scholarly journals A review on community scale stationary and mobile production of biodiesel

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-138
Author(s):  
Muhammad Yusuf Abduh ◽  
◽  
Robert Manurung ◽  
Hero Jan Heeres ◽  
Noor Illi Mohamad Puad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Cost ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Reactor Technology ◽  
Reaction Unit ◽  
Pre Treatment

Biodiesel has been commercially produced on a large scale, but its application is still limited primarily due to its production cost, which is relatively more expensive than that of fossil fuel. Recently, there has been an ongoing parallel development whereby biodiesel production is carried out on a community scale, including a mobile production unit of biodiesel with local input and demand. The produced biodiesel is often intended for use by the concerned local community, which greatly reduces logistics and transportation cost. Unlike typical biodiesel production plants, a mobile biodiesel unit consists of a biodiesel production facility placed inside a standard cargo container and mounted on a truck, so that it can be transported to a region near the location of the raw materials. In this paper, we review existing concepts and units for the development of community-scale and mobile production of biodiesel. These include the main reactor technology for biodiesel production, as well as the pre-treatment prior to conveyance to the reaction unit and post-treatment. The pre-treatment includes oil extraction from oilseeds by an oil-expeller unit, as well as quality control of the oil before it enters the reaction unit. The post-treatment includes refining and purification of the biodiesel to meet the product specification set by the biodiesel industry. This paper also discusses the production cost of biodiesel on a community scale, particularly when using a mobile biodiesel unit. The production cost varies from $0.76-1.12/l. This range is still not yet competitive to the current average price of approximately $0.98/l of diesel around the world. The production cost may be reduced by applying a biorefinery concept that may translate into an economically alluring and environmentally attractive business model.

scholarly journals Pre-Treatment of Waste Frying Oils for Biodiesel Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyoman Puspa Asri ◽  
Diah Agustina Puspita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Price ◽  
Composite Catalyst ◽  
Frying Oils ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Waste Frying Oils ◽  
Pre Treatment

Synthesis of biodiesel is a strategic step in overcoming energy scarcity and the environmental degradationcaused by the continuous use of the petroleum based energy. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engine isproduced from renewable resources such as vegetable oils and animal fats. The main obstacle in the biodieselproduction is the high price of the raw materials, resulting in the price of biodiesel is not competitive comparedto the petroleum diesel. Therefore, the use of waste frying oils (WFO) is one way to reduce the cost of biodieselproduction, because of its availability and low price. In the present work, WFO from California Fried chicken(CFC) restaurants in Surabaya were used as feed stock for the biodiesel production. The experiments wereconducted using three steps of processes: pre-treatment of WFO, preparation of alumina based compositecatalyst CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3 and transesterification of treated WFO. WFO was treated by several types and variousamounts of activated adsobents. The treated WFO was transesterified in three neck glass batch reactor withrefluxed methanol using CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3. The results reveal that the best method for treating WFO is using 7.5%(wt. % to WFO) of coconut coir. Alumina based composite catalyst CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3 was very promising fortransesterification of WFO into biodiesel. The yield of biodiesel was 83% and obtained at 65ºC, 5 h of reactiontime, 1:18 of molar ratio WFO to methanol and 6% amount of catalyst.

Microbial Oil Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass – Recent Development and Prospect

2014 ◽  
Vol 541-542 ◽  
pp. 397-403
Author(s):  
Zhang Nan Lin ◽  
Hong Juan Liu ◽  
Zhi Qin Wang ◽  
Jia Nan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Microbial Oil ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Application Potential

Microbial oil is one of the ideal raw materials for biodiesel production because of its rapid reproduction and less influence by the climate and season variation. However, the high cost is one of the key issues that restricted its production in a large-scale. Lignocellulosic biomass, the cheap and renewable resource, might be the best raw material for microbial oil production by oleaginous microorganisms. Recent development on the microbial oil production from lignocellulosic biomass was summarized in this paper. Furthermore, the challenges and application potential of microbial oil were prospected.

scholarly journals Small-Scale Biodiesel Production Plants—An Overview

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1901
Author(s):  
Maria Gabriela De Paola ◽  
Ivan Mazza ◽  
Rosy Paletta ◽  
Catia Giovanna Lopresto ◽  
Vincenza Calabrò
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
Renewable Energy Storage

Small-scale plants that produce biodiesel have many social, economic and environmental advantages. Indeed, small plants significantly contribute to renewable energy production and rural development. Communities can use/reuse local raw materials and manage independently processes to obtain biofuels by essential, simple, flexible and cheap tools for self-supply. The review and understanding of recent plants of small biodiesel production is essential to identify limitations and critical units for improvement of the current process. Biodiesel production consists of four main stages, that are pre-treatment of oils, reaction, separation of products and biodiesel purification. Among lots of possibilities, waste cooking oils were chosen as cheap and green sources to produce biodiesel by base-catalyzed transesterification in a batch reactor. In this paper an overview on small-scale production plants is presented with the aim to put in evidence process, materials, control systems, energy consumption and economic parameters useful for the project and design of such scale of plants. Final considerations related to the use of biodiesel such as renewable energy storage (RES) in small communities are discussed too.

scholarly journals Progress in Enzymatic Biodiesel Production and Commercialization

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Liangliang Lv ◽  
Lingmei Dai ◽  
Wei Du ◽  
Dehua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Chemical Process ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Enzymatic Process ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Enzyme

Enzymatic biodiesel production has attracted tremendous interest due to its well-recognized advantages. However, high enzyme costs limit the application of enzymatic processes in industrial production. In the past decade, great improvements have been achieved in the lab and the industrial scale, and the production cost of the enzymatic process has been reduced significantly, which has led to it being economically competitive compared to the chemical process. This paper summarizes the progress achieved in enzymatic biodiesel research and commercialization, including reducing enzyme cost, expanding low-quality raw materials, and novel reactor designs. The advantages and disadvantages of different enzymatic processes are also compared.

scholarly journals PROSPECTS OF RAW MATERIALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL IN BRAZIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 133-143
Author(s):  
Artur S. Rodrigues ◽  
Adeline C. P. Rocha ◽  
Alexandre Sylvio Vieira da Costa ◽  
Izaldir A. P. Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Social ◽  
Oil Residue ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Fuel Source

Obtaining and offering bioenergy has been identified as promising alternatives to minimize the effects caused by the uncontrolled use of oil and its derivatives. Biofuels are examples of sources of bioenergy that seek to meet the social demand in the development and establishment of concepts in the generation of new industrial technologies. In this work, information was sought from different research sources, related to the historical context of the evolution of biodiesel production with emphasis on the perspectives of the raw materials that have been most researched today, such as macauba, microalgae, sewage sludge and residual oils. Such raw materials do not compete with food production; some have great environmental advantages, such as oil residue that stops being deposited in sewers to become an alternative fuel source. In order for these alternative resources to soy to be viable for the production of biodiesel on a large scale, it is increasingly necessary to encourage public and private sector policies to insert these biomasses into the biofuel market.

scholarly journals Chitosan and Its Derivatives Applied in Harvesting Microalgae for Biodiesel Production: An Outlook

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanyi Chen ◽  
Liu Zhao ◽  
Yun Qi ◽  
Yuan-Lu Cui
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Flocculating Agent ◽  
Review Current

Although oil-accumulating microalgae are a promising feedstock for biodiesel production, large-scale biodiesel production is not yet economically feasible. As harvesting accounts for an important part of total production cost, mass production of microalgae biodiesel requires an efficient low-energy harvesting strategy so as to make biodiesel production economically attractive. Chitosan has emerged as a favorable flocculating agent in harvesting of microalgae. The aim of this paper is to review current research on the application of chitosan and chitosan-derived materials for harvesting microalgae. This offers a starting point for future studies able to invalidate, confirm, or complete the actual findings and to improve knowledge in this field.

scholarly journals Exergetic analysis of the process of pre-treatment of soybean oil for the production of biodiesel

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Marques da Silva ◽  
Rômulo Maziero ◽  
Bruno Dorneles de Castro ◽  
Juan Carlos Campos Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Exergy Efficiency ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Exergetic Efficiency ◽  
Chemical Exergy ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Exergetic Analysis ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Installed Capacity

The raw materials used for the production of biodiesel can be vegetable oil, animal tallow or residual fat. Among them, the use of soybean oil stands out. The present study aims to analyze the exergy efficiency of the soybean oil pretreatment process of a biofuel plant in the state of Minas Gerais, with an installed capacity of 152 million liters/year of biodiesel. For that, the calculation of the chemical exergy and the physical exergy of the flows related to the process of refining the oil for biodiesel production was carried out. Plant operating parameters were in order to calculate the exergy efficiency of the process and the mass flow to perform the mass balance of the analyzed plant. The exergetic efficiency of the soybean oil pretreatment process was 88% and destroyed exergy or irreversibility of approximately 11%. Therefore, the yield of the chemical reactions of the process were satisfactory.

scholarly journals Utilization of Waste Grooved Razor Shell (GRS) as a Catalyst in Biodiesel Production from Refined and Waste Cooking Oils

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdellah Aitlaalim ◽  
Fatiha Ouanji ◽  
Abdellah Benzaouak ◽  
Mohammed El Mahi ◽  
El Mostapha Lotfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Cooking Oils

Biodiesel is a potential alternative for fossil fuel. However, its large-scale application is held up by the disadvantage of a homogenous process, the scarce availability of raw materials and the production cost, which is higher than for fossil diesel. In this work, biodiesel production was carried out using both refined and used cooking oils. The process was investigated in a batch reactor, in the presence of CaO as a heterogeneous catalyst prepared by the calcination of the natural Waste Grooved Razor Shell (GRS). Characterizations by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermal Gravimetric (TG)/Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) showed that the as-received GRS consists of aragonite, (i.e., CaCO3) as the main component and of water and organic matter in a lower amount. After calcination at 900 °C, CaO was formed as the only crystalline phase. The effects of several experimental parameters in the transesterification reactions were studied, and their impact on the produced biodiesel properties was investigated. The studied variables were the methanol/oil molar ratio, the catalyst weight percentage (with respect to the oil mass), the calcination temperature of the parent GRS and the recycling and regeneration of the catalyst. The physico-chemical and fuel properties, i.e., viscosity, density and acid value of used oils and of the produced biodiesel, were determined by conventional methods (American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods) and compared with the European standards of biodiesel. The optimal identified conditions were the following: the use of a 15:1 methanol/oil molar ratio and 5 wt% of CaO with respect to the oil mass. After 3 h of reaction at 65 °C, the biodiesel yield was equal to 94% and 99% starting from waste and refined oils, respectively.

scholarly journals Constraints of Manufacture based Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Development in Bangladesh

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feroz Ahmed ◽  
Monimul Haque .
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Location Factors ◽  
High Interest Rate ◽  
High Transportation Cost ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Small and medium enterprises (henceforth, SMEs) play a key role in economic growth and industrial development of a country. They make vital contributions in improving economic and social sectors of a country through stimulating large scale employment, investment, development of indigenous skill and technology, promotion of entrepreneurship and innovativeness, enhancing exports, and also building an industrial base at different scales. SMEs worldwide have been benefited from the combined interactions of forces of product mix, location factors, and market advantages. However, evidences also suggest that there are cases of SME failures. Growth of SMEs is constrained by many factors. Many SMEs occasionally go on growing into large firms. This paper looks for identifying such constraints of manufacture based SME Development in Bangladesh. From the study, it has been identified that, lack of utility facilities, for example, electricity, gas and water, frequent changes of the prices of raw materials as well as shortage of raw materials, political unrest, high interest rate on borrowings, high transportation cost, lack of financing for ongoing concern, and inadequate infrastructure are the major constraints of manufacture based SMEs Development in Bangladesh. The researchers assume that few initiatives like developing necessary infrastructure, ensuring utility services, reducing bank rate and ensuring consistent supply of raw materials can change the total scenario and thus can help the manufacturing sector which in turn will result the industrial development of the country and thus will be able to contribute to the economic development.

Cytoprotective Effect of Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction and α-Tocopherol Vitamin E Isoforms Against Glutamate-Induced Cell Death in Neuronal Cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 0140-0151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thilaga Rati Selvaraju ◽  
Huzwah Khaza’ai ◽  
Sharmili Vidyadaran ◽  
Mohd Sokhini Abd Mutalib ◽  
Vasudevan Ramachandran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Neuronal Cells ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Tocotrienol Rich Fraction ◽  
Major Mediator

Glutamate is the major mediator of excitatory signals in the mammalian central nervous system. Extreme amounts of glutamate in the extracellular spaces can lead to numerous neurodegenerative diseases. We aimed to clarify the potential of the following vitamin E isomers, tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) and α-tocopherol (α-TCP), as potent neuroprotective agents against glutamate-induced injury in neuronal SK-N-SH cells. Cells were treated before and after glutamate injury (pre- and post-treatment, respectively) with 100 - 300 ng/ml TRF/α-TCP. Exposure to 120 mM glutamate significantly reduced cell viability to 76 % and 79 % in the pre- and post-treatment studies, respectively; however, pre- and post-treatment with TRF/α-TCP attenuated the cytotoxic effect of glutamate. Compared to the positive control (glutamate-injured cells not treated with TRF/α-TCP), pre-treatment with 100, 200, and 300 ng/ml TRF significantly improved cell viability following glutamate injury to 95.2 %, 95.0 %, and 95.6 %, respectively (p < 0.05).The isomers not only conferred neuroprotection by enhancing mitochondrial activity and depleting free radical production, but also increased cell viability and recovery upon glutamate insult. Our results suggest that vitamin E has potent antioxidant potential for protecting against glutamate injury and recovering glutamate-injured neuronal cells. Our findings also indicate that both TRF and α-TCP could play key roles as anti-apoptotic agents with neuroprotective properties.

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