Reference values and diagnostic ranges to assess the degree of nutritional balance for cacao plants

Aim of study: The interpretation of results of leaf analysis can be performed by nutritional balance methods, such as Kenworthy method (KW) and diagnostic levels of contents, whose achievements for cacao constitute the main objective of this work.Area of study: Bahia, Brazil.Material and methods: The database covered cacao trees in two cultivation systems: agroforestry systems and full sun. The reference populations were composed of plots with relative yield higher than the average plus half a standard deviation of each of these cultivation systems, in addition to a combined population of both systems.Main results: The norms of the KW method were compared by the t test, for mean, with 72% concordance; and F, for variance, 82% concordant. The diagnoses made based on specific norms per cultivation system and the general norm agreed on average of 91%. Potential response curves were obtained as a function of the Balanced Indices of Kenworthy (BIK) for each nutrient, by the boundary-line method, in addition to sufficiency ranges for BIK and for leaf contents for cacao.Research highlights: It is concluded that the general KW norms associated with the original Kenworthy ranges or the specific ranges for cacao are efficient in the nutritional diagnosis of cacao.

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Potential nutrient-response curves and sufficiency ranges of ‘Grande Naine’ banana cultivated in two environment

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/0100-29452021130 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Vagner Alves Rodrigues Filho ◽

Júlio César Lima Neves ◽

Sérgio Luiz Rodrigues Donato ◽

Bruno Vinícius Castro Guimarães

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Relative Yield ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Reference Population ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Boundary Line ◽

Response Curves ◽

Data Set ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Nutrient Response

Abstract Adequate plant nutrition is essential to attain higher yields. The objective was to determine potential-nutrient response curves and sufficiency ranges using the boundary line approach and balance indices of Kenworthy for interpreting the nutritional status of ‘Grand Nain’ banana cultivated in two environments. The study was carried out using a database containing leaf nutrient concentrations and yields of bananas cultivated on two areas located in Missão Velha-CE, and Ponto Novo-BA, Brazil. Plots with high-yielding plants, which were those with yields above average plus 0.5 standard deviation, were used atem as reference population. The database was subdivided into two sets. One of them contained 46 leaf tissue samples and reference population with yield greater than 58.84 Mg ha-1 year-1, in Missão Velha-CE. The second data set contained 19 samples and reference population with yield greater than 76.12 Mg ha-1 year-1 in Ponto Novo-BA. Potential response curves were fitted to the relationship between relative yield and leaf element concentrations and balance indices of Kenworthy. Models expressed high predictive power. Sufficiency ranges for macro- and micronutrient concentrations and balance indices of Kenworthy were established. The ranges allow an improved nutritional status assessment of irrigated ‘Grand Nain’ bananas.

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Increased Carbon Dioxide by Occupants Promotes Growth of Leafy Vegetables Grown in Indoor Cultivation System

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132313288 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 13288

Author(s):

Kyungdeok Noh ◽

Byoung Ryong Jeong

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Heat Loss ◽

Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽

Relative Yield ◽

Leafy Vegetables ◽

Root Activity ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Cultivation System ◽

Cultivation Systems ◽

Ventilation Fan

The development of various types of plant factories is central to improving agriculture. In one form, it is expanding from the existing commercial plant factories to home cultivation systems or cultivators. The plant cultivation system grafted into the living space for people produces differences in the growth of the plant depending on the lifestyle (cooling and heating, residence time, number of residents, etc.) of the resident. In this study, identical home cultivation systems that automatically adjust environmental conditions (temperature, photoperiod, light, and nutrient solution supply) other than the carbon dioxide level were set in an office and warehouse. The study confirmed how plant growth can differ depending on the amount of carbon dioxide generated by humans occupying the space. In addition, it was confirmed whether the growth of plants can be further promoted depending on the external air exchange speed by a ventilation fan even if the indoor carbon dioxide concentration is the same. Due to the nature of the cultivation system that controls the temperature, the type and speed of the fan were set to minimize heat loss in the cultivator. The airspeed from ventilation fans attached to the indoor cultivation systems of an office and warehouse was adjusted to one of three levels (0.7, 1.0, or 1.3 m·s−1). In this study with two species, Ssamchoo and Romaine, it was confirmed that the office space was significantly advantageous for the growth of Ssamchoo, especially in terms of the fresh weight, root activity, and chlorophyll content. Romaine also had a significantly higher fresh weight when grown in the office. Shoot length, leaf length, and leaf width were longer, and there were more leaves. When comparing the relative yield based on an airspeed of 1.0 m·s−1, the yield increased up to 156.9% more in the office than in the warehouse. The fan airspeed had an important influence on Ssamchoo. The higher the fan airspeed, the greater the yield, root activity, and chlorophyll. However, fan airspeed had no consistent effect on the growth tendencies of Romaine. In conclusion, carbon dioxide produced by humans occupying the space is a significant source of carbon dioxide for plants grown in the home cultivation system, although both the speed of the ventilation fan that can promote growth without heat loss and delayed growth caused by the photorespiration in a carbon dioxide-limited situation require additional experiments.

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Reuse of Treated Municipal Wastewater from Constructed Wetlands for Cut Flowers Irrigation in Aeroponic Cultivation

Ingenieria y Universidad ◽

10.11144/javeriana.iued24.tmwr ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

Author(s):

Ismael Leonardo Vera-Puerto ◽

Jorge Leonardo Olave-Vera ◽

Sussy Tapia ◽

Wladimir Antonio Chávez ◽

Carlos Arias

Keyword(s):

Constructed Wetlands ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Cut Flower ◽

Cut Flowers ◽

Cultivation System ◽

Cultivation Systems ◽

Arid Conditions ◽

Affected Plant ◽

Treated Municipal Wastewater

The aim of this work is to evaluate the reuse of municipal wastewaters treated through subsurface constructed wetlands (SS-CWs) as irrigation water in cut flower aeroponic cultivation under arid conditions. For this purpose, two experimental aeroponic cultivation systems were installed with the cut flower Lilium ‘Tresor’ planted and irrigated with SS-CWs treated water. The results showed that the quality of the SS-CWs wastewater has to be improved to be used in irrigation. Despite that, Lilium ‘Tresor’ grew under arid conditions with normal stem diameters and number of flowers but with heights under 0.65 m, which would restrict their commercialization to local markets. Water electrical conductivity (> 2300 µs/cm) and luminosity (> 120 klux) were factors that affected plant height. When compared to other cultivation systems, the aeroponic cultivation system used between 10 % and 20 % of the amount of water needed to produce Lilium ‘Tresor.’ Thus, this work showed the feasibility to produce cut flowers using an aeroponic cultivation system under arid conditions and irrigated with SS-CWs effluents. Likewise, it was detected that improvements to water quality and luminosity must be made for industrial scaling.

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ANALISIS PERTUMBUHAN Sargassum sp. DENGAN SISTEM BUDIDAYA YANG BERBEDA DI TELUK EKAS LOMBOK TIMUR SEBAGAI BAHAN PENGAYAAN MATA KULIAH EKOLOGI TUMBUHAN

JURNAL BIOLOGI TROPIS ◽

10.29303/jbt.v15i2.157 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Lutfiawan, Karnan Dan Lalu Japa

Keyword(s):

Computer Program ◽

Experimental Research ◽

T Test ◽

Program Package ◽

Cultivation System ◽

Significance Level ◽

Cultivation Systems ◽

Floating Raft ◽

Probability Table ◽

Growth Differences

ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan pertumbuhan Sargassum sp.yang dibudidaya dengan sistem budidaya yang berbeda di Teluk Ekas Lombok Timur. Jenispenelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen.. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah tanamanSargassum sp yang dibudidayakan dengan sistem budidaya yang berbeda yaitu : rakitterapung dan rakit patok dasar. Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan paketprogram komputer pengolahan data yaitu SPSS 16. Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan denganmenggunakan uji-t polled varians, dengan taraf signifikan 0,05 dan taraf kepercayaan 95 %,diperoleh t-hitung 11,974 > t-tabel 1,987, atau berdasarkan besarnya nilai probabilitas yangditunjukan, diperoleh probabilitas-hitung 0,00 < probabilitas-tabel 0,05, sehingga Ho ditolakdan Ha diterima, ini artinya terdapat perbedaan pertumbuhan Sargassum sp. yang dibudidayadengan sistem budidaya yang berbeda.Kata-kata kunci: Sargassum sp., Teluk Ekas, Sistem budidaya yang berbeda.ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to determine growth differences of Sargassum sp., werecultured with different cultivation systems in the Ekas Bay of East Lombok. This research isan experimental research. The sample in this research is Sargassum sp. of cultivated cropswith different cultivation systems, such as : floating raft and raft basic stakes. Processing datewas performed by using a processing date computer program package SPSS 16. Hypothesistesting is done by using t-test polled variance, with a significance level of 0.05 and a level ofvalid 95 %, in order to obtain t count 11.974 > t - table 1,987, or based on the value of theindicated probability, probability-count obtained 0.00 < 0.05 probability- table , so that Ho isrejected and Ha accepted , this means that there are differences in the growth of Sargassumsp. were cultured with different cultivation systems.Key words: Sargassum sp., Ekas bay, Different Cultivation System.

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Zucchini squash production in conventional and organic cultivation systems

Advances in Horticultural Science ◽

10.36253/ahsc-10277 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

Author(s):

S. Toscano ◽

F. Branca ◽

Antonio Ferrante ◽

D. Romano

Keyword(s):

Titratable Acidity ◽

Shape Index ◽

Organic Production ◽

Extensive Experience ◽

Organic System ◽

Cultivation System ◽

Cultivation Systems ◽

Growing Period ◽

Organic Cultivation ◽

Two Systems

Organic production must be carried out following the EU regulations and their protocols. On the contrary, conventional cultivation instead can be carried out using the best agronomic approaches available and using the latest innovative resources. Organic cultivation is more widespread in permanent crops (olive and grape crops) than vegetable ones, and even less in protected cultivation systems, due to the high intensity production processes which render the application of organic growing protocols more complex. The comparison between the two systems of cultivation, organic and conventional, is difficult because the two cultivation methods are often carried out in different farms and hence in different environmental conditions. Cultivation using the two methods was conducted in a greenhouse from November to March 2017/2018. Results demonstrated that the total fruit yield zucchini squash in organic cultivation was not significantly different to the conventional one (43.2 Mg ha-1 and 46.4 Mg ha-1, respectively). The agronomic inputs (fertilizers, fungicides, and insecticides) were higher in the organic cultivation system than conventional one. The water use efficiency was higher in the conventional cultivation system (150.6 kg m-3 ha-1) compared to the organic one (147.6 kg m-3 ha-1). No statistically significant differences were found for the fruit number per plant and for the marketable fruit at the end of the growing period. Significant differences for the harvest period were only detected for fresh weight, shape index, firmness, and titratable acidity. In conclusion, this work demonstrated that the organic system required higher inputs compared to the conventional cultivation. The extensive experience of the grower allowed for comparable yields between the two systems.

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Impact of a Cultivation System upon the Weed Seedbank Size and Composition in a Mediterranean Environment

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture9090192 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 192 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Alessia Restuccia ◽

Sara Lombardo ◽

Giovanni Mauromicale

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Mediterranean Environment ◽

Cultivation System ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Cultivation Systems ◽

South Italy ◽

Weed Flora ◽

Soil Seedbank ◽

Weed Dynamics

The knowledge of the soil seedbank is crucial to predict the dynamics of weed communities and potential future problems in agroecosystem weed management. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative variation of the potential and real weed flora as a function of different cultivation systems (namely organic, conventional and uncultivated) in a Mediterranean environment (Sicily, south Italy). The results proved that soil seedbank density was significantly different in superficial (0–10 cm) and deeper soil layers (10–15 cm) in both organic and conventional cultivation systems. Portulacaceae and Amaranthaceae were the dominant botanical families, although they achieved a higher total number of seeds m−2 under a conventional cultivation system than under organic and uncultivated ones. The whole weed flora was represented by 45 taxa, but the presence of the crop reduced the qualitative and quantitative composition of real weed flora. In conclusion, the knowledge of the seedbank size and composition, as well as the variation in time and space of real flora, may contribute to predict the dynamics of weed emergence and their possible interference with crops. In particular, information on the weed dynamics is essential to develop sustainable control protocols, especially under organic farming.

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Tinjauan perubahan cara bercocok tanam pada lanskap agrikultur di desa enclave Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru, Ngadas, Kabupaten Malang

Jurnal Arsitektur Lansekap ◽

10.24843/jal.2019.v05.i02.p11 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 233

Author(s):

Dian Kartika Santoso ◽

Antariksa Antariksa ◽

Sri Utami

Keyword(s):

National Park ◽

Agricultural Landscape ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Agroforestry Systems ◽

Agricultural Landscapes ◽

Cultivation System ◽

Landscape Units ◽

The Right ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

A review of cultivation changes in agricultural landscapes in the enclave village of Bromo TenggerSemeru National Park, Ngadas, Malang Regency Ngadas village is one example of an agricultural villagelocated in the mountains. Ngadas village is located in the enclave of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park(TNBTS) in the Malang Regency, East Java. The dependence of the community on agricultural land makesNgadas have a strong agrarian image. Ngadas people do more activities in the fields than in the house. Asbasic landscape units in the form of mountains, they have a vulnerability if not used wisely. The problem ofvulnerability to erosion in the agricultural landscape, makes Ngadas Village interesting to study. Primarily,regarding the relationship of landscapes and land conservation efforts that must be made to a complexagricultural landscape. Therefore, there is a need for research that focuses on efforts to conserve land, especially in an agricultural landscape. Research is conducted through qualitative methods with spatial andqualitative descriptive comparative analysis. The results of the study show that changes in farming methodshave several disadvantages that can cause land degradation and reduced productivity in each period, includingthe shifting cultivation system to reduce nutrients, upper slopes planted with tubers and monoculture agriculture.Therefore, it is necessary to have the right recommendations, namely planting upper slopes with hard woodplants, planting with polyculture systems, and agroforestry systems applied on the upper slopes.

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Factors causing yield gap in rape seed production in the eastern of Mazandaran province, Iran

Italian Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.4081/ija.2020.1280 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 10-19

Author(s):

Esmail Nezamzade ◽

Afshin Soltani ◽

Salman Dastan ◽

Hossein Ajamnoroozi

Keyword(s):

Relative Yield ◽

Crop Management ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Boundary Line ◽

Optimum Level ◽

Average Yield ◽

Rape Seed ◽

Mazandaran Province ◽

Yield Gap ◽

Line Analysis

The reduction of yield gap and achievement yield potential of oil plants make a significant contribution to yield increases and oil production in developing countries. This research was carried out to investigate the factors causing yield gap associated with rape seed crop management in the Neka region, east of the Mazandaran province, Iran, through a field study during 2015-2016 and 2016- 2017. Boundary line analysis (BLA) was only applied to crop management practices/inputs, e.g. sowing date and rate, fertilizer applications, etc. Boundary lines were fitted to the edge of the data cloud of crop yield versus management variables in data. The average yield in 100 farms was 2051 kg/ha. According to findings of BLA, an average yield, based on the optimum level of the 14 studied variables, was 3032 kg/ha with a 981 kg/ha yield gap per hectare. The average relative yield and relative yield gap for the 14 investigated variables were 68.35% and 31.65%, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of the boundary line analysis in yield gap studies can clearly show the yield responses to management factors and calculate the possible potentials. Thus, cultivation practice management of the studied variables in farmers’ fields can lead to increased yield and reduced yield gap.

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ASSESSMENT OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN SYSTEMS USED IN CROPING MAIZE FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0009.8339 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol XIX (1) ◽

pp. 60-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zuzanna Jarosz ◽

Jerzy Księżak ◽

Antoni Faber

Keyword(s):

Crop Rotation ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Reduced Tillage ◽

Bioethanol Production ◽

Cultivation System ◽

Cultivation Systems ◽

Greenhouse Gases Emissions ◽

Maize Cultivation ◽

Standard Value ◽

By Products

The aim of the study was to assess the greenhouse gases emissions in different maize cultivation systems in monoculture compared to its cultivation in crop rotation systems. To assess the GHG emissions the Biograce 4 public calculator was used. Assessments were conducted for various maize cultivation systems in the years 2013-2014 in the two IUNG experimental stations: RZD Grabów and SD Baborówko. The results showed that the values of GHG emissions in maize – taking into account allocation of emissions to by-products – were determined mainly by the yield. In SD Baborówko the emission values ranged from 14.2 to 19.5 g CO2 eq/kg/MJ of bioethanol, irrespectively of the cultivation system, and were lower than the standard value. In RZD Grabów only maize cultivated in monoculture in reduced tillage and maize cultivated in 2014 in ploughing system and crop rotation may be used for bioethanol production.

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ANALISIS PERTUMBUHAN Sargassum sp. DENGAN SISTEM BUDIDAYA YANG BERBEDA DI TELUK EKAS LOMBOK TIMUR SEBAGAI BAHAN PENGAYAAN MATA KULIAH EKOLOGI TUMBUHAN

JURNAL BIOLOGI TROPIS ◽

10.29303/jbt.v15i2.202 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Lutfiawan, Karnan Dan Lalu Japa

Keyword(s):

Computer Program ◽

Hypothesis Testing ◽

Experimental Research ◽

T Test ◽

Cultivation System ◽

Significance Level ◽

Cultivation Systems ◽

Floating Raft ◽

Probability Table ◽

Growth Differences

ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan pertumbuhan Sargassum sp. yang dibudidaya dengan sistem budidaya yang berbeda di Teluk Ekas Lombok Timur. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen.. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah tanaman Sargassum sp yang dibudidayakan dengan sistem budidaya yang berbeda yaitu : rakit terapung dan rakit patok dasar. Pengolahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan paket program komputer pengolahan data yaitu SPSS 16. Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji-t polled varians, dengan taraf signifikan 0,05 dan taraf kepercayaan 95 %, diperoleh t-hitung 11,974 > t-tabel 1,987, atau berdasarkan besarnya nilai probabilitas yang ditunjukan, diperoleh probabilitas-hitung 0,00 < probabilitas-tabel 0,05, sehingga Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima, ini artinya terdapat perbedaan pertumbuhan Sargassum sp. yang dibudidaya dengan sistem budidaya yang berbeda. Kata-kata kunci:Sargassum sp., Teluk Ekas, Sistem budidaya yang berbeda. ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to determine growth differences of Sargassum sp., were cultured with different cultivation systems in the Ekas Bay of East Lombok. This research is an experimental research. The sample in this research is Sargassum sp. of cultivated crops with different cultivation systems, such as : floating raft and raft basic stakes. Processing date was performed by using a processing date computer program package SPSS 16. Hypothesis testing is done by using t-test polled variance, with a significance level of 0.05 and a level of valid 95 %, in order to obtain t count 11.974 > t - table 1,987, or based on the value of the indicated probability, probability-count obtained 0.00 < 0.05 probability- table , so that Ho is rejected and Ha accepted , this means that there are differences in the growth of Sargassum sp. were cultured with different cultivation systems. Key words:Sargassum sp., Ekas bay, Different Cultivation System.

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