Air Pollution and Trade: The Case of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-346
Author(s):  
Jin Qin ◽  
◽  
Ivan T. Kandilov ◽  
Roger H. von Haefen ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Exogenous Shock ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Emissions Intensity

We estimate the effects of trade on air pollution in China. To address endogeneity concerns, we use an instrumental variable strategy that treats the Great Recession as an exogenous shock that differentially affected China’s coastal provinces, which export a greater volume of manufacturing as they are closer to navigable waters. In our empirical analysis, we employ annual data on emissions of sulfur dioxide as well as smoke and dust at the province level from 2003 to 2015 to measure air pollution intensity (the ratio of air pollution to GDP), and we also use fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations data derived from satellite imagery as a robustness check. We find that a decrease in trade intensity (the ratio of trade to GDP) by 10 percentage points (a negative trade shock similar to what occurred during the Great Recession) increases sulfur dioxide emissions intensity by about 38 percentage points. Emissions of the other two air pollutants grow by similar proportions.

scholarly journals Agglomeration Economies in Small Cities and Business: The Impact of the Great Recession in Aragón (Spain)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael González-Val ◽  
Miriam Marcén
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Local Employment

In this paper, we analyze the effects of productive specialization and productive diversity on employment growth at the local level during the Great Recession in Aragon, a NUTS II region in Spain. This region is characterized by (i) a high population density in the capital city (around half of the total population), giving rise to a very uneven population distribution and therefore a lot of small cities and municipalities, and (ii) a large proportion of small businesses (95% of the firms in this region have fewer than ten employees). We use annual data from 2000 to 2015 and panel data models, and grouped local business activities into three main categories: industry, construction and services. Our results show that, during this period, local specialization in any of these activities hurt local employment growth, whereas diversity had a non-significant effect on employment growth. Only in the case of services did we obtain a positive effect of diversity on local employment growth, which was restricted to the most populated cities (i.e., cities with more than 3000 inhabitants). Therefore, only diversity in services activities located in large cities contributed to employment growth during the Great Recession.

scholarly journals Cost of Living Inequality During the Great Recession

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Argente ◽  
Munseob Lee
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Shopping Behavior ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Price Indexes ◽  
The Difference

Abstract We construct income-specific price indexes for the period from 2004 to 2016. We find substantial differences across income groups that arise during the Great Recession. The difference in annual inflation between the lowest quartile of the income distribution and the highest quartile was 0.22 percentage points for 2004–2007, 0.85 percentage points for 2008–2013, and 0.02 percentage points for 2014–2016. We find that product quality substitution and changes in the shopping behavior, margins mostly available to richer households, explain around 40% of the gap. Our evidence shows that not accounting for these differences in price indexes could lead to significant biases in the calculation of consumption and income inequality.

How Democratic Practice Matters

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-132
Author(s):  
Robert M. Fishman
Keyword(s):  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Exogenous Shock ◽  
Initial Form ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Democratic Practice ◽  
Important Test

This chapter examines a large range of consequences of what the book conceptualizes as “the Iberian divide in political inclusion,” that is, the major contrast between Portugal and Spain in democratic practice. The analysis shows that Portugal has made more progress than Spain creating employment, limiting poverty, and improving educational outcomes. Contrasts in the evolution of the welfare state are taken up along with explanations for the major difference between the neighboring countries in the magnitude of unemployment. Differences in cultural tastes and in patterns of civic engagement are also examined. The chapter identifies and considers possible lines of criticism of the analysis. Evidence from two important test cases that developed after the book’s theoretical claims had been developed in initial form—namely the exogenous shock of the Great Recession and the conflict over the demand for Catalan independence—are taken up separately in other chapters.

Consistency versus Responsiveness

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam F. Cayton
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Position Change ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Exogenous Shock ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Political Risks ◽  
Policy Representation

While democratic theory suggests that representatives should be willing to adjust their issue positions to adapt to new circumstances, politicians face serious political risks from “flip flopping.” How do members of Congress balance these risks? Using an original data set of district economic conditions and opinion from 2007 to 2010 and sets of repeated roll call votes, I leverage the exogenous shock of the Great Recession to explain position change on three major economic policies. I find that position change occurs in response to the constituency on final passage votes, but that partisan pressures exert greater influence, especially on procedural votes. This novel test of responsiveness has implications for the nature of policy representation and the mechanisms behind aggregate responsiveness.

scholarly journals Fiscal Policy and the Great Recession in the Euro Area

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Günter Coenen ◽  
Roland Straub ◽  
Mathias Trabandt
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Euro Area ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
European Central ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Percentage Points

How much did fiscal policy contribute to euro area real GDP growth during the Great Recession? We estimate that discretionary fiscal measures have increased annualized quarterly real GDP growth during the crisis by up to 1.6 percentage points. We obtain our result by using an extended version of the European Central Bank's New Area-Wide Model with a rich specification of the fiscal sector. A detailed modeling of the fiscal sector and the incorporation of as many as eight fiscal time series appear pivotal for our result.

The Great Recession and Ethno-Racial Disparities in Access to Mortgage Credit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Loya ◽  
Chenoa Flippen
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Home Mortgage Disclosure Act ◽  
The One ◽  
Black And Latino

Abstract The mortgage industry has long been central to racially and ethnically stratified access to homeownership. Liberalized access to credit during the 1990s and early 2000s targeted subprime and other high-cost loans to individuals and communities of color. This article draws on annual data from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) from 2004 through 2017 to assess short-term variation in racial and ethnic disparities in loan outcomes associated with the Great Recession. We show that, relative to the boom, this period is associated with a reduction in disparities in loan outcomes between non-Hispanic whites and Asians on the one hand and blacks and Latinos on the other. This is particularly true for the disproportionate channeling of black and Latino applicants into high-cost loans, and in communities with higher minority concentrations. As the economy and access to credit improved, particularly after 2011, black and Latino over-representation in high-cost loans began to rebound, though ethno-racial disparities in loan rejection continued well below levels observed during the boom years. The return of inequality in high-cost lending is particularly troubling in light of the sharp drop in minority applications. Implications for ethno-racial stratification are discussed.

Are State-Owned Enterprises Good Citizens in Environmental Governance? Evidence From the Control of Air Pollution in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 009539972110058
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Liang ◽  
Laura Langbein
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Performance Management ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Corruption Case ◽  
And Performance

As profit-seeking corporations, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have incentives to maximize profits from economic activities. However, subject to state ownership, SOEs are expected also to be more accountable for public welfare than their private counterparts. This study examines whether SOEs’ relative provincial dominance reinforces government’s demand to reduce air pollution in China, in the context of anticorruption and performance management. The results suggest that greater relative SOE dominance reduces sulfur dioxide emissions, but this effect is significant only in provinces with a low level of corruption case investigations. Performance management has no discernible moderating impact on the effect of SOE relative dominance.

scholarly journals A Dynamic Analysis of Air Pollution: Implications of Economic Growth and Renewable Energy Consumption

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9906
Author(s):  
Jia Yu Xie ◽  
Dong Hee Suh ◽  
Sung-Kwan Joo
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
Dynamic Panel ◽  
Dynamic Panel Model ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Panel Model

This paper examines how economic growth and renewable energy consumption are associated with air pollution using a dynamic panel approach. Focusing on several major air pollutants, namely, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and carbon monoxide, this paper tests the environmental Kuznets hypothesis and determines whether the use of renewable energy sources contributes to a reduction in air pollution. Data from a balanced panel of 145 countries for the period between 2000 and 2014 was used for the estimation of the dynamic panel model. The results of the dynamic panel model showed inverted U-shaped curves for the relationship between economic development and particulate matter and sulfur dioxide emissions. The results also revealed that increasing renewable energy consumption contributes to an improvement in air quality. Moreover, it was found that urbanization tends to decrease sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions, while trade openness reduces particulate matter and carbon monoxide emissions but increases sulfur dioxide emissions.

scholarly journals Upskilling: Do Employers Demand Greater Skill When Workers Are Plentiful?

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Sasser Modestino ◽  
Daniel Shoag ◽  
Joshua Ballance
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Exogenous Shock ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Job Title ◽  
Skill Requirements ◽  
Proprietary Database ◽  
Job Postings

Using a proprietary database of online job postings, we find that education and experience requirements rose during the Great Recession. These increases were larger in states and occupations that experienced greater increases in the supply of available workers. This finding is robust to controlling for local demand conditions and firm [Formula: see text] job-title fixed effects and using a natural experiment arising from troop withdrawals as an exogenous shock to labor supply. Our results imply that the increase in unemployed workers during the Great Recession can account for 18% to 25% of the increase in skill requirements between 2007 and 2010.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document