Infrared Signatures in The Modern Warship

2021 ◽  
Vol 163 (A2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Pernas Urrutia ◽  
R Villa Caro ◽  
R José de Espona ◽  
C Heritier ◽  
R Perez-Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Ir Radiation ◽  
Effective Work ◽  
System A ◽  
Waste Energy ◽  
Ir Signature ◽  
Selection Of

A key aspect in design of the modern warship from the point of view of energy efficiency is undoubtedly the selection of its propulsion system. A large part of the total Infrared (IR) radiation emitted by the ship will be originated from propulsion, because not all the energy generated will be transformed into effective work. The remaining energy will contribute directly to the IR signature of the warship as a whole, thus increasing its susceptibility and, therefore, its casualty. The aim of this article is to describe the main sources of IR signature on frigates and destroyers, current and future IR signature reduction countermeasures, and present the results of an Infrared Control Measures (IRCM) study in which the vessel's ability to dissuade aerial threats through the use of deception techniques, within a stated energy efficiency scenario, is analysed. In conclusion, electrical variants to warship propulsion systems are more efficient under the same operating conditions, and their associated reduction of waste energy contribute favourably to IR signature control. The activation of IRCM will further reduce the IR susceptibility of a warship.

scholarly journals Concentrating Solar Collectors for a Trigeneration System—A Comparative Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4492
Author(s):  
Evangelos Bellos ◽  
Christos Tzivanidis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Organic Rankine Cycle ◽  
Rankine Cycle ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Parabolic Trough ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
System A ◽  
Linear Fresnel Reflector ◽  
Selection Of

The objective of this study is the investigation of different solar concentrating collectors for application in a trigeneration system. Parabolic trough collectors, linear Fresnel reflectors and solar dishes are the examined solar concentrating technologies in this work. The trigeneration unit includes an organic Rankine cycle coupled with an absorption heat machine that operates with LiBr/water. The analysis is performed throughout the year by using the weather data of Athens in Greece. The results of this work indicate that the selection of parabolic trough collectors is the best choice because it leads to the maximum yearly system energy efficiency of 64.40% and to the minimum simple payback period of 6.25 years. The second technology is the solar dish with the energy efficiency of 62.41% and the simple payback period of 6.95 years, while the linear Fresnel reflector is the less efficient technology with the energy efficiency of 35.78% and with a simple payback period of 10.92 years. Lastly, it must be stated that the thermodynamic investigation of the system is performed with a created model in Engineering Equation Solver, while the dynamic analysis is performed with a code in the programming language FORTRAN.

Comparison of Energy Efficiency of the Redundant Actuation of Positioning Axes

2016 ◽  
Vol 821 ◽  
pp. 620-625
Author(s):  
Kamil Šubrt ◽  
Radek Knoflíček ◽  
Pavel Houška
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Redundant Actuation ◽  
Electrical Efficiency ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Selection Of

Presently, production machines and mainly contemporary machining centers are subjected to ever increasing pressure to enhance energy efficiency, both from the side of customers and also in terms of legislative regulations. A selection of drives for the individual axes is primarily a compromise between achievable dynamics, precision and price. The electrical efficiency and energy consumption is not usually taken into consideration during the design of the axis. In this paper, the electricity consumption of single drive axis actuator and redundant actuation through two drives is compared under various operating conditions. The measurement results are used to assess the benefits of redundant actuation of positioning axes with emphasis on energy efficiency, which is consistent with the current trend of the so-called Ecodesign.

Adapting the Existing District Heating Systems to Dynamic Operating Conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 809-810 ◽  
pp. 688-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Răzvan Corneliu Lefter ◽  
Daniela Popescu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
District Heating Systems ◽  
Dynamic Operating ◽  
Heating Networks

District heating systems operating under dynamic conditions without proper hydronic balancing is one of the causes of discomfort for heating consumers. Moreover, from the point of view of producers, unbalanced heating networks generate low energy efficiency. The study analyzes the operation conditions in three cases, on the same network: the first simulates the operating conditions of the network without balancing, the second when just balancing valves set to corresponding nominal flow rate values are used and the third when balancing valves and differential pressure controllers are used, the so-called total balancing method. Results highlight the importance of the hydraulic balancing under steady state and dynamic operating conditions, as a source to increase the energy efficiency and assure thermal comfort by better distribution of fluid flow rates between consumers.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF MARINE FUEL PROPERTIES ON IGNITION, INJECTION DELAY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Transport ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-353
Author(s):  
Sergejus Lebedevas ◽  
Nadežda Lazareva ◽  
Paulius Rapalis ◽  
Vygintas Daukšys ◽  
Tomas Čepaitis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Rational Selection ◽  
Marine Fuel ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Selection Of

According to the International Council on Combustion Engines (CIMAC) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) statistics, the rational selection of Marine Bunker Fuel (MBF) properties is an effective way to improve operating conditions and energy efficiency of all types of marine Diesel Engines (DEs). The publication presents the results of studies on the influence of heavy and distillate MBF properties on the characteristics of different DE types: high-speed (Caterpillar 3512B, MTU 8V 396TB), medium-speed (SKL VDS 48/42, ChN 26.5/31) ir low-speed (MAN B&W 6S60MC). The aim of work is to form a methodological framework for assessing the influence of marine fuel properties on the energy performance of different types of ship power plants. Numerical methods show that in the case of unfavourable selection of the density and viscosity of marine fuels regulated by the standard ISO 8217:2017, the changes in specific fuel consumption be reach up to 10% low-speed, 4…7% medium-speed, and 2…3% high-speed DEs. As the density varies from light grades to 1010 kg/m3, the change in be is 3…4%. At low viscosity, as the density increases to 1030 kg/m3, the low-speed engine comparative fuel consumption increases by 5%. It is recommended not to use fuel with a density >1010 kg/m3 and a viscosity <300…400 mm2/s. Developed solutions for the rational selection of bunkered marine fuel properties for a specific DE model trough the influence of density and viscosity on fuel injection and combustion characteristics based on multiparametric diagrams of relative fuel consumption change.

Comparison of Aeration Equipment under Operating Conditions

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 43-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Frey
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Air Distribution ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Aging Properties ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
And Control ◽  
Selection Of

In the course of investigations in order to control the efficiency of aeration equipment or to judge the loading of technical activated sludge plants the oxygenation capacity under operating conditions has been evaluated. Plants for industrial as well as for domestic waste water have been investigated. The investigations were conducted on the oxygenation characteristics - the connection between oxygenation efficiency and specific power consumption, the flexibility of aeration control and adaptability of the aeration equipment to varying demands. Besides these parameters that can be classified quantitatively, practical experiences from the operational point of view as well as the aging properties will be dealt with. Moreover criteria for the selection of compressors and pumps as well as problems of air distribution at compressed air aeration systems, with the related problems for measurements and control of air flow, will be discussed.

High-resolution electron microscopy of Cu2O surfaces

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 396-397
Author(s):  
V. Castano ◽  
W. Krakow
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Natural Extension ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Initial Oxidation ◽  
System A ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Surface Reconstructions ◽  
Atomic Surface ◽  
Au Thin Films

In non-UHV microscope environments atomic surface structure has been observed for flat-on for various orientations of Au thin films and edge-on for columns of atoms in small particles. The problem of oxidation of surfaces has only recently been reported from the point of view of high resolution microscopy revealing surface reconstructions for the Ag2O system. A natural extension of these initial oxidation studies is to explore other materials areas which are technologically more significant such as that of Cu2O, which will now be described.

Perspectives and Regulation of the Russian Market for Project-based Transactions under the Kyoto Protocol

2008 ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
K. Zavodov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Increase Energy Efficiency ◽  
New Form ◽  
Contract Structure ◽  
Carbon Fund

Project-based transactions (PBTs) are a market mechanism of attracting foreign investments in order to abate greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy efficiency of the country’s enterprises. The article provides a classification and analyzes advantages and drawbacks of PBTs from the point of view of a host country. The main trends and factors determining the dynamics of the PBT market are described. Given that Russia currently lags behind the leaders of the PBT market, an incorporation of a state carbon fund is put forward with an aim of channelling PBTs through it. This paper proposes a form of PBT market regulation by incorporating an option mechanism into the contract structure of a transaction. A comparison of the new form of regulation with the tools that are currently in use in Russia and other countries demonstrates its greater economic efficiency under uncertainty.

Tauchnitz for Translators. The Circulation of English-language Literature in Finland

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 161-179
Author(s):  
Outi Paloposki
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
English Language ◽  
Book History ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Book Production ◽  
German Publisher ◽  
Language Literature ◽  
Selection Of

The article looks at book production and circulation from the point of view of translators, who, as purchasers and readers of foreign-language books, are an important mediating force in the selection of literature for translation. Taking the German publisher Tauchnitz's series ‘Collection of British Authors’ and its circulation in Finland in the nineteenth and early twentieth century as a case in point, the article argues that the increased availability of English-language books facilitated the acquiring and honing of translators' language skills and gradually diminished the need for indirect translating. Book history and translation studies meet here in an examination of the role of the Collection in Finnish translators' work.

COMBINATORIAL POLYNOMIALLY COMPUTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSTITUTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR NIKONOV ◽  
◽  
ANTON ZOBOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Expectation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bijective Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Element Base ◽  
Selection Of

The construction and selection of a suitable bijective function, that is, substitution, is now becoming an important applied task, particularly for building block encryption systems. Many articles have suggested using different approaches to determining the quality of substitution, but most of them are highly computationally complex. The solution of this problem will significantly expand the range of methods for constructing and analyzing scheme in information protection systems. The purpose of research is to find easily measurable characteristics of substitutions, allowing to evaluate their quality, and also measures of the proximity of a particular substitutions to a random one, or its distance from it. For this purpose, several characteristics were proposed in this work: difference and polynomial, and their mathematical expectation was found, as well as variance for the difference characteristic. This allows us to make a conclusion about its quality by comparing the result of calculating the characteristic for a particular substitution with the calculated mathematical expectation. From a computational point of view, the thesises of the article are of exceptional interest due to the simplicity of the algorithm for quantifying the quality of bijective function substitutions. By its nature, the operation of calculating the difference characteristic carries out a simple summation of integer terms in a fixed and small range. Such an operation, both in the modern and in the prospective element base, is embedded in the logic of a wide range of functional elements, especially when implementing computational actions in the optical range, or on other carriers related to the field of nanotechnology.

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