A identity percent with vaccinal strains of H5N1 and H5N2 reaching to 91.9-94% and 84.6%, respectively. The HA gene of AIV (H9N2) belonged to A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97-like virus clustered with group B with a specific mutation (212I) that may affect the human transmission of the virus. The HVRs of S1 gene of IBV cluster to GI23 (Egy Var I) clad with multiple mutations in HVR1 and HVR2, compared to IBV/CU/4/2014 and low identity percent (68.3-78.8%) with vaccine strains (H120, M41, 4/91). In conclusion, respiratory disease continues to circulate and rapidly evolve in Egypt during 2020.

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Prevalence of Infections Bronchities Virus at Four Selected Districts (Damot Gale, Sodozuri, Humbo and Kindokoy) In Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples

Journal of Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.47363/jmhc/2021(3)175 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Abebe Garooma Gichile ◽

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sampling Procedure ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Infectious Bronchitis

Infectious bronchitis is an important virial disease affecting poultry production which causes significant economic losses. A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2019 to January 2020. To estimating the prevalence of infectious bronchitis and determines the risk factors. A total 420 poultry were by a simple random sampling procedure. Data was analyzed using STATA version 11. Chi square test and logistic regression analysis were used to determine the association between prevalence of infectious bronchitis and potential risk factors. From the total 420 poultry examined for infectious bronchitis were found positive. There was significance difference between the risk factors and bronchitis infections. More infectious bronchitis infected poultry were found in kindokoy 90.4%, odd ratio: 0.3 Confidence Interval :0.1-0.7, p = 0.00 than humbo, sodozuri and damotgale. There was high prevalence of infectious bronchitis in gerater than 6 months than less than 3 months and between 3 and 6-month age of poultry. The presence of infectious bronchitis in poultry production might entail morbidity and mortality. Therefore, further detailed molecular epidemiological studies are warranted. Good hygienic and husbandry practices are essential to limit the spread of infection

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Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Egypt: Genetic Diversity and Vaccination Strategies

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci7040204 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 204

Author(s):

Hassanein H. Abozeid ◽

Mahmoud M. Naguib

Keyword(s):

Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

Vaccination Strategies ◽

Avian Pathogen ◽

Surveillance Programs ◽

Insight Into

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly evolving avian pathogen that has increasingly imposed a negative impact on poultry industry worldwide. In the last 20 years, IBV has been continuously circulating among chicken flocks in Egypt causing huge economic losses to poultry production. Multiple IBV genotypes, namely, GI-1, GI-13, GI-16, and GI-23 have been reported in Egypt possessing different genetic and pathogenic features. Different vaccine programs are being used to control the spread of the disease in Egypt. However, the virus continues to spread and evolve where multiple IBV variants and several recombination evidence have been described. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge concerning IBV circulation, genesis, and vaccination strategies in Egypt. In addition, we analyze representative Egyptian IBV strains from an evolutionary perspective based on available data of their S1 gene. We also provide insight into the importance of surveillance programs and share our perspectives for better control of IBV circulating in Egypt.

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Pathogenicity of the Canadian Delmarva (DMV/1639) Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) on Female Reproductive Tract of Chickens

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13122488 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 2488

Author(s):

Mohamed S. H. Hassan ◽

Ahmed Ali ◽

Sabrina M. Buharideen ◽

Dayna Goldsmith ◽

Carla S. Coffin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Reproductive Tract ◽

Female Reproductive Tract ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Production Sector ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

Viral Shedding ◽

Specific Pathogen

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection causes significant economic losses to various sectors of the poultry industry worldwide. Over the past few years, the incidence of false layer syndrome in Eastern Canadian layer flocks has been associated with the increased prevalence of the IBV Delmarva (DMV)/1639 strain. In this study, 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) hens were infected with the Canadian DMV/1639 strain and observed until 16 weeks of age in order to determine if the IBV DMV/1639 strain is causing false layer syndrome. Early after infection, the virus showed a wide tissue distribution with characteristic gross and histopathological lesions in the respiratory tract and kidney. Around 60–70% of the infected hens demonstrated continuous cloacal viral shedding until the end of the experiment (at 16 weeks) which was associated with high IBV genome loads detected in the cecal tonsils. The experiment confirmed the field observations that the Canadian DMV/1639 strain is highly pathogenic to the female reproductive tract causing marked cystic lesions in the oviduct. Moreover, significant histopathological damage was observed in the ovary. Our study provides a detailed description of the pathological consequences of the IBV DMV/1639 strain circulating in an important poultry production sector.

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Near-Complete Genome Sequence of GI-17 Lineage Infectious Bronchitis Virus, Circulating in Iowa

Microbiology Resource Announcements ◽

10.1128/mra.01406-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (20) ◽

Author(s):

Amro Hashish ◽

Yuko Sato ◽

Ganwu Li ◽

Ying Zheng ◽

Phillip C. Gauger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Genome Sequence ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Complete Genome Sequence ◽

Complete Genome ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Poultry Industry ◽

Infectious Bronchitis

ABSTRACT Avian infectious bronchitis virus (AvIBV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens which results in significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Here, we report a near-complete genome sequence of the strain, designated IA1162/2020, identified in tracheal swabs from chickens in Iowa in 2020.

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Immunosuppressive Properties of Infectious Bronchitis Vaccine4/91 strain against different programs and method of vaccination against Newcastle disease in Broilers

Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences ◽

10.29079/vol11iss3art209 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

A.H. Zahid

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Challenge Test ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Control Group ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

Spray Method ◽

Significant Difference

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) primarily induces a respiratory disease in broilerscausing important economic losses in poultry industry. The aim of this study was to investigatethe immunosuppressive properties of live IB vaccine on the different programs and method ofvaccination against Newcastle disease (ND) in broilers. A total of 125 one-day-old broilerchicks were assigned into five equal groups. At day one G1 and G2groupswere vaccinated witha live (ND, IB)vaccine by dipping the head in the vaccine and intra-cloacae methodrespectively. Afterward, G3and G4 groups were vaccinated with a live ND vaccine alone by thesame method of G1 and G2. At the same time all these4 groups were vaccinated bysubcutaneous injection (S/C) with inactivated oil based vaccine ND. The G5 group was leftwithout vaccination as a control group. After that, all treated groups were vaccinated with a liveND by spray method at day 10 of the age. The immunosuppressive effects of this IB virus wasevaluated by Haemagglutination inhibition test (HI), and challenged by virulent ND virus.Bursa and Spleen indices were estimated in all groups. The results showed that the antibodytiters against ND was higher (P<0.05) in G3and G4 in compared with G1, G2 and controlgroups at 20 and 30 days of age. However, there was no significant difference of bursa indexand spleen index in all groups. Challenge test showed no mortality in the 3rd group while 10%in the 4th group, 85% in the 1st group and 90% in the 2nd group. In conclusion, it’s revealed thatthe best method and program of vaccination which can protect against ND was applied in the3rd group.

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Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Captured Free-Living, Free-Range and Intensively Reared Birds in Southwest Nigeria

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.1515/fv-2017-0004 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 23-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. I. Adebiyi ◽

A. F. Fagbohun

Keyword(s):

Bird Species ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Free Living ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

Free Range ◽

Indigenous Chickens ◽

Japanese Quails ◽

Southwest Nigeria

Abstract Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute infectious viral disease causing severe economic losses in poultry production. In Nigeria, there has only been monitoring of the disease in chickens with little attention given to other bird species. For this study, blood samples were collected from 184 apparently healthy, unvaccinated birds which comprised of 61 captured free-living pigeons, 60 free range indigenous chickens and 63 intensively reared Japanese quails. Sera from these birds were screened for IB virus antibodies (IBV) using a commercial ELISA kit. The birds were from Oyo and Osun States, in southwest Nigeria. Overall, 63 (34.2 %) sera were positive for IBV with 3.3 % (2/61), 95.0 % (57/60) and 6.3 % (4/63) from pigeons, indigenous chickens and Japanese quails, respectively. These findings suggest that they were subclinically infected with either field or vaccine virus and could thus serve as possible reservoirs of this virus to domestic poultry. Thus, there is need for continuous surveillance of the disease in different bird species and their possible role in the spread of IBV in Nigeria.

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Molecular Characterization of Chicken Anaemia Virus Circulating in Commercial Poultry Flocks in Egypt during 2020

World s Veterinary Journal ◽

10.54203/scil.2021.wvj30 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 235-241

Author(s):

Ahmed Abdelhalim ◽

Abdelhafez Samir ◽

Nahed Yehia

Keyword(s):

Egg Production ◽

Hypervariable Region ◽

Chicken Anemia Virus ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Group A ◽

Commercial Poultry ◽

Group B ◽

Anemia Virus

Chicken Anemia Virus (CAV) is an extremely contagious immunosuppressive disease causing high economic losses in poultry production. In the present study, tissue samples (bone marrow, thymus, and spleen) were collected from 86 different broiler chicken farms located in fourteen governorates in Egypt during 2020. They suffered from retard growth, weakness, and a drop in egg production with an observed mortality rate ranged 5-15%. A total of 26 samples were positive for CAV using PCR in six governorates in Lower Egypt with a 30% incidence rate, especially in Sharkia (78%), Ismailia (62.5%), and Alexandria (60%). The viral protein1 (VP1) gene of CAV was genetically characterized by sequencing of 10 selected viruses in six governorates. revealing that all Egyptian strains were clustered into two groups (A, B) that was distinct from vaccine strains (Del-Ros, Cux-1, and 26PA) which were clustered in group C. The seven Egyptian viruses in this study (A-Egypt-AN1-2020 to A-Egypt-AN7-2020) were clustered with the viruses from Japan, Argentina, and Malaysia in group A, and the other three viruses (A-Egypt-AN8-2020, A-Egypt-AN9-2020, A-Egypt-AN10-2020) were clustered with the viruses from Nigeria, and India in group B. The Egyptian viruses in the current study acquired new specific mutations clustering them into new subgroups (2A, 2B). By mutation analysis comparing with Del-Rose reference strains, V75I, M97L, and K139Q, E144Q were recorded in all viruses in the group A and B. All Egyptian viruses in the current study had specific new mutations at Y13N, H22N. Moreover, mutation at G74E in Egyptian viruses recorded in the current study was related to sub group 2A, I83V in three strains (A/Egypt/AN1/2020, A/Egypt/AN2/2020, A/Egypt/AN4/2020), and S140A in the hypervariable region was found in four strains (A/Egypt/AN1/2020, A/Egypt/AN2/2020, A/Egypt/AN4/2020 and A/Egypt/AN5/2020) in subgroup 2A. Furthermore, Q139 and Q144 amino acid substitutions, which are important in viral replication, were observed in all viruses. The field viruses in the study were distinct from the vaccinal strains by phylogenetic analysis and A.A. identity. In conclusion, the CAV was continuously circulating in Egypt from different genotypes. It acquired new specific mutations clustering them in a new subgroup, and it was distinct from vaccinal strains. Therefore, it is important to conduct continuous monitoring on the genetic evolution of CAV and further studies on the pathogenicity of the virus and the vaccine efficacy.

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Pretreatment with probiotics ameliorate gut health and necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens, a substitute to antibiotics

AMB Express ◽

10.1186/s13568-020-01153-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Danish Sharafat Rajput ◽

Dong Zeng ◽

Abdul Khalique ◽

Samia Sharafat Rajput ◽

Hesong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Production Systems ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Necrotic Enteritis ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Gut Health ◽

Growth Promoters ◽

Broiler Performance ◽

Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽

Microbial Strains

AbstractNecrotic enteritis (NE) is being considered as one of the most important intestinal diseases in the recent poultry production systems, which causes huge economic losses globally. NE is caused by Clostridium perfringens, a pathogenic bacterium, and normal resident of the intestinal microflora of healthy broiler chickens. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broiler chicken is considered as the most integral part of pathogen’s entrance, their production and disease prevention. Interaction between C. perfringens and other pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella present in the small intestine may contribute to the development of NE in broiler chickens. The antibiotic therapy was used to treat the NE; however European Union has imposed a strict ban due to the negative implications of drug resistance. Moreover, antibiotic growth promoters cause adverse effects on human health as results of withdrawal of antibiotic residues in the chicken meat. After restriction on use of antibiotics, numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the alternatives to antibiotics for controlling NE. Thus, possible alternatives to prevent NE are bio-therapeutic agents (Probiotics), prebiotics, organic acids and essential oils which help in nutrients digestion, immunity enhancement and overall broiler performance. Recently, probiotics are extensively used alternatives to antibiotics for improving host health status and making them efficient in production. The aim of review is to describe a replacement to antibiotics by using different microbial strains as probiotics such as bacteria and yeasts etc. having bacteriostatic properties which inhibit growth of pathogens and neutralize the toxins by different modes of action.

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Design and Characterization of a DNA Vaccine Based on Spike with Consensus Nucleotide Sequence against Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9010050 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 50

Author(s):

Lei Zuo ◽

Wenjun Yan ◽

Zhou Song ◽

Hao Li ◽

Xin Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nucleotide Sequence ◽

Dna Vaccine ◽

Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Post Translational Modification ◽

Virus Shedding ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

Specific Pathogen ◽

Cellular Immune

Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes severe economic losses in the poultry industry, but its control is hampered by the continuous emergence of new genotypes and the lack of cross-protection among different IBV genotypes. We designed a new immunogen based on a spike with the consensus nucleotide sequence (S_con) that may overcome the extraordinary genetic diversity of IBV. S_con was cloned into a pVAX1 vector to form a new IBV DNA vaccine, pV-S_con. pV-S_con could be correctly expressed in HD11 cells with corresponding post-translational modification, and induced a neutralizing antibody response to the Vero-cell-adapted IBV strain Beaudette (p65) in mice. To further evaluate its immunogenicity, specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were immunized with the pV-S_con plasmid and compared with the control pVAX1 vector and the H120 vaccine. Detection of IBV-specific antibodies and cell cytokines (IL-4 and IFN-γ) indicated that vaccination with pV-S_con efficiently induced both humoral and cellular immune responses. After challenge with the heterologous strain M41, virus shedding and virus loading in tissues was significantly reduced both by pV-S_con and its homologous vaccine H120. Thus, pV-S_con is a promising vaccine candidate for IBV, and the consensus approach is an appealing method for vaccine design in viruses with high variability.

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