Uses of the Past and Organizational History: Bridging Organizational and Individual Level

Abstract. Background: In recent years, the rate of death by suicide has been increasing disproportionately among females and young adults in the United States. Presumably this trend has been mirrored by the proportion of individuals with suicidal ideation who attempted suicide. Aim: We aimed to investigate whether the proportion of individuals in the United States with suicidal ideation who attempted suicide differed by age and/or sex, and whether this proportion has increased over time. Method: Individual-level data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 2008–2017, were used to estimate the year-, age category-, and sex-specific proportion of individuals with past-year suicidal ideation who attempted suicide. We then determined whether this proportion differed by age category, sex, and across years using random-effects meta-regression. Overall, age category- and sex-specific proportions across survey years were estimated using random-effects meta-analyses. Results: Although the proportion was found to be significantly higher among females and those aged 18–25 years, it had not significantly increased over the past 10 years. Limitations: Data were self-reported and restricted to past-year suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Conclusion: The increase in the death by suicide rate in the United States over the past 10 years was not mirrored by the proportion of individuals with past-year suicidal ideation who attempted suicide during this period.

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Waking Up in the Poll Booth

Perspectives on Politics ◽

10.1017/s1537592709991873 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 901-910

Author(s):

Robert E. Goodin ◽

James Mahmud Rice

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

United Kingdom ◽

Panel Data ◽

The United States ◽

Election Campaign ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Past ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

General Elections ◽

Waking Up

Judging from Gallup Polls in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, opinion often changes during an election campaign. Come election day itself, however, opinion often reverts back nearer to where it was before the campaign began. That that happens even in Australia, where voting is compulsory and turnout is near-universal, suggests that differential turnout among those who have and have not been influenced by the campaign is not the whole story. Inspection of individual-level panel data from 1987 and 2005 British General Elections confirms that between 3 and 5 percent of voters switch voting intentions during the campaign, only to switch back toward their original intentions on election day. One explanation, we suggest, is that people become more responsible when stepping into the poll booth: when voting they reflect back on the government's whole time in office, rather than just responding (as when talking to pollsters) to the noise of the past few days' campaigning. Inspection of Gallup Polls for UK snap elections suggests that this effect is even stronger in elections that were in that sense unanticipated.

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Christianity, Plurality and Vernacular Religion in early Twentieth-Century Glastonbury: A Sign of Things to Come?

Studies in Church History ◽

10.1017/s0424208400050257 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 302-321

Author(s):

Marion Bowman

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Considerable Heterogeneity ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Past ◽

Early Twentieth Century ◽

Vernacular Religion ◽

Important Time ◽

To Come ◽

Shed Light

This essay focuses upon a significant place, Glastonbury, at an important time during the early twentieth century, in order to shed light on a particular aspect of Christianity which is frequently overlooked: its internal plurality. This is not simply denominational diversity, but the considerable heterogeneity which exists at both institutional and individual level within denominations, and which often escapes articulation, awareness or comment. This is significant because failure to apprehend a more detailed, granular picture of religion can lead to an incomplete view of events in the past and, by extension, a partial understanding of later phenomena. This essay argues that by using the concept of vernacular religion a more nuanced picture of religion as it is – or has been – lived can be achieved.

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Drug Use Changes at the Individual Level: Results from a Longitudinal, Multisite Survey in Young Europeans Frequenting the Nightlife Scene

European Addiction Research ◽

10.1159/000520118 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Meryem Grabski ◽

Jon Waldron ◽

Tom P. Freeman ◽

Claire Mokrysz ◽

Ruben J.J. van Beek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

Online Survey ◽

Prescription Opioids ◽

Alkyl Nitrates ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Past ◽

Frequency Of Use ◽

The Individual

Background: Monitoring emerging trends in the increasingly dynamic European drug market is vital; however, information on change at the individual level is scarce. In the current study, we investigated changes in drug use over 12 months in European nightlife attendees. Method: In this longitudinal online survey, changes in substances used, use frequency in continued users, and relative initiation of use at follow-up were assessed for 20 different substances. To take part, participants had to be aged 18–34 years; be from Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, or the UK; and have attended at least 6 electronic music events in the past 12 months at baseline. Of 8,045 volunteers at baseline, 2,897 completed the survey at both time points (36% follow-up rate), in 2017 and 2018. Results: The number of people using ketamine increased by 21% (p < 0.001), and logarithmized frequency of use in those continuing use increased by 15% (p < 0.001; 95% CI: 0.07–0.23). 4-Fluoroamphetamine use decreased by 27% (p < 0.001), and logarithmized frequency of use in continuing users decreased by 15% (p < 0.001, 95% CI: −0.48 to −0.23). The drugs with the greatest proportion of relative initiation at follow-up were synthetic cannabinoids (73%, N = 30), mephedrone (44%, N = 18), alkyl nitrites (42%, N = 147), synthetic dissociatives (41%, N = 15), and prescription opioids (40%, N = 48). Conclusions: In this European nightlife sample, ketamine was found to have the biggest increase in the past 12 months, which occurred alongside an increase in frequency of use in continuing users. The patterns of uptake and discontinuation of alkyl nitrates, novel psychoactive substances, and prescription opioids provide new information that has not been captured by existing cross-sectional surveys. These findings demonstrate the importance of longitudinal assessments of drug use and highlight the dynamic nature of the European drug landscape.

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Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) in China: Evidence from Citywide Representative Surveys from Five Chinese Cities in 2018

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17072541 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 2541 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jidong Huang ◽

Zongshuan Duan ◽

Yu Wang ◽

Pamela B. Redmon ◽

Michael P. Eriksen

Keyword(s):

Delivery Systems ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Individual Level ◽

Use Patterns ◽

The Past ◽

Nicotine Delivery ◽

Study Results ◽

Consuming Country

China is the largest cigarette consuming country in the world. The emergence of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in China may have important implications for the Chinese tobacco market. Unfortunately, research on ENDS in China, while growing, is still limited. This study was designed to examine the awareness and use of ENDS among adult urban residents in China. Data from five citywide representative surveys conducted in 2017–2018 were used. Percentages of residents who had ever heard of, ever used, or used ENDS in the past 30 days among all residents and smokers were estimated, in total and by demographic characteristics. Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the adjusted associations between awareness and use of ENDS and individual-level demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status (SES). Overall, 51.3% had ever heard, 4.8% ever used, and 0.9% used ENDS in the past 30 days. Men, young adults, those with high levels of education, and current smokers were more likely to be aware of and use ENDS. Among smokers, 67.8% had ever heard, 17.1% ever used, and 3.9% used ENDS in the past 30 days, respectively. Young adult smokers and smokers with high levels of education were more likely to be aware of and use ENDS. Our study results on ENDS awareness and use patterns and associated factors in China provide important evidence to inform research and policies related to ENDS manufacture, marketing, and sales in China.

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Team Creativity and Innovation

10.1093/oso/9780190222093.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Roni Reiter-Palmon ◽

Mackenzie Harms

Keyword(s):

The State ◽

Organizational Success ◽

Team Creativity ◽

Research And Practice ◽

Individual Level ◽

Context Variable ◽

The Past ◽

State Of Research ◽

The Individual ◽

Creativity And Innovation

For the past two decades, creativity and innovation have been viewed by researchers as critical to organizational success and survival. Understanding the factors that facilitate or inhibit creativity and innovation at the individual level has been the focus of much of the research in the area. In recent years, research in organizational psychology and management has focused on understanding creativity and innovation in teams. However, while earlier work on teams and creativity focused on the team as a context variable, and individual creativity as the outcome, more recent research emphasizes creativity as the outcome. This chapter provides an overview of the state of research and practice as it relates to team creativity and innovation in organizations.

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The Influence of Globalization and Ethnic Fractionalization on Cooperation and Trust in Kenya

10.1093/oso/9780190630782.003.0012 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Nancy R. Buchan ◽

Robert Rolfe

Keyword(s):

Global Economy ◽

National Level ◽

Heterogeneous Population ◽

National Account ◽

Public Goods Game ◽

Ethnic Inequality ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Past ◽

Ethnic Fractionalization ◽

The Relationship

This research examines the effects of ethnic fractionalization and globalization on individual-level propensities toward generalized trust and cooperation at the national level. Conclusions regarding both ethnic-fractionalization and globalization remain mixed as to their influence on prosocial behavior. This chapter explores the relationship between these variables in Kenya, a country with an extremely heterogeneous population that has increased integration with the global economy over the past decade. Literate Kenyan male and female adults, ages 18 to 60, from two of Kenya’s largest ethnic groups, the Luo and Kikuyu, participated in an experimental public goods game in which players contribute to, and benefit from, a national account. Results are consistent with the argument that it is not ethnic fractionalization per se that is associated with lower cooperation but increased ethnic inequality. The implications of these findings are that trust and cooperation are highly contextually based and influenced by social and environmental factors.

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Predicting the Future: Art and Algorithms

Socio-Economic Review ◽

10.1093/ser/mwaa040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 893-911

Author(s):

Akos Rona-Tas

Keyword(s):

Social Life ◽

Consumer Credit ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Past ◽

Predictive Algorithms ◽

The Future ◽

The Usa ◽

The Individual ◽

Political Governance

Abstract Predictive algorithms are replacing the art of human judgement in rapidly growing areas of social life. By offering pattern recognition as forecast, predictive algorithms mechanically project the past onto the future, embracing a peculiar notion of time where the future is different in no radical way from the past and present, and a peculiar world where human agency is absent. Yet, prediction is about agency, we predict the future to change it. At the individual level, the psychological literature has concluded that in the realm of predictions, human judgement is inferior to algorithmic methods. At the sociological level, however, human judgement is often preferred over algorthms. We show how human and algorithmic predictions work in three social contexts—consumer credit, college admissions and criminal justice—and why people have good reasons to rely on human judgement. We argue that mechanical and overly successful local predictions can result in self-fulfilling prophecies and, eventually, global polarization and chaos. Finally, we look at algorithmic prediction as a form of societal and political governance and discuss how it is currently being constructed as a wide net of control by market processes in the USA and by government fiat in China.

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Learning From Cluster Randomized Trials in Education: An Assessment of the Capacity of Studies to Determine What Works, For Whom, and Under What Conditions

Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis ◽

10.3102/0162373720929018 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 354-374

Author(s):

Jessaca Spybrook ◽

Qi Zhang ◽

Ben Kelcey ◽

Nianbo Dong

Keyword(s):

Randomized Trials ◽

Educational Interventions ◽

School Type ◽

Cluster Randomized Trials ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Past ◽

Moderator Effects ◽

What Works ◽

Cluster Randomized ◽

Cluster Level

Over the past 15 years, we have seen an increase in the use of cluster randomized trials (CRTs) to test the efficacy of educational interventions. These studies are often designed with the goal of determining whether a program works, or answering the what works question. Recently, the goals of these studies expanded to include for whom and under what conditions an intervention is effective. In this study, we examine the capacity of a set of CRTs to provide rigorous evidence about for whom and under what conditions an intervention is effective. The findings suggest that studies are more likely to be designed with the capacity to detect potentially meaningful individual-level moderator effects, for example, gender, than cluster-level moderator effects, for example, school type.

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Alternative Legacies of Authoritarianism: Pro-dictator Bias in Ideology

10.33774/apsa-2021-jlth5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sanghoon Kim-Leffingwell

Keyword(s):

Survey Data ◽

Political Ideology ◽

Right Wing ◽

Left Wing ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Past ◽

Country Level ◽

Level Data ◽

Party Strength

How does an authoritarian past shape voters’ left-right orientation? Recent studies investigate “anti-dictator bias” in political ideology, where citizens in a former right-wing (left-wing) dictatorship may display a leftist (rightist) bias in their ideological self-identification. In this paper, I provide evidence for a “pro-dictator bias” where citizens hold ideological positions corresponding to those of the dictator depending on their experiences during and after transition. In countries with negotiated transitions and stronger former ruling parties, these successors could continue mobilizing the popular base of the former dictatorship with inherited advantages from the past and by invoking nostalgia through consistent reference to previous authoritarian achievements. I test this hypothesis with variables measuring successor party strength and the type of regime transition by combining individual-level survey data and country-level data. The findings emphasize the role of post-transition features in shaping alternative legacies on voter attitudes in former authoritarian societies.

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