scholarly journals Nuorisorikollisuuden esiintyvyys ja tekomäärät Suomessa 1995-2020

Kriminologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Markus Kaakinen ◽  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Delinquency ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Crime Drop ◽  
Youth Delinquency ◽  
General Decline

Yksi kriminologian keskeisistä havainnoista viime vuosikymmeninä on ollut useiden perinteisten rikoslajien määrän melko systemaattinen väheneminen. Tutkimuskirjallisuudessa puhutaankin niin sanotusta ”crime drop” -ilmiöstä. Samaa kehitystä on havaittu myös suomalaisessa nuorisorikollisuudessa. Aiemman suomalaisen tutkimuksen mukaan nuoret tekevät ja kokevat historiallisen vähän rikoksia. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastelemme Kriminologian ja oikeuspolitiikan instituutin keräämien Nuorisorikollisuuskyselyiden avulla nuorten varkauksien, väkivaltarikosten ja kannabiksen käytön muutoksia aikavälillä 1995–2020. Esitämme seuraavat tutkimuskysymykset: 1) Miten nuorten rikoskäyttäytymisen esiintyvyys on kehittynyt vuosien 1995 ja 2020 välillä? 2) Miten rikoksia tekevien nuorten tekomäärät ovat kehittyneet vuosien 1995 ja 2020 välillä? Tulosten mukaan varkaus- ja väkivaltarikoksiin syyllistyvien nuorten määrä (esiintyvyys) on laskenut seurantajakson aikana, kun taas kannabista käyttävien nuorten osuus on hieman noussut. Vuosien 2016 ja 2020 välillä rikoskäyttäytymisessä ei ole enää tapahtunut merkitsevää muutosta. Yleisestä esiintyvyyden laskusta huolimatta, rikoksia tekevien nuorten tekomäärät eivät ole laskeneet aikavälillä 1995–2020. Väkivaltarikosten ja kannabiksen käytön kohdalla kaikkein rikosaktiivisimpien nuorten rikosmäärät ovat lisääntyneet seurantajakson aikana. Viime vuosikymmenien aikana rikoksia tekevien nuorten määrä on siis kehittynyt myönteisesti. Sen sijaan etenkin paljon rikoksia tekevien nuorten ryhmä näyttäisi vaativan erityisesti kohdennettuja toimia, jotta vastaavaa kehitystä nähtäisiin myös tekomäärien osalta.   Markus Kaakinen and Matti Näsi: Prevalence of youth crime offending in Finland between 1995 and 2000. The crime drop, a systematic decline in crime rates in most Western countries, has been one of the key findings in criminology in recent decades. This development has also been observed in Finnish juvenile delinquency. In this study, we use Finnish Self-Report Delinquency Study surveys to analyze changes in youth theft, violent crime, and cannabis use between years 1995 and 2020. We ask the following research questions: 1) How has the prevalence of juvenile delinquency developed between 1995 and 2020? 2) How has the juvenile offenders’ offending frequency developed between 1995 and 2020? The results show that the prevalence theft and violent crime has decreased during the follow-up period, while the proportion of young people using cannabis has increased slightly. Between 2016 and 2020, there has been no significant change in criminal behavior. Despite the general decline in prevalence, the offending frequency has not decreased between 1995 and 2020. In the case of violent crime and cannabis use, offending frequency has increased among the most criminally active juveniles. We conclude that even though the number of Finnish adolescents committing crimes has developed positively in recent decades the most active offenders likely require additional targeted policies and interventions. Keywords: youth delinquency – crime drop – Finnish Self-Report Delinquency Study – prevalence – offending frequency

scholarly journals On the complex substantiation of the typology of juvenile delinquents: criminological and psychological aspect

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Anton Dushkin ◽  
Yuriy Suslov ◽  
Galina Shibaeva
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Delinquency ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Juvenile Delinquents ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
The State ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Research Priority ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
A Minor

The article is devoted to the problem of juvenile delinquency, which is relevant in the context of discussing interdisciplinary issues of its prevention based on the analysis of the characteristics of the state of crime in the Russian Federation from 2018 to 2020. The article presents the content of psychological and legal categories that characterize the personality of a minor criminal and the mechanisms of the formation of criminal behavior. Special attention is paid to the description of the factors and conditions that contribute to the commission of crimes by minors, including repeated ones. On the example of specific classifications and typologies, the state of knowledge of the problem of studying the personality of a minor offender and a convicted person, as well as their psychological characteristics, is analyzed. The article describes the contribution of individual domestic and foreign scientists who proposed variants of classifications and typologies of juvenile delinquents. The study found that a significant number of classifications and typologies of juvenile offenders often take as the basis of its system of one or more characteristics, research which largely depends on the scientific interests of the authors. Based on the generalized scientific and empirical data on the psychological, criminological, socio-demographic characteristics of minors who have committed crimes, an attempt is made to typologize the designated group. As a result of the conducted research, priority areas of psychological and pedagogical work with minors in order to prevent crime were identified.

Female Juvenile Delinquency: A Nineteenth-Century Follow-up

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaim M. Rosenberg ◽  
Herbert James Paine
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Juvenile Delinquency ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chronic Mental Illness ◽  
Female Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Rapid Industrialization ◽  
Industrial School

With the mid-nineteenth century's rapid industrialization and great increases in social displacement and crime came the estab lishment of the Industrial School for Girls in Lancaster, Mass.— the first of its kind in the United States. This paper examines the records of the first 250 girls committed to this school, between 1856 and 1861. Follow-up data are available on 184 of these girls, classifying them according to the following categories: good outcome, inadequate or poor outcome, grossly antisocial, chronic mental illness requiring hospitalization, and premature death. Excerpts taken from the girls' background reports are given as examples. Acknowledging the disturbing lack of research on female juvenile offenders, the authors offer this study in the hope that it provides a perspective on the present crisis in the management of young delinquents.

scholarly journals Mental Health in the Attention Models for Juvenile Offenders. The Cases of Colombia, Argentina, United States and Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Angélica Paola Torres Quintero ◽  
Juliana Villanueva Congote ◽  
Maria Camila Jaramillo Bernal ◽  
Esteban Sotomayor Carreño ◽  
Catherine Gutiérrez Congote
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Juvenile Delinquency ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Detention Centers ◽  
Key Words Adolescence

Abstract Objective: To investigate how mental health is understood and approached in the attention models of detention centers for the convicted underage population in Argentina, Colombia, United States and Canada. Methodology: A literature search was conducted using the following key words: adolescence, mental health, juvenile justice, juvenile delinquency, risk factors, and interventions. Searches were done through the search engine Pubmed. Additionally, public institution websites for each country were consulted. Conclusions: Juvenile delinquency is now understood as a multi-factorial phenomenon with multiple areas of intervention within which economic, domestic and social factors are considered relevant, since these favor the development of criminal behavior. A similarity was found between Colombian and Argentinian systems; both are based on restorative justice that seeks reparation and not punishment; which is why there are no punitive measures. When comparing Canada and the United States, it can be seen that Canada is more similar to Latin-American countries than to the United States, given that the latter uses punitive measures focused on the offender.    

scholarly journals Experience in combining rehabilitation and rehabilitation approaches in the work on the prevention of recidivism among minors in the work of the court

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-19
Author(s):  
E.V. Gartvik ◽  
V.S. Krasnik
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Delinquency ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
District Court ◽  
Criminal Records ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Child Psychiatric ◽  
Mental Trauma

The article deals with the experience of the Kalininsky District Court of Chelyabinsk on the prevention of juvenile delinquency. It is noted that for effective prevention of relapse among juvenile offenders it is not enough only to confess guilt, to apologize to the victim, to compensate for the damage caused. Prevention of juvenile delinquency should be a complex system of interacting services and departments, as well as forms and methods of work aimed at: identifying and neutralizing adverse social conditions that adversely affect the adolescent's psyche; identification of adolescents falling into "risk groups", carrying out preventive and corrective work with them. A complex of preventive measures implemented in the practice of the court is of a combined nature. Restorative procedures are applied in the form of mediation, which is aimed at restoring the situation, admission of guilt by the person guilty of forming a readiness to make amends for the harm done and "cure" the victim. For the psychological rehabilitation of the offender, we use a rehabilitation approach. More than 90% of the examined minors whose criminal records were referred to the court had a mental trauma caused by the loss of one of the parents (divorce or death of one of them). Procedures for rehabilitation are in the work with child psychic trauma, which, violating the integrity of the "personality-subject" system, is a predictor of criminal behavior. As a result, for the period from 2015 to 2017. among minors who have gone through the mediation and therapy of child psychiatric trauma, to date, there has not been a single case of relapse.

Research Participation Experiences of Informants of Suicide and Control Cases

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 238-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. C. Wong ◽  
Wincy S. C. Chan ◽  
Philip S. L. Beh ◽  
Fiona W. S. Yau ◽  
Paul S. F. Yip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Psychological Autopsy ◽  
Autopsy Study ◽  
The People ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Background: Ethical issues have been raised about using the psychological autopsy approach in the study of suicide. The impact on informants of control cases who participated in case-control psychological autopsy studies has not been investigated. Aims: (1) To investigate whether informants of suicide cases recruited by two approaches (coroners’ court and public mortuaries) respond differently to the initial contact by the research team. (2) To explore the reactions, reasons for participation, and comments of both the informants of suicide and control cases to psychological autopsy interviews. (3) To investigate the impact of the interviews on informants of suicide cases about a month after the interviews. Methods: A self-report questionnaire was used for the informants of both suicide and control cases. Telephone follow-up interviews were conducted with the informants of suicide cases. Results: The majority of the informants of suicide cases, regardless of the initial route of contact, as well as the control cases were positive about being approached to take part in the study. A minority of informants of suicide and control cases found the experience of talking about their family member to be more upsetting than expected. The telephone follow-up interviews showed that none of the informants of suicide cases reported being distressed by the psychological autopsy interviews. Limitations: The acceptance rate for our original psychological autopsy study was modest. Conclusions: The findings of this study are useful for future participants and researchers in measuring the potential benefits and risks of participating in similar sensitive research. Psychological autopsy interviews may be utilized as an active engagement approach to reach out to the people bereaved by suicide, especially in places where the postvention work is underdeveloped.

Profiles of Psychosocial and Clinical Functioning in Adolescence and Risk for Later Depression

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M Olino ◽  
Daniel Klein ◽  
John Seeley
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Predictive Utility ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression

Background: Most studies examining predictors of onset of depression focus on variable centered regression methods that focus on effects of multiple predictors. In contrast, person-centered approaches develop profiles of factors and these profiles can be examined as predictors of onset. Here, we developed profiles of adolescent psychosocial and clinical functioning among adolescents without a history of major depression. Methods: Data come from a subsample of participants from the Oregon Adolescent Depression Project who completed self-report measures of functioning in adolescence and completed diagnostic and self-report measures at follow-up assessments up to approximately 15 years after baseline. Results: We identified four profiles of psychosocial and clinical functioning: Thriving; Average Functioning; Externalizing Vulnerability and Family Stress; and Internalizing Vulnerability at the baseline assessment of participants without a history of depression at the initial assessment in mid- adolescence. Classes differed in the likelihood of onset and course of depressive disorders, experience of later anxiety and substance use disorders, and psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Moreover, the predictive utility of these classes was maintained when controlling for multiple other established risk factors for depressive disorders. Conclusions: This work highlights the utility of examining multiple factors simultaneously to understand risk for depression.

Improvement in psychological wellbeing among adolescents with a substance use disorder attending an outpatient treatment programme

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
N.M. Gamage ◽  
C. Darker ◽  
B.P. Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Psychological Wellbeing ◽  
Substance Use Treatment ◽  
Disruptive Behaviour ◽  
Treatment Programme ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: Adolescents with substance use disorders (SUDs) exhibit high rates of comorbid psychological problems. This study aimed to examine the impact of an outpatient substance use treatment programme upon the psychological wellbeing of adolescents. Methods: A prospective study was carried out examining psychological symptoms in a group of adolescents attending the Youth Drug and Alcohol (YoDA) Addiction Service in Dublin. Participants were treated with evidenced based psychological models such as cognitive behavioural therapy, motivational interviewing and systemic family therapy. The Becks Youth Inventory was utilised to assess psychological symptoms at treatment entry and repeated three months later at follow up. Results: Among 36 adolescents who were included in this study, poly-substance misuse was the norm. Almost three-quarter had a cannabis use disorder (CUD). There were significant reductions in mean subscale scores of depression (56.0 to 50.8, p = 0.003), anger (55.2 to 49.5, p < 0.001) and disruptive behaviour (61.6 to 56.5, p = 0.002) at follow up. Although there wasn’t a statistically significant reduction in mean scores for anxiety, we observed a significant proportion of participants (p = 0.008) improving and moving out of a moderate to severe symptom range when examined by category. This was also the case for self-concept (p = 0.04). Furthermore this study revealed a positive correlation between the reduction in days of cannabis use and reduction in depressive scores (Pearson correlation 0.49, p = 0.01) among those with a CUD. Conclusion: The findings indicate that substance use treatment for adolescents is associated with important psychological and behavioural improvements.

scholarly journals Design of a prospective follow-up study on early parenthood and smoking behaviour during pregnancy in Finnish primary healthcare

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482110224
Author(s):  
Mikael O. Ekblad ◽  
Hanna P. Wallin ◽  
Marjukka Pajulo ◽  
Päivi E. Korhonen
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Routine Data ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Study Population

Aims: The primary aim of the study is to explore different factors affecting parents’ smoking behaviour, and especially how smoking may be connected with individual differences in the psychological process of becoming a parent. In the current paper, we present the study design together with basic information on the study population. Methods: The Central Satakunta Maternity and Child Health Clinic (KESALATU) Study is an ongoing prospective follow-up study in primary healthcare of the Satakunta region of southwest Finland. Families were recruited during their first maternity clinic visit between 1 September 2016 and 31 December 2019, and participation will continue until the child is 1.5 years of age. The study combines different sources and types of data: e.g. routine data obtained from primary healthcare clinic records, specific parental self-report data and data from a new exhaled carbon monoxide meter indicating maternal smoking. The data are collected using frequently repeated assessments both during pregnancy and postnatally. The methods cover the following areas of interest: family background factors (including smoking and alcohol use), self-reported parental–foetal/infant attachment and mentalization, self-reported stress, depression and quality of life. Results: 589 pregnant women and their partners were asked to participate in the study during the collection time period. The final study population consisted of 248 (42.1%) pregnant women and 160 (27.1%) partners. Conclusions: The new methods and study design have the potential to increase our understanding about the link between early parenting psychology, prenatal psychosocial risk factors and parental health behaviour.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Impact of Training Health Professionals to Deliver Brief Motivational and Skills-Based Interventions for Cannabis Use Disorder

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dion Alperstein ◽  
Jan Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Training ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Evidence Based Treatment ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
The Impact

Background: While there is considerable evidence that brief motivational and skills-based interventions for substance use are effective, little is known regarding the transfer of knowledge from research to practice. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of two half-day didactic clinical training workshops for allied health workers, which did not incorporate feedback or supervision, via independent follow-up three months post training.Methods: In total, 1322 participants attended either or both of the evidence-based treatment workshops run by the National Cannabis Prevention and Information Centre. Of those participants, 495 (37%) completed an online follow-up evaluation three months later regarding their use of the newly learnt intervention(s).Results: At follow-up, 270 (54.5%) participants had an opportunity to use the skills and 144 (53.3%) of those participants reported having used the clinical skills taught in the workshop. Of those who used one of the interventions, 90 (62.5%) participants reported their clients had reduced or quit their cannabis use. Furthermore, 43 (30%) of these participants had attempted to train others in the workplace in the techniques learnt in the workshop.Conclusion: Even a half-day didactic clinical training workshop on evidence-based brief cognitive–behavioural techniques delivered to clinicians working in the field can improve knowledge and confidence among clinicians and outcomes among their clients with cannabis use related problems.

A Randomised Controlled Trial of Strategies to Prompt Attendance for a Pap Smear

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Bowman ◽  
Rob Sanson-Fisher ◽  
Catherine Boyle ◽  
Stephanie Pope ◽  
Sally Redman
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Screening Attendance ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Objective – To assess the comparative efficacy, by randomised controlled trial, of three interventions designed to encourage “at risk” women to have a Pap smear: an educational pamphlet; letters inviting attendance at a women's health clinic; and letters from physicians. Methods – Subjects at risk for cervical cancer who had not been adequately screened were identified by a random community survey and randomly allocated to one of the intervention groups or a control group. Six months after intervention implementation, a follow up survey assessed subsequent screening attendance. Self report was validated by comparison with a national screening data base. Results – A significantly greater proportion of women (36.9%) within the group receiving a physician letter reported screening at follow up than in any other group (P =0.012). The variables most strongly predicting screening attendance were: age, perceived frequency of screening required, use of oral contraceptives, and allocation to receive the physician letter intervention. Conclusions – The relative efficacy of the GP letter in prompting screening attendance shows that this strategy is worthy of further investigation. There remains a need to examine the barriers to screening for older women, and to develop tailored strategies for this population.

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