An Extract of Sericea Lespedeza Modulates Production of Inflammatory Markers in Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) Activated Ruminant Blood

<p>Programs based on antibiotics are failing to control diseases due to increase in resistance of pathogens to antibiotics. Food safety, animal welfare and public health concerns have fueled interest in the use of plant-based alternatives. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a plant (Sericea Lespedeza, SL), and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PGN)) on gene activation in ruminant blood. A water extract of SL, was used as a source of plant-derived tannins. Blood was collected from Holstein-Friesian cows (N = 4), Spanish × Boer goats (N = 4), St Croix sheep (N = 4) and incubated with 100 ng/mL of SL in the presence or absence of LPS or PGN. Samples maintained in Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) served as negative control. The total protein concentration, WNT5a, and prostaglandin E2 in plasma were determined. Total RNA was isolated, reverse transcribed and Real time-PCR was performed using gene specific primers for TLR2, TLR4, WNT5a, and FZD. TLR2 and FZD were up-regulated in response to PAMPs. WNT5a and TLR4 genes were undetected in PAMP treated blood. SL regulated protein and prostaglandin concentration in all species. SL reduced PGE2 in sheep and cow blood. WNT5a was only secreted in LPS treated cow blood. Transcription and translation of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity and the WNT signaling pathway in ruminant blood were responsive to diverse PAMPS, and can be modulated by SL. This suggests that dietary tannins may promote the health of ruminants. Further studies are needed to determine the significance of these changes in immune gene expression on ruminant health.</p>

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Coordination of microbe–host homeostasis by crosstalk with plant innate immunity

Nature Plants ◽

10.1038/s41477-021-00920-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ka-Wai Ma ◽

Yulong Niu ◽

Yong Jia ◽

Jana Ordon ◽

Charles Copeland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Inhibition ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Host Susceptibility ◽

16S Rrna Genes ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

Root Growth Inhibition ◽

Natural Soil ◽

Molecular Pattern ◽

Immune Related Genes ◽

Molecular Patterns

AbstractPlants grown in natural soil are colonized by phylogenetically structured communities of microbes known as the microbiota. Individual microbes can activate microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI), which limits pathogen proliferation but curtails plant growth, a phenomenon known as the growth–defence trade-off. Here, we report that, in monoassociations, 41% (62 out of 151) of taxonomically diverse root bacterial commensals suppress Arabidopsis thaliana root growth inhibition (RGI) triggered by immune-stimulating MAMPs or damage-associated molecular patterns. Amplicon sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes reveals that immune activation alters the profile of synthetic communities (SynComs) comprising RGI-non-suppressive strains, whereas the presence of RGI-suppressive strains attenuates this effect. Root colonization by SynComs with different complexities and RGI-suppressive activities alters the expression of 174 core host genes, with functions related to root development and nutrient transport. Furthermore, RGI-suppressive SynComs specifically downregulate a subset of immune-related genes. Precolonization of plants with RGI-suppressive SynComs, or mutation of one commensal-downregulated transcription factor, MYB15, renders the plants more susceptible to opportunistic Pseudomonas pathogens. Our results suggest that RGI-non-suppressive and RGI-suppressive root commensals modulate host susceptibility to pathogens by either eliciting or dampening MTI responses, respectively. This interplay buffers the plant immune system against pathogen perturbation and defence-associated growth inhibition, ultimately leading to commensal–host homeostasis.

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Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Air dan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera LAM)

Jurnal Akademika Kimia ◽

10.22487/j24775185.2017.v6.i2.9244 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 125

Author(s):

Rizkayanti Rizkayanti ◽

Anang Wahid M. Diah ◽

Minarni Rama Jura

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Moringa Oleifera ◽

Water Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Ic50 Value ◽

Antioxidant Potency ◽

Ethanol Extracts ◽

Moringa Oleifera Lam

Moringa (moringa oleifera Lam) leaves contains many molecules as inhibitors for free radicals such as phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, quinones, coumarins, lignans, stilbenes, tannins), nitrogen compounds (alkaloids, amines, betalain), vitamins, terpenoids (including carotenoids), and several other endogenous metabolites as antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant potency of water and ethanol extracts of moringa (moringa oleifera Lam) leave obtained by maceration and dekok. The concentration of free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer after addition of various concentrations of Moringa leaves extracts. Various concentrations of moringa leave extracts used were 20 ppm, 40 ppm, 60 ppm and 80 ppm. Vitamin C solutions as the positive control were prepared on similar various concentrations. The negative control was prepared using DPPH solutions dissolved in absolute ethanol. The results indicated that the ethanol extract of moringa leaves prepared by maceration method showed the antioxidant potency with an IC50 value of 22.1818 ppm, but the IC50 value of water extract of moringa leaves prepared by dekok was 57.5439 ppm. While, the IC50 value of Vitamin C was 8.8084 ppm. Based on the IC50 data it can be concluded that Vitamin C is a stronger antioxidant than moringa leaves extracts.

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INNATE IMMUNE GENE DISCOVERY USING MACROPHAGE RESPONSE TO PATHOGEN-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMPS)

10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a1273 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Ivana V. Yang ◽

Laura A. Warg ◽

Elizabeth J. Davidson ◽

Samir N.P. Kelada ◽

Kari Kubalanza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Discovery ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Immune Gene ◽

Macrophage Response ◽

Molecular Patterns ◽

Innate Immune Gene

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Distinct Molecular Pattern-Induced Calcium Signatures Lead to Different Downstream Transcriptional Regulations via AtSR1/CAMTA3

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21218163 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (21) ◽

pp. 8163

Author(s):

Peiguo Yuan ◽

Jeremy B. Jewell ◽

Smrutisanjita Behera ◽

Kiwamu Tanaka ◽

B. W. Poovaiah

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Transcription Factor ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Fine Tuning ◽

Knockout Mutant ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Calmodulin Binding ◽

Molecular Pattern ◽

Intrinsic Roles ◽

Molecular Patterns

Plants encrypt the perception of different pathogenic stimuli into specific intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signatures and subsequently decrypt the signatures into appropriate downstream responses through various Ca2+ sensors. Two microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), bacterial flg22 and fungal chitin, and one damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), AtPep1, were used to study the differential Ca2+ signatures in Arabidopsis leaves. The results revealed that flg22, chitin, and AtPep1 induced distinct changes in Ca2+ dynamics in both the cytosol and nucleus. In addition, Flg22 and chitin upregulated the expression of salicylic acid-related genes, ICS1 and EDS1, whereas AtPep1 upregulated the expression of jasmonic acid-related genes, JAZ1 and PDF1.2, in addition to ICS1 and EDS1. These data demonstrated that distinct Ca2+ signatures caused by different molecular patterns in leaf cells lead to specific downstream events. Furthermore, these changes in the expression of defense-related genes were disrupted in a knockout mutant of the AtSR1/CAMTA3 gene, encoding a calmodulin-binding transcription factor, in which a calmodulin-binding domain on AtSR1 was required for deciphering the Ca2+ signatures into downstream transcription events. These observations extend our knowledge regarding unique and intrinsic roles for Ca2+ signaling in launching and fine-tuning plant immune response, which are mediated by the AtSR1/CAMTA3 transcription factor.

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Efficacy of Myrmecodia Platytyrae (MyP) Water Extract in Reducing Cholesterol Level in Hypercholesterolemia Induced Sprague Dawley Rat

Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research ◽

10.18034/mjmbr.v7i1.491 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 27-38

Author(s):

M. K. Nik Hasan ◽

I. Abdul Wahab ◽

H. H. Mizaton ◽

M. A. Rasadah

Keyword(s):

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Water Extract ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Medicinal Value ◽

Ant Nest ◽

Trees And Shrubs

Myrmecodia plant or ant-nest plant is from Rubiaceae family. Rubiaceae are mainly tropical woody plants, consist mostly of trees and shrubs and can be found in temperate regions. Myrmecodia platytyrea (MyP) are believed to have medicinal value. This study was designed in order to investigate the effect of MyP extract as anti hypercholesterolemic agent. The results showed that treatment of MyP can significantly reduce (p<0.05) low density lipoprotein (LDL) compared to negative control group. The extract was significantly increase (p<0.05) high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration compared to negative control group. Besides that, MyP increased fecal cholesterol and fecal bile compared to normal control group. It was also found that lipid profile was significantly decreased (p<0.05) in MyP treatment group. All biochemistry data showed that MyP water extract was not toxic at all.

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Efek Antimikroba Ekstrak Air Daun Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) terhadap Bakteri Shigella dysenteriae Secara In Vitro

Jurnal Integrasi Kesehatan & Sains ◽

10.29313/jiks.v3i1.7452 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 14-18

Author(s):

Qyana Al Farisi ◽

Yuke Andriane ◽

Miranti Kania Dewi

Keyword(s):

Water Extract ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Negative Control ◽

Shigella Dysenteriae ◽

Morinda Citrifolia ◽

High Price ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Disc Diffusion Method

Kematian akibat infeksi Shigella, terutama Shigella dysenteriae dapat mencapai lebih dari 10% terutama pada anak dan lanjut usia pada kondisi tanpa pemberian terapi yang efektif. Siprofloksasin merupakan lini pertama untuk pengobatan infeksi Shigella, akan tetapi obat ini memiliki beberapa kekurangan di antaranya harga yang mahal dan resistensi. Daun mengkudu merupakan tanaman tradisional yang diduga memiliki efek antimikro dan diharapkan dapat menjadi alternatif terapi antibiotik bagi Shigella dysenteriae yang saat ini sudah banyak mengalami resistensi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efek antimikro ekstrak air daun mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) terhadap bakteri Shigella dysenteriae. Penelitian ini bersifat eksperimental laboratorium murni. Zona hambat ditentukan melalui metode difusi cakram. Objek penelitian yang digunakan adalah Shigella dysenteriae ATCC nomor 13313. Sampel uji berupa ekstrak air daun mengkudu konsentrasi 100%, kontrol positif (siprofloksasin) dan kontrol negatif (aquadest) dengan 9 kali pengulangan. Hasil uji antimikro dengan metode difusi cakram menunjukkan tidak terbentuk zona hambat pada ekstrak air daun mengkudu konsentrasi 100%. Hal tersebut menunjukkan ekstrak air daun mengkudu konsentrasi 100% tidak memiliki efek antimikro terhadap bakteri Shigella dysenteriae. Kadar flavonoid, tanin, dan alkaloid yang terdapat dalam ekstrak air daun mengkudu konsentrasi 100% pada penelitian ini kemungkinan belum cukup untuk menghasilkan efek yang diharapkan. Antimicrobial Effect of Water Extract of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Leaves against Shigella dysenteriae In VitroDeath due to infection with Shigella, especially Shigella dysenteriae, can reach more than 10%, especially in children and the elderly in conditions without effective therapy. Ciprofloxacin is the first line for the treatment of Shigella infection, however this drug has several disadvantages including high price and resistance. Noni leaf is a traditional plant that is thought to have antimicrobial effects and is expected to be an alternative antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysenteriae which is currently experiencing a lot of resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial effect of the water extract of noni leaves (Morinda citrifolia L.) on Shigella dysenteriae bacteria. This research is a pure laboratory experimental study. The zone of inhibition is determined by the disc diffusion method. The research object used was Shigella dysenteriae ATCC number 13313. The test sample was a water extract of noni leaves with a concentration of 100%, positive control (ciprofloxacin) and negative control (aquadest) with 9 repetitions. The results of the antimicrobial test using the disc diffusion method showed no inhibition zone was formed in the water extract of noni leaves with a concentration of 100%. This shows that a water extract of noni leaves with a concentration of 100% did not have an antimicrobial effect against the Shigella dysenteriae bacteria. The levels of flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids contained in the water extract of noni leaves with a concentration of 100% in this study may not be sufficient to produce the expected effect.

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Efficacy of Myrmecodia Platytyrae (MyP) Water Extract in Reducing Cholesterol Level in Hypercholesterolemia Induced Sprague Dawley Rat

Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research ◽

10.18034/mjmbr.v7i2.491 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 69-80

Author(s):

M. K. Nik Hasan ◽

I. Abdul Wahab ◽

H. H. Mizaton ◽

M. A. Rasadah

Keyword(s):

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Water Extract ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Medicinal Value ◽

Ant Nest ◽

Trees And Shrubs

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UJI AKTIVITAS DIURETIK EKSTRAK AIR TANAMAN SELEDRI (Apium graviolens L.) PADA TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN

Viva Medika: Jurnal Kesehatan, Kebidanan dan Keperawatan ◽

10.35960/vm.v10i1.399 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 43-46

Author(s):

Adita Silvia Fitriana ◽

Dina Febrina ◽

Galih Samodra ◽

Adita Silvia Fitriana ◽

Dina Febrina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

White Male ◽

Urine Volume ◽

Water Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Male Rat ◽

Preparation Process ◽

Diuretic Effect ◽

Made In

Processing of celery as diuretic is done by society in various ways. So far, the most effective preparation process of celery extract has not been known. This research aims to examine the diuretic effect of various celery extract preparation. This research was conducted using celery water extract which is made in accordance with the peopleâ€™s habit, using aquades as a negative control and HCT as a positive control. The effectiveness test of celery water extract as diuretic was done on white male rat by measuring the urine volume every hour for six hours. The results showed that the largest urine volume is obtained from the boiling celery extract.

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Response of hemocytes profile in the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) against Vibrio harveyi induced by Xylocarpus granatum leaves extract

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.751-757 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 751-757 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gina Saptiani ◽

A. Syafei Sidik ◽

Fikri Ardhani ◽

Esti Handayani Hardi

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Vibrio Harveyi ◽

Penaeus Monodon ◽

Water Extract ◽

Negative Control ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Black Tiger Shrimp ◽

Xylocarpus Granatum ◽

Tiger Shrimp ◽

Immersing Method

Aim: The present study investigated hemocytes profile of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) induced with Xylocarpus granatum leaves extract to protect against Vibrio harveyi infection. Materials and Methods: X. granatum leaves were chopped into small size, air-dried, and extracted with one of the following solvents: Ethanol, distilled water, and seawater, whereas each solvent was given in three different concentrations (750 ppm, 1.000 ppm, and 1.250 ppm, respectively). Extracts were induced to 60 post-larvae shrimp in each treatment (three replicates, 20 shrimp for each) by immersing method and subsequently challenged with V. harveyi. Results: This study demonstrated different effectiveness among solvents used to extract X. granatum leaves, in which distilled water showed the most effective solvent as can be seen from the lowest percentage on anorexia, lethargic, and weakened reflex of shrimp compared with another solvent, positive and negative controls. Pathological symptoms for shrimp induced by X. granatum leaves extract were minimum with the highest survival rate compared with those of positive and negative control. Total hemocyte cells and its cell constituents such as semi-granular, granular, and hyaline cells on treatment group at 1.250 ppm were higher than controls. Conclusion: Leaves extract of X. granatum extract effectively inhibited V. harveyi infection, increased survival rate, and hemocytes cell of the experimental shrimp. Distilled water extract of X. granatum at 1.250 ppm demonstrated the highest protective effect toward V. harveyi infection on P. monodon.

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The Antimalarial Activity of the Water Extract of Simpur (Dillenia Indica L) Leaves against Plasmodium Berghei in Mice

Majalah Obat Tradisional ◽

10.22146/mot.38626 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Hafrizal Riza ◽

Andhi Fahrurroji ◽

Supriyanto Supriyanto ◽

Arif Wicaksono

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Water Extract ◽

Test Group ◽

Negative Control ◽

Test Solution ◽

Test Method ◽

Control Group ◽

Dillenia Indica

Malaria, caused by the climate of the subtropical area and the forest with many rivers and immovable water, is a contagious disease that still becomes a health problem in West Kalimantan. Simpur is a plant that is used by the locals to cure malaria. Therefore, this research aims to study the antimalarial activity in vivo and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the water extract of Simpur leaves (Dillenia indica L) against Plasmodium berghei. This research used Peter Test method that used 7 test groups based on the test solution namely positive control group that was given dihydroartemisinin+piperaquine (DHP), negative control that was given aquabidestilata and the test group that was given the water extract of Simpur leaves with various doses of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/Kg BB of mice, which each group was given the test solution for 3 days. The result shows that the water extract of Simpur leaves could lower the parasitemia count with IC50 19,22 mg/kg BB.

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