Interference of Urochloa plantaginea on Morphophysiology and Yield Components of Black Beans

Among the factors which affect crop productivity, there are weeds which compete for environment resources. The objective of this work was to determine the periods of interference of alexandergrass on the morphophysiology and productivity components of black beans. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized block design with four replications. The bean cultivar of the black type used was IPR Uirapuru, being the treatments separated in two models of interference: in the coexistence group, the crop of the bean lived with the alexandergrass by growing periods of 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and throughout the cycledays after emergence and throughout the cycle; in the control group the crop was kept free of the infestation for the same periods described previously. At 42 DAE were evaluated the variables related to plant morphology and physiology (height of bean plants, number of trifoliate leaves, dry mass plant, number of grains pods, number od pods plants, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, photosynthetic activity, efficiency of carboxylation, efficient use of water, transpiration rate). Considering the results, it is possible to conclude that the critical period of interference prevention (CPIP) comprises 24 to 50 DAE, the period before the interference (PBI) was 24 DAE and the total period of interference prevention (TPIP) was 50 days and that the morphological and physiological variables of the plants were negatively affected in the coexistence with the alexandergrass when compared to the treatments kept free of weeds throughout the crop cycle.

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Interference Periods in Soybean Crop as Affected by Emergence Times of Weeds

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582018360100045 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R.R. ZANDONÁ ◽

D. AGOSTINETTO ◽

B.M. SILVA ◽

Q. RUCHEL ◽

D.S. FRAGA

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Critical Period ◽

Block Design ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Weed Interference ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Intermediate Time ◽

Crop Cycle ◽

Weed Emergence

ABSTRACT: Weeds emergence times modify competition with crops. Thus, the hypothesis was that the increase in weed emergence flow decreases the period prior to interference (PPI) in soybeans and increases the critical period of interference prevention (CPIP). The objective was to determine the PPI and the CPIP of weeds in soybean crops as affected by the preferred time of weeds emergence flow. Three experiments were conducted in the field in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a factorial design with factor A consisting of coexistence or weed control in soybeans and factor B for eight periods (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 135 days after crop emergence (DAE)). The numbers of emerged plants and weed dry mass by genus and crop productivity were evaluated. The weed interference in culture during all the crop cycle reduces the soybean average yield 73, 94 and 89% in the first, second and third sowing times, respectively. Chemical control may be adopted at the end of PPI, which must be done at 14, 15 and 5 DAE crop, for the first, second, third times, respectively. The sowing in advance and intermediate time of recommendation increase the PPI in about 10 days, favoring the weed management in soybean crops.

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Photosynthetic characteristics of hybrid and conventional rice plants as a function of plant competition

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582011000400010 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 803-809 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

G Concenço ◽

I Aspiazú ◽

L Galon ◽

E.A Ferreira ◽

M.A.M Freitas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Plant Competition ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Planting Density ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Rice Plants ◽

Hybrid Plants ◽

Randomized Block Design

The objective of this work was to evaluate the characteristics related to the photosynthetic ability of hybrid and inbred rice varieties, as a way to assess which of the two presented higher potential to stand out under conditions of competition. The trial was set in a greenhouse in completely randomized block design and 2 x 6 factorial scheme with four replications. Factor A consisted of rice varieties (hybrid or inbred) and factor B by competition levels. Treatments consisted in maintaining one plant of either BRS Pelota (inbred) or Inov (hybrid) variety at the center of the plot, under competition with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 plants of the variety BRS Pelota at the periphery of the experimental unit, according to the treatment. Fifty days after emergence (DAE), sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (Ci - mmol mol-1), photosynthetic rate (A - mmol m-2 s-1) and CO2 consumed (DC - mmol mol-1) were quantified, as well as shoot dry mass(SDM).Hybrid plants present higher photosynthesis capacity than inbred plants, when competing with up to 3 times its own density. When under the same competitive intensity, hybrid plants surpass the inbred. However, it should be emphasized that, when in farm condition, the lower competitive capacity with weeds often attributed to the hybrid varieties, probably is due to their lower planting density, but if weed competition is kept at low levels, hybrid rice plants may perform in the same way or usually better than inbred plants.

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Chemical Attributes of Soil and Response of Wheat to Serpentinite in Direct Seeding System

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v11n6p460 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 460

Author(s):

Alves A. Alovisi ◽

Munir Mauad ◽

Alessandra M. T. Alovisi ◽

Luciene K. Tokura ◽

Robervaldo S. Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Magnesium Silicate ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Chemical Attributes ◽

Ph Decrease

The serpentinite is an alternative for the correction of soil acidity and is composed of calcium and magnesium silicate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual effect of the serpentinite application on soil chemical attributes and the effects on wheat crop productivity in a no-tillage system. The experimental design was a randomized block design, in a subdivided plot scheme, with four replications. The plots were constituted by serpentinite doses (0, 2, 4, 8 and 16 Mg ha-1) and in the subplots the soil collection layers (0.0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m). The chemical attributes of the soil evaluated at 41 months after the application of serpentinite, presented favorable results of the residual power of this corrective. The main results observed are related to the increase of pH, decrease of aluminum content and potential acidity, and increase of Ca, Mg and Si contents, cation exchange capacity (CTC) and base saturation. The residual of the serpentinite in the soil contributed with an improvement in the chemical attributes of the soil, which favored the increase of the dry mass, number of spikes and yield of the wheat crop.

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Seed size affects productive parameters in Sudan grass

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20180248 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Alexandre Bernardi ◽

Alexandre Rogério Ramos ◽

Antonio Waldimir Leopoldino da Silva

Keyword(s):

Germination Rate ◽

Block Design ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Forage Crops ◽

Initial Development ◽

Physiological Variables ◽

Sudan Grass ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Physiological Quality

ABSTRACT: The use of larger seeds may improve the initial development, plant stand, and mass productivity in forage crops. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of the size of seeds of Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense L.), standardized on density, on parameters of physiological quality and crop productivity. Seeds were processed in a gravitational table in order to become uniform in terms of density and then submitted to sieves with apertures of 1.75 or 2.00 mm. Three different treatments (seeds without size classification, seeds with diameter between 1.75 mm and 1.99 mm, and seeds with diameter above 2.00 mm) were compared. This study consisted of a laboratory stage for the analysis of physiological variables of seed, and a stage in field plots under a randomized block design and 3 replicates. Larger seeds presented better physiological and productive performance and had a higher germination rate, seedling growth, and forage yield at the first cut. Both the sieve with opening of 1.75 mm and that of 2 mm were suitable for processing of seeds of this species.

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Interference Periods of Raphanus raphanistrum L. in Sunflower Crop

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582020380100050 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

Author(s):

D. AGOSTINETTO ◽

N. WESTENDORFF ◽

R.R. ZANDONÁ ◽

A.R. ULGUIM ◽

A.C. LANGARO

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Wild Radish ◽

Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽

Total Period ◽

Weed Interference ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Development Cycle ◽

Sunflower Crop ◽

Crop Cycle

ABSTRACT: Raphanus raphanistrum L. (wild radish) stands out among the weeds that cause greatest damage to the sunflower crop, due to the development cycle and adaptability. The objective of this research was to determine interference periods of sunflower interacting with wild radish, and the effects of competition on yield and its components. The experiment was conducted in the field in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a factorial design with factor A composed of wild radish coexistence or control in sunflower, and factor B, for eight periods (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 135 days after crop emergence). It was evaluated height, diameter of chapters, achene yield and dry matter of weeds and crop. The presence of wild radish adversely affects the accumulation of dry mass, head diameter, thousand grain weight and reduces sunflower productivity when the wild radish interacts during the whole crop cycle, but does not affect on plant height. Chemical control of wild radish may be adopted at the end of period prior to interference, which for sunflower crop is 13 DAE, and the application is sufficient to avoid weed interference until the end of the total period of interference prevention which occurs until 17 days after crop emergence.

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Cowpea Ecophysiological Responses to Accumulated Water Deficiency during the Reproductive Phase in Northeastern Pará, Brazil

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7050116 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 116

Author(s):

Paulo Jorge de O. P. Souza ◽

Denilson P. Ferreira ◽

Denis P. Sousa ◽

Hildo G. G. C. Nunes ◽

João Vitor N. Pinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Water Levels ◽

Northeastern Brazil ◽

Water Deficiency ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Physiological Variables ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Significant Difference

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is a leguminous species widely cultivated in northern and northeastern Brazil. In the state of Pará, this crop still has low productivity due to several factors, such as low soil fertility and climatic adversity, especially the water deficiency. Therefore, the present study aimed at evaluating the physiological parameters and the productivity of cowpea plants under different water depths. The experiment was conducted in Castanhal/Pará between 2015 and 2016. A randomized block design was applied with six replications and four treatments, represented by the replacement of 100%, 50%, 25% and 0% of the water lost during crop evapotranspiration (ETc), starting from the reproductive stage. The rates of net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), leaf transpiration (Eleaf), substomatal CO2 concentration (Ci), leaf temperature (Tleaf) and leaf water potential (Ψw) were determined in four measurements at the R5, R7, R8 and R9 phenological stages. Cowpea was sensitive to the water availability in the soil, showing a significant difference between treatments for physiological variables and productivity. Upon reaching a Ψw equal to −0.88 MPa, the studied variables showed important changes, which allows establishing this value as a threshold for the crop regarding water stress under such experimental conditions. The different water levels in the soil directly influenced productivity for both years, indicating that the proper water supply leads to better crop growth and development, increasing productivity.

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PSVI-14 Blend of Additives in Nursery Pig Diets as an Antibiotics Substitute Increases the Growth Performance and Intestinal Health

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.328 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 201-201

Author(s):

Sudario Roberto Silva Junior ◽

Rhuan F Chaves ◽

Maíra Resende ◽

Ygor Henrique De Paula ◽

Kenio De Gouvêa Cabral ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Block Design ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Intestinal Health ◽

Total Period ◽

Nursery Pigs ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Diarrhea Incidence

Abstract Antibiotics growth promoting (AGP) in animal feed has been restricted. With this, several additives have been tested in order to replace AGP and ensure intestinal health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a blend of additives on growth performance, diarrhea incidence and cecal content microbiota of nursery pigs. A total of 576 weaned pigs (6.21 ± 1.16 kg) were assigned into 4 treatments (12 replicates) in randomized block design: basal diet without additives (NC); basal diet with 120 ppm of halquinol (PC); NC + 0,05% blend of lactic acid (3,5%), benzoic acid (2,5%), flavonoids (3,5%) (B5); NC+ 0,1% of same blend (B10). The pigs were weighed 0 and 42 days into the experiment. On day 10, one animal per pen (10 replicates) was euthanized for microbiota analyses. The diarrhea incidence was calculated by the percentage of visual pens with diarrhea, by day, in the period. The growth performance was analyzed by GLIMMIX procedure and the means were compared with Tukey test (P < 0.050) (SAS, 2009). Diarrhea incidence was analyzed by GENMOD procedure (SAS, 2009). The Kruskal Wallis test was used to compare microbial biodiversity (P < 0.050) by statistical program STAMP. The final weight (P = 0.010) and average daily gain (P = 0.001) of B10 and PC were higher than NC. Regarding diarrhea, it was observed that the B5 and B10 had lower incidence when compared to other groups in the total period. In the microbiome analyses, it was observed that the B5, B10, and PC groups had lower (P = 0.021) biodiversity when compared to the NC piglets. However, the B5 and B10 group had higher biodiversity when compared to the PC group. In conclusion, the supplementation with 0,1% blend of additives can be a substitute for AGP.

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Nitrogen and potassium supply and the morphogenic and productive characteristics of marandu palisadegrass

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982010000800007 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 39 (8) ◽

pp. 1666-1675 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marcio Mahmoud Megda ◽

Francisco Antonio Monteiro

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Dry Matter ◽

System Development ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Root System Development ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Matter Production ◽

Specific Length

The objective of this work was to study morphogenic characteristics, and dry matter production of roots and shoots of marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) submitted to combinations of nitrogen and potassium, in a nutritive solution, employing silica as substrate. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse during the summer. It was used a 5² fractionated factorial scheme with 13 combinations of nitrogen and potassium, which were distributed in a randomized block design, with four replications. The nitrogen × potassium interaction was significant for the number of tillers and leaves, for leaf area, for shoots and root section dry mass, for total length and surface and specific length and surface in the roots. Production of aerial part dry mass positively correlated with the number of tillers and leaves and grass leaf area. Nitrogen rates modulated the root system development, and the root specific length and surface decreased when high rates of nitrogen and potassium were supllied. Nitrogen and potassium influence Marandu palisadegrass morphogenic characteristics, which are determinant for grass dry matter production.

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MORPHOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF FORAGE CACTUS VARIETIES

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252015v28n326rc ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 230-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

PHILIPE LIMA DE AMORIM ◽

JANAINA AZEVEDO MARTUSCELLO ◽

JOSÉ TEODORICO DE ARAÚJO FILHO ◽

DANIEL DE NORONHA FIGUEIREDO VIEIRA DA CUNHA ◽

LIANA JANK

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Area Index ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Use Efficiency

ABSTRACT: Cultivars of the genus Nopalea are known in Brazil for being tolerant to cochineal carmine attacks, thus making the cultivation of this genus a promising alternative for mitigating the negative effects of this insect on the production of biomass. With the objectives of characterizing morphologically spineless forage cactus varieties and identify morphological characteristics that may be the focus in spineless forage cactus breeding programs, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 11 treatments and four replications. The variety Alagoas showed the highest values of weight, area and volume of cladodes. The varieties Negro Michoacan F7 and V7, Tamazunchale V12 showed the highest values of the cladode area index, the total volume of cladodes and total fresh mass production. The varieties Negro Michoacan V7 and F7 presented the highest water use efficiency and dry mass yield. Cladode volume showed the highest correlation coefficients with the fresh weight of cladodes. Aiming the release of varieties for biomass production, varieties Negro Michoacan F7, V7 and Tamazunchale V12 may substitute the Miúda variety. The number and cladode area index may be used as criteria for selection of superior varieties in breeding programs.

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Drought-induced alterations in the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the relation with drought tolerance in sugar cane

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/1413-70542017412029416 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 117-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Thais Ramos da Silva ◽

Jairo Osvaldo Cazetta ◽

Samira Domingues Carlin ◽

Bruna Robiati Telles

Keyword(s):

Sugar Cane ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Plant Transpiration ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Matter Production ◽

Prolonged Drought ◽

Phosphorus And Potassium ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Relationship Of

ABSTRACT Although there are evidences that the proper supply of mineral nutrients to plants relieves water stress, little is known on the approach of how the drought affects the absorption and accumulation of nutrients by distinct sugar cane genotypes, or in different parts of a same plant. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the content and accumulation of N, P and K in the aerial part of plant from three genotypes of sugar cane, submitted to three water potentials in the soil, and check the relationship of these variables with the tolerance of plants to prolonged drought. In order to access this objective, an experiment under greenhouse conditions, comprised by a fatorial 3 × 3, in a randomized block design, and four replicates was carried out. After 90 days from treatment imposition, the plant transpiration rate, plant dry mass, concentration of N, P and K were determined in leaves and culms, as well as in total plant shoot were measured. It was found that tolerance to drought in sugar cane is related to higher levels of N and K in the leaves and stems, and larger accumulations of K and P in the plant shoot. There is high positive correlations among accumulation of N, P and K in the plant shoot and dry matter production by plants submitted to drought. There are intermediate correlations among plant transpiration and nutrient uptake by plants under drought. Plants of the genotype SP81-3250 are more tolerante to prolonged drought, than the RB855453 and IACSP95-5000 plants.

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