FABRICATION CYCLES COMPARISON OF ASSEMBLIES AND MONOLITHIC PARTS MADE BY 3D PRINTING METHOD

The article presents an analysis of the time-consuming, energy-consuming, and cost-consuming nature of 3D printing a three-dimensional polymer components made in two separate approaches: assembly and monolith structure of various materials (automatic filament change required). The introduction includes the definition of 3D printing, its advantages and examples of practical applications, as well as the reason for undertaking the researches described in the article. The justification of the form of 3D sample models was discussed in detail, as well as the methodology adopted by the authors for comparing the print characteristics and the steps of the printing cycles (print preparation, the course of the printing process and post-processing). A comparison of the materials consumption in the phasess of manual and automatic filament change in the mixer were also described. The test printout was made on the Prusa i3 MK3S printer for filament deposition (FDM or FFF methods). For automatic filament mixing, the Palette 2 Pro device was used. The conclusions also include guidelines for the design and production of models made in one continuous printing cycle (using automatic filament feeding devices). Monolithic elements are less accurate, while elements with replaceable filaments are cheaper, less energy-consuming and the material consumption is lower.

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Dense ceramics with complex shape fabricated by 3D printing: A review

Journal of Advanced Ceramics ◽

10.1007/s40145-020-0444-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhe Chen ◽

Xiaohong Sun ◽

Yunpeng Shang ◽

Kunzhou Xiong ◽

Zhongkai Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Complex Shape ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Critical Parameters ◽

Printing Process ◽

Practical Applications ◽

3D Printing Technology ◽

3D Printed ◽

Ceramic Density

AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) printing technology is becoming a promising method for fabricating highly complex ceramics owing to the arbitrary design and the infinite combination of materials. Insufficient density is one of the main problems with 3D printed ceramics, but concentrated descriptions of making dense ceramics are scarce. This review specifically introduces the principles of the four 3D printing technologies and focuses on the parameters of each technology that affect the densification of 3D printed ceramics, such as the performance of raw materials and the interaction between energy and materials. The technical challenges and suggestions about how to achieve higher ceramic density are presented subsequently. The goal of the presented work is to comprehend the roles of critical parameters in the subsequent 3D printing process to prepare dense ceramics that can meet the practical applications.

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3 D printing technology and experimental study of chitosan gel using atomized solidification liquid-assisted extrusion molding

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-10-2020-0234 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Yangwei Wang ◽

Peilun Lv ◽

Jian Li ◽

Liying Yu ◽

Guodong Yuan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Theoretical Research ◽

Error Sources ◽

Printing Technology ◽

Content Type ◽

Printing Ink ◽

Printing Parameters ◽

Chitosan Gel ◽

Printing Method

Purpose This paper aims to propose a suitable atomizing solidification chitosan (CS) gel liquid extrusion molding technology for the three dimensional (3D) printing method, and experiments verify the feasibility of this method. Design/methodology/approach This paper mainly uses experimental means, combined with theoretical research. The preparation method, solidification forming method and 3D printing method of CS gel solution were studied. The CS gel printing mechanism and printing error sources are analyzed on the basis of the CS gel ink printing results, printing performance with different ratios of components by constructing a gel print prototype, experiments evaluating the CS gel printing technology and the effects of the process parameters on the scaffold formation. Findings CS printing ink was prepared; the optimal formula was found; the 3 D printing experiment of CS was completed; the optimal printing parameters were obtained; and the reliability of the forming prototype, printing ink and gel printing process was verified, which allowed for the possibility to apply the 3 D printing technology to the manufacturing of a CS gel structure. Originality/value This study can provide theoretical and technical support for the potential application of CS 3 D printed gels in tissue engineering.

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CAD Software for Cable Design: A Three-Dimensional Visualization Tool

29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering: Volume 5, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/omae2010-20382 ◽

2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rodrigo Provasi ◽

Christiano Odir Cardoso Meirelles ◽

Clo´vis de Arruda Martins

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Axial Stiffness ◽

General Description ◽

Post Processing ◽

Cad System ◽

Processing Resources ◽

Definition Of ◽

Electrical Cables

The concept and project of umbilical cables and flexible pipes are not simple tasks, due to the great variety of components and possible arrangements. The design of those elements is based on the functions they are intended to perform. Also, some structural characteristics determine which component will be selected, including electrical cables and hydraulic hoses, to control underwater equipment, protective sheaths, helically wounded tensile armors, anti-wear layers, interlocked carcasses; pressure armors and so on. The modeling process consists on defining the cable features and selecting the elements that will compose it. The process should take into account the desired structural characteristics, such as axial stiffness, and must respect some constraints, such as weight. To have an operational cable, one must follow a number of steps from definition to validation of the cable and any tool that provides a easier way to deal with this process is highly desired. In this scenario, Computer Aided Design software was conceived. It enables the definition of cable elements and set its relative arrangements in a cross-section view. Post-processing features are also part of the program, enabling users to visualize the geometry, determining possible interferences only visible in a three-dimensional visualization module. Although a solver is also available to determine stress and displacements and, as a sub-product, the cable weight and equivalent stiffness, the CAD software can be easily integrated to other solvers, to provide pre and post processing resources. This paper gives a general description of the whole CAD system but focus on the three-dimensional module. Through the paper, an overview of the software is shown, pointing out the system requirements. Next, the user interface is described, showing its features and, to conclude, modeled cables geometries and some results are shown.

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Influence of Technological Parameters on the Emision on DLP 3D Printing Process

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.19.12.7763 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 (12) ◽

pp. 4387-4392

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Point Of View ◽

Particulate Emissions ◽

Technological Parameters ◽

Printing Process ◽

Laboratory Activity ◽

Emission Point ◽

Measurement Methodology ◽

Made In

The present work addresses the issue of emissions requires it made in resin polymerization processes at 3D digital light process (DLP) printing. From an emission point of view, both particulate and chemical emissions are analysed in the form of gases during the DLP printing process. In the paper, we present first the element, which are study. In second part of the paper, we presented the printer, material for printing, measuring apparatus for emission and measurement methodology. In the three part of paper, we made the determinations for gas emissions. Will follow the determinations for particulate emissions. In the final chapter, the data generated by the printing emissions related to the problems specific to the laboratory activity and it has made the specific conclusion in rapport with the printing process. Keywords: 3D printing; emission particles; air pollution, resin material, DLP printing

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On the Simulation of 3D Printing Process by a Novel Meshless Analysis Procedure

Journal of Mechanics ◽

10.1017/jmech.2019.28 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 285-294

Author(s):

Ying Mao ◽

Wen-Hwa Chen ◽

Ming-Hisao Lee

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Thermal Deformation ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Slenderness Ratio ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Analysis Procedure ◽

Integration Scheme ◽

Practical Implementation ◽

Printing Process ◽

Equivalent Layer

ABSTRACTTo evaluate the thermal deformation induced by 3D Printing (Three Dimensional Printing) process, a novel meshless analysis procedure is established. To account for the heat transfer and solidification effects of each printing layer from liquid to solid phase transition, the layer temperature is measured by the implanted thermocouples. Based on the temperature variation measured, the printing layer temperature can be averaged and considered as uniform for thermal analysis. In addition, as observed by the deformation of the printed target through experiment, only linear thermal elastic analysis is performed.A rigorous algorithm for simulating the 3D Printing process is presented herein. Since the interpolation functions are no longer polynomials, a simple integration scheme using uniform integration points is applied to calculate the global stiffness matrix. Thus, the density and location of the integration points can be easily adjusted to fulfill the required accuracy. Further, for practical implementation, the simulation is also carried out by the concept of equivalent layer.Demonstrative cases of printing a rectangular PLA (Polylactic Acid) brick are tackled to prove the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed meshless analysis procedure. The effects of layer thickness, equivalent layer and slenderness ratio on the thermal deformation of the printed brick are also investigated.

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A Heuristic Scaling Strategy for Multi-Robot Cooperative Three-Dimensional Printing

Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4045143 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Laxmi Poudel ◽

Chandler Blair ◽

Jace McPherson ◽

Zhenghui Sha ◽

Wenchao Zhou

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Evaluation Framework ◽

Geometric Constraints ◽

Mathematical Representation ◽

Printing Process ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

3D Printers ◽

Printing Time

Abstract While three-dimensional (3D) printing has been making significant strides over the past decades, it still trails behind mainstream manufacturing due to its lack of scalability in both print size and print speed. Cooperative 3D printing (C3DP) is an emerging technology that holds the promise to mitigate both of these issues by having a swarm of printhead-carrying mobile robots working together to finish a single print job cooperatively. In our previous work, we have developed a chunk-based printing strategy to enable the cooperative 3D printing with two fused deposition modeling (FDM) mobile 3D printers, which allows each of them to print one chunk at a time without interfering with the other and the printed part. In this paper, we present a novel method in discretizing the continuous 3D printing process, where the desired part is discretized into chunks, resulting in multi-stage 3D printing process. In addition, the key contribution of this study is the first working scaling strategy for cooperative 3D printing based on simple heuristics, called scalable parallel arrays of robots for 3DP (SPAR3), which enables many mobile 3D printers to work together to reduce the total printing time for large prints. In order to evaluate the performance of the printing strategy, a framework is developed based on directed dependency tree (DDT), which provides a mathematical and graphical description of dependency relationships and sequence of printing tasks. The graph-based framework can be used to estimate the total print time for a given print strategy. Along with the time evaluation metric, the developed framework provides us with a mathematical representation of geometric constraints that are temporospatially dynamic and need to be satisfied in order to achieve collision-free printing for any C3DP strategy. The DDT-based evaluation framework is then used to evaluate the proposed SPAR3 strategy. The results validate the SPAR3 as a collision-free strategy that can significantly shorten the printing time (about 11 times faster with 16 robots for the demonstrated examples) in comparison with the traditional 3D printing with single printhead.

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A Collaborative and Ubiquitous System for Fabricating Dental Parts Using 3D Printing Technologies

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare7030103 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 103 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Wang ◽

Chen ◽

Lin

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Mixed Integer ◽

Printing Process ◽

Planning Optimization ◽

Integer Quadratic Programming ◽

Ubiquitous System ◽

Independent Decision ◽

Mixed Integer Quadratic Programming ◽

And Control

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has great potential for establishing a ubiquitous service in the medical industry. However, the planning, optimization, and control of a ubiquitous 3D printing network have not been sufficiently discussed. Therefore, this study established a collaborative and ubiquitous system for making dental parts using 3D printing. The collaborative and ubiquitous system split an order for the 3D printing facilities to fulfill the order collaboratively and forms a delivery plan to pick up the 3D objects. To optimize the performance of the two tasks, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model and a mixed-integer quadratic programming (MIQP) model are proposed, respectively. In addition, slack information is derived and provided to each 3D printing facility so that it can determine the feasibility of resuming the same 3D printing process locally from the beginning without violating the optimality of the original printing and delivery plan. Further, more slack is gained by considering the chain effect between two successive 3D printing facilities. The effectiveness of the collaborative and ubiquitous system was validated using a regional experiment in Taichung City, Taiwan. Compared with two existing methods, the collaborative and ubiquitous 3D printing network reduced the manufacturing lead time by 45% on average. Furthermore, with the slack information, a 3D printing facility could make an independent decision about the feasibility of resuming the same 3D printing process locally from the beginning.

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New Materials for 3D-Printing Based on Polycaprolactone with Gum Rosin and Beeswax as Additives

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12020334 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 334 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Cristina Pavon ◽

Miguel Aldas ◽

Juan López-Martínez ◽

Santiago Ferrándiz

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

3D Printing ◽

Mechanical Characterization ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

New Materials ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Printing Process ◽

Gum Rosin ◽

The Matrix ◽

Natural Additives

In this work, different materials for three-dimensional (3D)-printing were studied, which based on polycaprolactone with two natural additives, gum rosin, and beeswax. During the 3D-printing process, the bed and extrusion temperatures of each formulation were established. After, the obtained materials were characterized by mechanical, thermal, and structural properties. The results showed that the formulation with containing polycaprolactone with a mixture of gum rosin and beeswax as additive behaved better during the 3D-printing process. Moreover, the miscibility and compatibility between the additives and the matrix were concluded through the thermal assessment. The mechanical characterization established that the addition of the mixture of gum rosin and beeswax provides greater tensile strength than those additives separately, facilitating 3D-printing. In contrast, the addition of beeswax increased the ductility of the material, which makes the 3D-printing processing difficult. Despite the fact that both natural additives had a plasticizing effect, the formulations containing gum rosin showed greater elongation at break. Finally, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy assessment deduced that polycaprolactone interacts with the functional groups of the additives.

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Intelligent Hydrogel Actuators With Controllable Deformations and Movements

Frontiers in Materials ◽

10.3389/fmats.2021.661104 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Qian Zhao ◽

Zhenglei Yu ◽

Yunhong Liang ◽

Lei Ren ◽

Luquan Ren

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Response Rate ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

High Response Rate ◽

Structure Design ◽

Forward Movement ◽

Practical Applications ◽

3D Printed ◽

Intelligent Hydrogel

Near infrared laser- (NIR-) driven intelligent hydrogel actuator systems including printable N-isopropylacrylamide- (NIPAm-) nanosized synthetic hectorite clay-nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) hydrogels and NIPAm-4-hydroxybutyl acrylate- (4HBA-) NFC hydrogels with a high response rate were prepared via three-dimensional (3D) printing and hydrothermal synthesis, respectively. The addition of NFC was beneficial to the improvement in rheology. The 3D printed intelligent hydrogel actuators with a structure pattern of Model I and Model II exhibited the saddle and inverted saddle deformations, respectively, to prove the validity of 3D printing. In order to improve the response rate and enrich movement patterns, the hydrothermal synthesized intelligent hydrogel actuators were prepared on the base of the 3D printed intelligent hydrogel compositions. The addition of NFC maintained the controllable NIR response. Based on a wedge-shaped design, the hydrothermal synthesized intelligent hydrogel pushed the resin ball with weight of 130 mg forward 8 mm in 39 s. By changing the torque values of a hydrogel in a different direction, the actuator realized controllable continuous rollover movement. Attributed to the longilineal shape, the intelligent hydrogel actuator reached an effective displacement of 20 mm in 10 s via a forward movement. The characteristics and structure design of a hydrogel material significantly realized multiple controllable functional four-dimensional (4D) printed deformations and movements. The combination of advantages of the 3D printed and hydrothermal synthesized intelligent hydrogels provided a new direction of development and abundant material candidates for the practical applications of 4D printing in soft robot, information sensing, and health engineering.

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Recent Cell Printing Systems for Tissue Engineering

International Journal of Bioprinting ◽

10.18063/ijb.2017.01.004 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Hyeongjin Lee ◽

YoungWon Koo ◽

Miji Yeo ◽

SuHon Kim ◽

Geun Hyung Kim

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Growth Factors ◽

3D Printing ◽

Cell Damage ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Human Tissues ◽

Printing Process ◽

Cell Printing ◽

3D Space ◽

Printing Ink

Three-dimensional (3D) printing in tissue engineering has been studied for the bio mimicry of the structures of human tissues and organs. Now it is being applied to 3D cell printing, which can position cells and biomaterials, such as growth factors, at desired positions in the 3D space. However, there are some challenges of 3D cell printing, such as cell damage during the printing process and the inability to produce a porous 3D shape owing to the embedding of cells in the hydrogel-based printing ink, which should be biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic, etc. Therefore, researchers have been studying ways to balance or enhance the post-print cell viability and the print-ability of 3D cell printing technologies by accommodating several mechanical, electrical, and chemical based systems. In this mini-review, several common 3D cell printing methods and their modified applications are introduced for overcoming deficiencies of the cell printing process.

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