scholarly journals Multiple Attributed Parametric Review Study on Mechanical Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Harvesters

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Rupinder Chandel ◽  
Karun Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cotton Plant ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Software Model ◽  
Poor Families ◽  
Cotton Picker ◽  
Cotton Picking ◽  
Harvesting Efficiency ◽  
Review Study

Crop characteristics of cotton are crucial to identify the important crop attributes like plant height, canopy width, sympods and monopods distribution, row spacing which affects the performance of mechanical harvesters. The activity and effectiveness of most harvest aids, including desiccants is reduced by low temperature conditions. Trash content was observed to be lesser in cotton harvested by cotton picker than cotton harvested by cotton stripper. It was found that a maximum cotton yield of 1000 kg acre-1 was obtained for a cotton plant population ranging between 45,000 and 90,000 plants acre-1. Likewise, a minimum of 700 to 740 kg acre-1 was observed for a cotton plant population of 33,000 plants acre-1. In higher yielding cotton, cotton pickers recorded higher picking rate than cotton strippers. Picking/harvesting efficiency of cotton stripper with both finger and brush type mechanism was higher than the spindle type cotton picker. Picking efficiency of pneumatic picker was higher than the other types of picking mechanisms, but with lesser rate of picking capacity. Gin turnout of cotton was higher with cotton picker when compared with cotton stripper due to lesser trash content in picker harvested cotton. The horsepower requirement of cotton stripper ranged from ½ to ¼ horsepower and cost is about two-thirds of the price as compared with cotton picker. The scheduling and monitoring of various activities involved in cotton picking by using a suitable software model can increase the benefits of both growers and harvesting companies. The reduction in uniformity with roller gin-type lint cleaners ranged between 0.2 to 0.8%, which was lesser as compared with saw-type lint cleaners. Introducing mechanical harvesting has always been a decades-long process. In Turkey, it took 20 years and in Greece, this process took place very gradually over a 15-year period. Top cotton producing countries like India, Pakistan, China, Uzbekistan and other developing countries like Iran Paraguay are still not using machine harvesting. The introduction of mechanical cotton picker or stripper can help improve quality and quantity of cotton picking thereby giving more benefit to growers in developing countries and improving their socio-economic status. The most controversial issue raised by the introduction of the mechanical cotton harvester is great migration as the machines eliminated jobs and forced poor families to leave their homes and farms in search for urban jobs. Therefore Government policies towards cotton harvesting mechanization must include the alternative jobs, packages for dependent manual cotton pickers and their families.

Determinants of Aggregate Fertility in Pakistan

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-570
Author(s):  
Ghulam Yasin Soomro
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Fertility Behaviour ◽  
Human Fertility ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The Difference

Experiencing high fertility and declining mortality levels, the developing countries are today faced with the problem of relatively high rates of natural increase in their populations. This pace of growth in population, influenced by high fertility levels, impedes the overall development planning. As pointed out in a document prepared by the Planning Commission of Pakistan, 'A vicious circle is set in motion in which high fertility and socio-economic stagnation breed upon each other' [5]. In the developing countries, development programmes including birth control programmes are in operation. The sustained high fertility levels, therefore, call for more insights into the mechanisms operating in the society and influencing fertility. Studies of fertility behaviour are conducted at both micro and macro levels. The difference between micro and macro is a matter of emphasis rather than one of kind, and both approaches are concerned with each level of social aggregation. Macrolevel studies describe the level and pattern of change resulting from the ongoing socio-econornic development in the society as a whole and do not explain variations in fertility at the household level [12]. However, development programmes, which are implemented at aggregate levels defined by geographical boundaries, influence the population in terms of socio-economic status and fertility behaviour. There are many factors which affect human fertility individually or collectively. Attempts have been made to identify these factors, and conceptual frameworks have been developed to explain the causal hypotheses. In this context mention may be made of the demographic transition theory, which is often applied to study fertility behaviour.

Remittances and the Politics of Austerity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Germano
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Social Welfare Function ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Social Instability ◽  
Social Welfare Programs ◽  
Poor Families ◽  
International Migrants

Remittances sent by international migrants have become an increasingly important source of social welfare in the developing world. This chapter explores what remittances are, why migrants send them, and how poor families use them. I argue in this chapter that remittances are more than just gifts from one relative to another. They play a larger social welfare role that complements funds that governments spend on social welfare programs. This social welfare function has become particularly important in recent decades as developing countries have prioritized austerity and integrated into volatile global markets. I argue that by filling a welfare gap in an age of austerity, remittances help to reduce the suffering and anger that so often trigger political and social instability during times of economic crisis.

Cotton Picker Picks Roller Motion Simulation and Dynamics Analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 34-35 ◽  
pp. 1765-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Lei Sun ◽  
Xiao Li Li ◽  
Chang Bing Fu
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Dynamics Analysis ◽  
Motion Simulation ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Road Speed ◽  
Cotton Picker ◽  
Cotton Picking ◽  
Movement Simulation ◽  
Moving Speed

The drum is the process of picking cotton, picking cotton picker cotton picker head of the key device, which controls the seat tube and Abstract Abstract ingot of movement, Abstract spindle picking of cotton is also directly affect the quality and efficiency of key factors. Therefore, by creating a virtual prototype model cotton picker roller, about picking cotton picker principle, and the movement simulation model to arrive at, dynamic model of the external force, the cotton picker spindles moving speed of the Summary Block pipe displacement, velocity and acceleration effects. Then summed up, cotton picker of road speed, picking rate and the net rate of mining.

Premature deindustrialization and inequality

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Social Programs ◽  
Social Safety Net ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Poor Families ◽  
International Demand ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of the paper is to determine why premature deindustrialization is occurring in many developing countries. Design/methodology/approach A theoretical structure for explaining premature deindustrialization is utilized. Then the comparative experiences of a number of developing countries are used to illustrate the operation of the theory. Findings The results indicate that increasing inequality among a number of developing countries has reduced the domestic market for labor intensive manufactured goods, resulting in stagnation in manufacturing. Also, the increasing inequality in developed countries has reduced international demand for labor intensive manufacturing. Thus developing countries have fewer opportunities to export labor intensive manufacturing. Research limitations/implications Data on inequality is limited and it is very difficult to determine causality. However, intuition indicates that causality is most likely bi-directional. Practical implications Strategies of economic development must concern themselves with the effects that increasing inequality will likely have on the development of labor intensive manufacturing. Social implications Social programs that bolster the purchasing power of poor families are likely to be important (social safety net). Broad-based agricultural growth will provide a basis for labor intensive manufacturing. Originality/value The originality stems from the linking of deindustrialization with rising inequality.

scholarly journals Implementasi Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) di Provinsi Jawa Tengah

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Sofianto ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Program Planning ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Poor Families

The Family Hope Program (PKH) is a conditional social assistance program for very poor families aimed at improving the quality of life and well-being. PKH is considered to provide direct benefits to help with education and health costs, but it has not yet affected social economic status. PKH implementation is considered not on target, giving rise to potential conflicts, and other technical problems. Central Java Province is the region that has the second highest poverty rate in Indonesia, and a very large number of PKH recipients. This study aims to: 1) Describe the implementation of PKH in Central Java; 2) Analyze community attitudes towards the implementation of PKH in Central Java; 3) Formulating the concept of PKH renewal desired by the community. This study used mixed method approach (qualitative and quantitative). This reseacrh conducted in 15 districts with the highest poverty rate in Central Java. Informants involved in this study were the recipient of the handler, PKH assistant, village officials, and local government officials. Data collection instruments are questionnaires, FGDs, and interview guides. Data analysis with an interactive model developed by Miles and Huberman, which includes data reduction, data display, and data verification. The conclusions of this study are: 1) The implementation of PKH in Central Java in terms of procedures and managerial aspects is considered good, but the program targets are not appropriate because of invalid data, amounting to 21.54 percent of PKH recipients are not poor, and only 13.99 percent of PKH recipients are poor and 26,21 percent very poor. 2) The community feels the benefits of PKH to ease their living expenses and if possible increase the amount, on the other hand there are still many poor families who have not received assistance to cause conflict and suspicion. 3) The renewal of PKH needed is to have a dimension of sustainability, involving the community in program planning, as well as educating the poor to be empowered and productive. The recommendations of this study are: 1) updating data integrated with population data, as well as collaboration between village, district/city, and provincial governments; 2) education for the community to escape poverty and submit correct data. 3) increasing training activities, increasing competitiveness and productivity. 4) local governments contribute to the addition quota of PKH recipients and companion staff.

scholarly journals Sistem Informasi Manajemen Program Keluarga Harapan Pada Dinas Sosial Kabupaten Tangerang

CICES ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Abas Sunarya ◽  
Ely Nuryani ◽  
Mochamad Yusuf Romdoni
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Program Implementation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Cash Assistance ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Family Program ◽  
The Social ◽  
Poor Families

Community service is very important to do as well as services provided to civil servants/private to public, in any place where companies and government agencies can be divided into several sub-sections to fit the field and their respective functions in the work. Similarly the social services at Serang District which has been divided into several sections, one of which is a sub section Hope Family Program in terms of helping very poor families who have previously registered as participants to this program. This program is a program that provides cash assistance to extremely poor families if they meet the requirements associated with efforts to improve the quality of human resources, education and health. The main objective of this program is helping to reduce poverty by improving the quality of human resources in extreme poverty. In practice, this is managed by Family Hope Program Implementation Unit in each district, In this case I find the problems or constraints that exist within Family Hope Program the classification of very poor families are less clear, the lack of updating an increase in the economic status of participants, and the absence of recapitulation of education facilities and health insurance in their respective districts in Serang District.

scholarly journals THE PERINATALAND MATERNAL OUTCOME IN PREGNANCY WITH ADVANCED MATERNALAGE 35 YEARS AND >35 YEARS IN WESTERN RAJASTHAN

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-68
Author(s):  
Sangeeta Sangeeta ◽  
Kalpana Mehta ◽  
Vimla Choudhary ◽  
Vinod Vinod ◽  
Anusha Anusha
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Male Child ◽  
Chronic Hypertension ◽  
Advanced Technique ◽  
Risk Pregnancy ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Nicu Admission ◽  
In Pregnancy

BACKGROUND Pregnancy is affected by maternal age from conception till delivery. Various studies have been conducted globally to study this effect; few in developing countries. It is associated with decreased fertility and increased risk. Simultaneously higher advanced technique and better supported maternal and neonatal care also exist. Maternal age is increasing in developing countries as well, so we have conducted this study. METHOD: It is observational prospective analytic study, conducted in umaid hospital , Dr S N medical college ,jodhpur. Total 322 patients were included in study, fulfilling inclusion criteria over period of 6 months. RESULT : A total no. of 322 elderly pregnant patients were selected for the study. Most of the cases were in the age group 35 to 39 years (89.93%). Multi gravida (71.8%) and grand multi para (22.22%) constituted the largest group. Most of the cases belong to lower socio-economic status (90%). Percentage of unbooked cases was 82.98%. The causes of delay in pregnancy were preference for male child (25.1%) and unawareness of contraception (22.36%). The incidence of diabetes mellitus and chronic hypertension were increased. Overall caesarean rate was increased (35.4%). Incidence of abortions 21(6.5%), preterm delivery 18(5.6%), oligohydramnios 20(6.21%), APH 9(2.8%) and PROM 16(4.96%), low birth weight baby 33(10.25%), NICU admission 18 (5.6%), IUGR 14(4.34%) all were high. The preference for male child 81(25.1%) and lack of awareness 72(22.36%) were two major reason for continuing pregnancies and deliveries till late age. CONCLUSION The present study showed that pregnancy at advanced age is a higher risk pregnancy in term of increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.

scholarly journals Examination malpractices: an indisciplinary act towards a societal ruin, causes, agents, control and the way forward

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Monday S. Adiaha ◽  
David U. Ocheje
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Research Finding ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
School Rules ◽  
Home Training ◽  
Country Today

Examination Malpractices as an indisciplinary act towards a societal ruin was surveyed. Findings of this study presented examination malpractices as an act capable of dragging the society into ruin. Results of the statistical analysis were significant (p<0.005), proofing examination malpractices as an act been perpetrated in schools for the benefit of the parties involved. Different forms, causes and agents of examination malpractices have been identified, seeking a control guide where these factors can be tackled for the benefit of the Nigerian society and the world at large. The mode of life contrary to societal development has been identified as indiscipline with characteristics, which do not conform to the development of the environment. The regular violations of school rules, constant violence been experienced in the country today, turn-down of court orders, broken homes, including loss of respect for Humanity, metamorphoses from indiscipline, from one stage/form to the other. The Research finding further revealed that this act is one of the possible reasons for some level of underdevelopment been experienced in some of the developing countries like Nigeria. Tackling indisciplinary acts like examination malpractice can help to revive a society’s morals, including her economic status, where development can be sustainable for the benefit of the present and unborn generations, and to create an ideal society where human dignity and respect for academics as one of the factors for strong economic development can prevail. Recommendations of this survey include good home training and upbringing, leadership by example, engagement of an individual in life rewarding activities to exit idleness, including setting of realistic rules guiding the act of examination malpractice as an act of indiscipline.

scholarly journals Social Mobility in Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
The West ◽  
Broad Agreement ◽  
Development Context

Social mobility is the hope of economic development and the mantra of a good society. There are disagreements about what constitutes social mobility, but there is broad agreement that people should have roughly equal chances of success regardless of their economic status at birth. Concerns about rising inequality have engendered a renewed interest in social mobility—especially in the developing world. However, efforts to construct the databases and meet the standards required for conventional analyses of social mobility are at a preliminary stage and need to be complemented by innovative, conceptual, and methodological advances. If forms of mobility have slowed in the West, then we might be entering an age of rigid stratification with defined boundaries between the always-haves and the never-haves—which does not augur well for social stability. Social mobility research is ongoing, with substantive findings in different disciplines—typically with researchers in isolation from each other. A key contribution of this book is the pulling together of the emerging streams of knowledge. Generating policy-relevant knowledge is a principal concern. Three basic questions frame the study of diverse aspects of social mobility in the book. How to assess the extent of social mobility in a given development context when the datasets by conventional measurement techniques are unavailable? How to identify drivers and inhibitors of social mobility in particular developing country contexts? How to acquire the knowledge required to design interventions to raise social mobility, either by increasing upward mobility or by lowering downward mobility?

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