Ashwagandha Root Extract Inhibits Acetylcholine Esterase, Protein Modification and Ameliorates H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Lymphocytes

Background: Oxidative stress is caused by free radicals or oxidant productions, including lipid peroxidation, protein modification, DNA damage and apoptosis or cell death and results in cellular degeneration and neurodegeneration from damage to macromolecules. Results: Accumulation of the DNA damage (8HOdG) products and the end products of LPO (including aldehyde, diene, triene conjugates and Schiff’s bases) were noted in the research studies. Significantly higher levels of these products in comparison with the controls were observed. Oxidative stress induced changes to ocular cells and tissues. Typical changes include ECM accumulation, cell dysfunction, cell death, advanced senescence, disarrangement or rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and released inflammatory cytokines. It is involved in ocular diseases, including keratoconus, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, and granular corneal dystrophy type 2, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, primary open-angle glaucoma, retinal light damage, and retinopathy of prematurity. These ocular diseases are the cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Conclusions: Oxidative stress, inflammation and autophagy are implicated in biochemical and morphological changes in these ocular tissues. The development of therapy is a major target for the management care of these ocular diseases.

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Protective Effects of Taraxacum officinale L. (Dandelion) Root Extract in Experimental Acute on Chronic Liver Failure

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10040504 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 504

Author(s):

Iulia Olimpia Pfingstgraf ◽

Marian Taulescu ◽

Raluca Maria Pop ◽

Remus Orăsan ◽

Laurian Vlase ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Liver Failure ◽

Tissue Injury ◽

Taraxacum Officinale ◽

Chronic Liver ◽

Root Extract ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Stress Tests ◽

Chronic Liver Failure

Background: Taraxacum officinale (TO) or dandelion has been frequently used to prevent or treat different liver diseases because of its rich composition in phytochemicals with demonstrated effect against hepatic injuries. This study aimed to investigate the possible preventing effect of ethanolic TO root extract (TOERE) on a rat experimental acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) model. Methods: Chronic liver failure (CLF) was induced by human serum albumin, and ACLF was induced in CLF by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide (D-Gal-LPS). Five groups (n = 5) of male Wistar rats (200–250 g) were used: ACLF, ACLF-silymarin (200 mg/kg b.w./day), three ACLF-TO administered in three doses (200 mg, 100 mg, 50 mg/kg b.w./day). Results: The in vivo results showed that treatment with TOERE administered in three chosen doses before ACLF induction reduced serum liver injury markers (AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin), renal tests (creatinine, urea), and oxidative stress tests (TOS, OSI, MDA, NO, 3NT). Histopathologically, TOERE diminished the level of liver tissue injury and 3NT immunoexpression. Conclusions: This paper indicated oxidative stress reduction as possible mechanisms for the hepatoprotective effect of TOERE in ACLF and provided evidence for the preventive treatment.

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Effect of Morus alba root bark extract on gene-level expression of inflammatory markers in rats subjected to ethanol and cerulein induced pancreatitis– influence of heat shock protein 70

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1515/jcim-2017-0149 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Kavitha Yuvaraj ◽

Arumugam Geetha

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Heat Shock ◽

Morus Alba ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Root Extract ◽

Root Bark ◽

Nf Kappa B ◽

Serum Lipase ◽

Hsp70 Mrna ◽

Caspase 1

Abstract Background Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a persistent inflammation of the pancreas clinically presented with severe abdominal pain, progressive fibrosis, and loss of exocrine and endocrine functions. Inflammasomes, cytosolic multiprotein complexes which regulate the formation of proinflammatory cytokines, are influenced by various factors including heat shock proteins (HSPs). Morus alba L., or white mulberry root bark is a valued traditional Asian medicine with a diverse array of phytochemicals. The aim of this investigation was to define the modulatory action of methanolic extract of Morus alba root bark (MEMARB) on NLRP3 inflammasome, and HSPs in pancreas subjected to inflammatory insult. Methods Pancreatitis was induced in male albino Wistar rats by ethanol (0–36%) and cerulein (20 µg/kg b.wt., i.p.) for 5 weeks with or without MEMARB administration. Serum lipase/amylase (L/A) ratio, oxidative stress index (OSI) and reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio in the pancreas were evaluated. Levels of serum HSP70 was quantified by ELISA. NF-kappa B, NLRP3-ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, and HSP70 gene expression was quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results L/A ratio and oxidative stress determined in terms of OSI and GSH/GSSG ratio were elevated in pancreatitis-induced rats. The levels were restored in MEMARB co-administered animals. Serum level of HSP70 was increased in pancreatitis-induced animals and dropped significantly in MEMARB co-administrated rats. Pancreatitis-induced group showed increased expression of NF-kappa B, IL-1β, IL-18, caspase-1, NLRP3-ASC and HSP70 mRNA than in MEMARB treated group. Conclusions It can be concluded that the M. alba root extract modulates the expression of HSP70 and NLRP3-ASC which might be attributed to its pancreato-protective effect.

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Protein carbonyls and protein thiols in rheumatoid arthritis

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20181770 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 1738 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pullaiah P. ◽

Suchitra M. M. ◽

Siddhartha Kumar B.

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Oxidative Stress ◽

Protein Modification ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Protein Carbonyl ◽

Protein Carbonyls ◽

Carbonyl Content ◽

Protein Thiol ◽

Protein Carbonyl Content ◽

Protein Thiols

Background: Oxidative stress (OS) has an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). OS causes protein modification, thereby impairing the biological functions of the protein. This study was conducted to assess the oxidatively modified protein as protein carbonyl content and the antioxidant status as protein thiols, and to study the association between protein carbonyls and protein thiols in RA.Methods: Newly diagnosed RA patients who were not taking any disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs were included into the study group (n=45) along with age and sex matched healthy controls (n=45). Serum protein carbonyl content and protein thiols were estimated.Results: Elevated protein carbonyl content and decreased protein thiol levels (p<0.001) were observed in RA. A significant negative correlation was observed between protein carbonyl content and protein thiol levels (p<0.001).Conclusions: Oxidative stress in RA is evidenced by enhanced protein oxidation and decreased antioxidant protein thiol levels. Decreased protein thiols may also reflect protein modifications leading to compromise in the antioxidant properties. This oxidant and antioxidant imbalance needs to be addressed by therapeutic interventions to prevent disease progression.

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Cudrania tricuspidata Root Extract Prevents Methylglyoxal-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress via Regulation of the PKC-NOX4 Pathway in Human Kidney Cells

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity ◽

10.1155/2021/5511881 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Donghee Kim ◽

Jayeon Cheon ◽

Haelim Yoon ◽

Hee-Sook Jun

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Protein Kinase ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme ◽

Root Extract ◽

Kidney Cells ◽

Nuclear Factor ◽

Ros Production ◽

Cudrania Tricuspidata ◽

Pkc Activation ◽

And Oxidative Stress

Diabetic nephropathy is a microvascular complication induced by diabetes, and methylglyoxal (MGO) is a reactive carbonyl species causing oxidative stress that contributes to the induction of inflammatory response in kidney cells. Cudrania tricuspidata (CT), cultivated in Northeast Asia, has been used as traditional medicine for treating various diseases, including neuritis, liver damage, and cancer. In this study, we determined whether a CT root extract (CTRE) can prevent MGO-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inflammation and assessed underlying mechanisms using a kidney epithelial cell line, HK-2. We observed that CTRE inhibited MGO-induced ROS production. Additionally, CTRE ameliorated the activation of MGO-induced inflammatory signaling pathways such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK). Consistent with these results, expressions of p-nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) and inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, and IL-6, were decreased when compared with MGO-only exposed HK-2 cells. CTRE alleviated the MGO-induced decrease in nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and antioxidant enzyme mRNA expressions. MGO induced the expression of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4); CTRE pretreatment inhibited this induction. Further studies revealed that the NOX4 expression was inhibited owing to the suppression of MGO-induced protein kinase C (PKC) activation following CTRE treatment. Collectively, our data suggest that CTRE attenuates MGO-induced inflammation and oxidative stress via inhibition of PKC activation and NOX4 expression, as well as upregulating the Nrf2-antioxidant enzyme pathway in HK-2 cells.

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p38 MAPK links oxidative stress to autophagy-related gene expression in cachectic muscle wasting

AJP Cell Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpcell.00192.2009 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 298 (3) ◽

pp. C542-C549 ◽

Cited By ~ 161

Author(s):

J. M. McClung ◽

A. R. Judge ◽

S. K. Powers ◽

Z. Yan

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Protein Modification ◽

Muscle Wasting ◽

Ring Finger ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽

C2c12 Myotubes ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein ◽

Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽

F Box Protein

Oxidative stress is a primary trigger of cachectic muscle wasting, but the signaling pathway(s) that links it to the muscle wasting processes remains to be defined. Here, we report that activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (phosphorylation) and increased oxidative stress ( trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal protein modification) in skeletal muscle occur as early as 8 h after lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg) and 24 h after dexamethasone (25 mg/kg) injection (intraperitoneal) in mice, concurrent with upregulation of autophagy-related genes, Atg6, Atg7, and Atg12. Treating cultured C2C12 myotubes with oxidant hydrogen peroxide (4 h) resulted in increased p38 phosphorylation and reduced FoxO3 phosphorylation along with induced Atg7 mRNA expression without activation of NF-κ B or FoxO3a transcriptional activities. Furthermore, inhibition of p38α/β by SB202190 blocked hydrogen peroxide-induced atrophy with diminished upregulation of Atg7 and atrogenes [muscle atrophy F-box protein ( MAFbx/Atrogin-1) , muscle ring finger protein 1 ( MuRF-1), and Nedd4]. These findings provide direct evidence for p38α/β MAPK in mediating oxidative stress-induced autophagy-related genes, suggesting that p38α/β MAPK regulates both the ubiquitin-proteasome and the autophagy-lysosome systems in muscle wasting.

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Cyanate Induces Oxidative Stress Injury and Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in Liver through Nrf2/HO-1

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24183231 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (18) ◽

pp. 3231 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ling Hu ◽

Kuan Tian ◽

Tao Zhang ◽

Chun-Hua Fan ◽

Peng Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Protein Modification ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽

Related Factor ◽

Uremic Toxin ◽

Stress Injury ◽

Oxidative Stress Injury ◽

Abnormal Lipid Metabolism

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is problem that has become one of the major issues affecting public health. Extensive clinical data suggests that the prevalence of hyperlipidemia in CKD patients is significantly higher than in the general population. Lipid metabolism disorders can damage the renal parenchyma and promote the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cyanate is a uremic toxin that has attracted widespread attention in recent years. Usually, 0.8% of the molar concentration of urea is converted into cyanate, while myeloperoxidase (MPO) catalyzes the oxidation of thiocyanate to produce cyanate at the site of inflammation during smoking, inflammation, or exposure to environmental pollution. One of the important physiological functions of cyanate is protein carbonylation, a non-enzymatic post-translational protein modification. Carbamylation reactions on proteins are capable of irreversibly changing protein structure and function, resulting in pathologic molecular and cellular responses. In addition, recent studies have shown that cyanate can directly damage vascular tissue by producing large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress leads to the disorder of liver lipid metabolism, which is also an important mechanism leading to cirrhosis and liver fibrosis. However, the influence of cyanate on liver has remained unclear. In this research, we explored the effects of cyanate on the oxidative stress injury and abnormal lipid metabolism in mice and HL-7702 cells. In results, cyanate induced hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress by influencing the content of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) in liver. Cyanate inhibited NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and the phosphorylation of adenosine 5′monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), activated the mTOR pathway. Oxidative stress on the cells reduced significantly by treating with TBHQ, an antioxidant, which is also an activator of Nrf2. The activity of Nrf2 was rehabilitated and phosphorylation of mTOR decreased. In conclusion, cyanate could induce oxidative stress damage and lipid deposition by inhibiting Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which was rescued by inhibitor of Nrf2.

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