scholarly journals Estimativa do Estresse Hidrológico na Bacia Hidrográfica do Riacho do Pontal-PE / Hydrological stress estimate in Pontal watershed-PE

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (47) ◽  
pp. 844
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Regina Alves Cavalcanti Silva ◽  
Rodrigo De Queiroga Miranda ◽  
Pedro Dos Santos Ferreira ◽  
Viviane Pedroso Gomes ◽  
Josiclêda Domiciano Galvíncio

<p>A Bacia Hidrográfica do Riacho do Pontal está localizada na região semiárida do Estado de Pernambuco, próxima a importantes polos de fruticultura irrigada como o de Petrolina-Juazeiro, porém, pela baixa disponibilidade hídrica a agricultura irrigada apresenta grandes limitações. Por essa razão, levar-se em consideração apenas a problemática da disponibilidade hídrica da Bacia sem que haja estudos relevantes em relação às mudanças climáticas, pode vir a ocasionar uma série de dificuldades em relação à oferta de água. Dessa forma, utilizou-se uma metodologia empregada em países como Estados Unidos e Austrália para o diagnóstico do estresse hidrológico, que estima através de métodos estatísticos, a vulnerabilidade das mudanças climáticas da Bacia e a demanda da população pelos recursos hídricos. A metodologia leva em consideração a dinâmica natural da Bacia com base na série histórica das vazões naturais de 1935 a 1985, portanto antes das modificações acarretadas pela ação antrópica tais como: obras de regularização de vazões realizadas por reservatórios, desvios de água, evaporações em reservatórios, usos consuntivos, etc. A partir dos resultados obtidos constatou-se que a Bacia apresenta uma alta variabilidade climática, alta não-estacionariedade da série hidrológica analisada, alta vulnerabilidade às mudanças climáticas, alta razão de uso dos recursos hídricos e alto estresse hidrológico, indicando com isso que os sistemas de abastecimento de água da região atuam no limite da capacidade, sendo sujeita a variações nos padrões climáticos, bem como indica a impossibilidade da Bacia ofertar água suficiente para atender as demandas, de forma que a sua integração com a Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco é a alternativa mais viável para a realidade da região.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave: </strong>mudanças climáticas, disponibilidade hídrica, fruticultura irrigada, integração de Bacias hidrográficas.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The river basin Pontal is localized in the semiarid region of Pernambuco, near to big centers of irrigated fruit growing as the Petrolina-Juazeiro, however, through the low availability of water the irrigated agriculture presents major limitations. For this reason, lead into consideration only the problematic of hydric availability the basin without there is relevant studies on climate changes, can occasion a lot of difficulties in relation to water offer. Thus, was used a methodology housekeeper in countries like the United States and Australia for the diagnosis of the hydrologic stress, what estimate through statistical methods, the vulnerability of climate changes the basin and the demand of the population by hydric resources. The methodology takes into consideration the natural dynamics of the basin based on historical series of natural flow rates from 1935 to 1985, therefore before the modifications brought about by human activities such as: regularization of stream flow realized by reservoirs, water diversions, evaporation in reservoirs, consultive uses, among others. From the results obtained it was found that the basin presents a high climatic variability, high nonstationarity the hydrologic series analyzed, high vulnerability to climate change, high reason of use of the water resources and high hydrologic stress, indicating with it, that the systems the supply of water in the region, operate in the capacity threshold is subject to variations in weather patterns, as well as indicates the impossibility of basin offer enough water to answer the demands, so that their integration with the watershed of the São Francisco River is the most viable alternative to the reality of the region.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong><strong>: </strong>climate change, water availability, irrigated fruit, watersheds integration.</p><p> </p>

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. eaat4343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Ortiz-Bobea ◽  
Erwin Knippenberg ◽  
Robert G. Chambers

A pressing question for climate change adaptation is whether ongoing transformations of the agricultural sector affect its ability to cope with climatic variations. We examine this question in the United States, where major increases in productivity have fueled most of agricultural production growth over the past half-century. To quantify the evolving climate sensitivity of the sector and identify its sources, we combine state-level measures of agricultural productivity with detailed climate data for 1960–2004. We find that agriculture is growing more sensitive to climate in Midwestern states for two distinct but compounding reasons: a rising climatic sensitivity of nonirrigated cereal and oilseed crops and a growing specialization in crop production. In contrast, other regions specialize in less climate-sensitive production such as irrigated specialty crops or livestock. Results suggest that reducing vulnerability to climate change should consider the role of policies in inducing regional specialization.


2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susane Eterna Leite Medeiros ◽  
Raphael Abrahão ◽  
Iker García-Garizábal ◽  
Idmon Melo B.M. Peixoto ◽  
Louise Pereira da Silva

Abstract The state of Paraíba, located in the northeastern region of Brazil, comprises 223 municipalities and covers an area of 56,469 km2. Paraíba is divided into four major mesoregions: Zona da Mata, Agreste, Borborema and Sertão Paraibano. For this study, the Sertão Paraibano mesoregion, a semiarid area, was chosen to understand vulnerability to climate change, taking into account the region’s economic importance for water and energy supply. The Mann-Kendall non-parametric test was applied to evaluate trends in the historical series of monthly, trimestrial, biannual and annual precipitation data. The series utilized corresponded to the period 1912-2012 and were built from data generated by five meteorological stations distributed throughout the mesoregion. These stations are maintained by the Executive Agency for Water Management (AESA) and National Department of Works Against Drought (DNOCS). The results indicated increasing precipitation trends for the Sertão Paraibano mesoregion, especially in the annual evaluation, for the first semester of the year (January to June), for the trimester December-January-February and the month of January, with slopes between 2.67 mm/year and 5.45 mm/year. The results evidenced the need to deepen studies on the influence of climate change in the area, to promote prompt adaptation measures.


2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Schattman

climate forecasts suggest farmers in the northeast will be faced with both challenges and opportunities as the climate changes. currently farmers and other land stewards manage the risks created by changing weather patterns in many different ways.


2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1426
Author(s):  
João Nildo S. Vianna ◽  
Marcelo Castro Pereira ◽  
Laura M.G. Duarte ◽  
Magda E. Wehrmann

Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar, ainda que de forma preliminar, os efeitos limitantes das mudanças climáticas na produção de oleaginosas agro-energética no semiárido brasileiro, nomeadamente a redução dos índices pluviométricos e aumento de temperatura. Para alcançar este objetivo usa-se como referência a evolução de variáveis climáticas, por meio da série histórica entre 1973 e 2010, e projeções futuras tendo por base os cenários de mudanças climáticas, desenvolvidos para o nordeste brasileiro até 2100. O recorte geográfico é a região de Irecê, no semiárido da Bahia, tradicional reduto da agricultura familiar e grande produtor de alimentos consorciado com oleaginosas. O estudo mostra que as culturas tradicionais de oleaginosas estão próximas aos limites de exigências hídricas, pelo que, para enfrentar as mudanças nos padrões climáticos, vai ser necessário um melhoramento genético das culturas tradicionais para que essa espécies consigam tolerar as restrições hídricas. Preconizando-se igualmente a introdução de espécies mais rústicas e com maior resistência ao estresse hídrico. Palavras-Chave: Agricultura Familiar, Vulnerabilidade e Adaptação às Mudanças Climáticas, Biodiesel, Semiárido.  The Role of Oilseeds in a Climate Change Scenario in the Brazilian Semiarid  ABSTRACT The present study aims to evaluate the effects of climate changes on the production of oilseed and energy crops in the Brazilian semiarid region. The study is based on the analysis of past climate, by evaluating a historic series of rain and temperature from 1973 to 2010. This historic series is, then, compared to a future climate prediction, based on climatic change scenarios developed for the Brazilian northeast until 2100. The geographic location of the study is the Irecê area of the State of Bahia, in the semi-arid northeast. That is a traditional family agriculture area with a strong food crop and oilseeds production. The study shows that traditional oilseed crops are being cultivated near the limits of their water needs. In order to face the climate changes, such crops would need to be genetically improved to increase their tolerance to water stress. An option would be to introduce species with higher level of tolerance to water stress. Keywords: family agriculture, vulnerability and adaptation to climate changes, biodiesel, semiarid.


Patan Pragya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
pp. 99-114
Author(s):  
Hari Prasad Bhattarai

This paper has examined the way the Surels, an indigenous group inhabiting in Suri village of Dolakha district, perceive climate change and also has attempted to document their adaptive strategies to the changes brought about by climate change and global warming. These peoples have developed uniquely insightful ways of observing, interpreting, and responding to the impacts of climate changes through interacting and closely linking their lives with their surroundings. They clearly linked climate change with the changes in the weather patterns over the years indicating erratic rainfall patterns, advancing monsoon, advancing summer and spring, shorter and warmer winter, drier and hotter summer. This paper argues that these people observe and encounter climate and environmental changes immediately and use traditional knowledge and survival skills to adapt to these changes as they occurred. They have devised, though it is not well documented, useful coping mechanisms—modifying cropping pattern and crop types, community-based afforestation and forest management initiatives, improve water management, involvement of community organization in water management and seasonal migration to India- to respond and reduce climate induced risks and impacts which have enabled them to achieve stable livelihoods in their environment.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDMILSON GOMES CAVALCANTE JUNIOR ◽  
JOSÉ FRANCISMAR DE MEDEIROS ◽  
ISAAC ALVES DA SILVA FREITAS ◽  
ANNA KÉZIA SOARES DE OLIVEIRA ◽  
JOSÉ ESPÍNOLA SOBRINHO ◽  
...  

 RESUMO - O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar os impactos das mudanças climáticas no desenvolvimento e evapotranspiração do milho, no semiárido brasileiro. O trabalho foi desenvolvido nos municípios de Apodi, Ipanguaçu e Mossoró, todos eles localizados no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. A determinação da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), em suas diferentes fases, foi realizada através de lisímetros de pesagem. Para verificar a influência das mudanças climáticas no consumo hídrico da cultura foram simuladas alterações na temperatura e na umidade relativa do ar, através do modelo climático PRECIS. Foram avaliados dois cenários de emissões baseados no relatório do IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), um pessimista (A2) e um otimista (B2). Os dados de temperatura e umidade relativa utilizados foram as saídas do modelo PRECIS. Segundo as projeções do modelo as temperaturas na região ficarão muito acima do limite ótimo para o desenvolvimento da cultura. A duração do ciclo da cultura apresentou uma redução média de 10 e 15 dias para os cenários B2 e A2, respectivamente. A redução no ciclo também provocou uma diminuição de 3,0% na evapotranspiração total, considerando o cenário mais otimista, e de 4,4% no cenário mais pessimista.Palavras-chave: Zea mays, temperatura, umidade relativa, evapotranspiração. DEVELOPMENT AND WATER REQUIREMENT OF MAIZE CROP AFFECTED BY CLIMATE CHANGES IN THE SEMIARID REGION OF THE BRAZILIAN NORTHEAST  ABSTRACT - This study aimed to determine the impacts of climate changes on growth and evapotranspiration of maize in the Brazilian semiarid region. The study was conducted in the municipalities of Apodí, Ipanguaçu and Mossoró, all of them located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The determination of evapotranspiration (ETc) throughout the different crop phases was accomplished by weighing lysimeters.In order to check the effect of climate changes on crop water consumption, simulated changes were done in the temperature and relative humidity of the air, through the PRECIS climate model. Two scenarios of emissions were evaluated based on the IPCC report (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change): a pessimistic caled A2 and an optimistic B2. The data of temperature and relative humidity were obtained by the PRECIS model. According to the model projections, the temperatures in the region will be far above the optimal limit for crop development. The crop cycle showed an average reduction of 10 and 15 days for B2 and A2 scenarios, respectively. The reduction in the cycle also caused a decrease in the total evapotranspiration of 3.0%, considering the most optimistic scenario, and 4.4% in the worst scenario.keywords: Zea mays, temperature, relative humidity, evapotranspiration.


2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sander ◽  
J. F. Eichner ◽  
E. Faust ◽  
M. Steuer

Abstract Thunderstorm-related normalized economic and insured losses in the United States east of the Rockies from the period 1970–2009 (March–September) exhibit higher peaks and greater variability in the last two decades than in the preceding two decades. To remove the bias from increasingly detected losses over time due to newly built-up locations, only large events that incurred normalized losses of at least $250 million (U.S. dollars) economically ($150 million insured) were selected. These are multistate damage events that are unlikely to have been missed at any time within the analysis period, thus providing for homogeneity of the events covered. Those losses, if aggregated, account for the major proportion (~80%) of all thunderstorm-related losses in the period 1970–2009. This study demonstrates that the pattern of variability in the time series of these losses can be seen as a reflection (“fingerprint”) of the temporal variability in severe thunderstorm forcing. The meteorological information on forcing is inferred from NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. No final attribution of the climatic variability identified in thunderstorm forcing and losses—either to natural climate variability or to anthropogenic climate change—can be conclusively arrived at in this study because of the chosen methodology. Nevertheless, the expected impacts of anthropogenic climate change on the forcing of convective storms appear consistent with these findings.


2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dênis Antônio da Cunha ◽  
Alexandre Bragança Coelho ◽  
José Gustavo Féres

AbstractThis paper analyzes the potential effects of climate change on Brazilian agriculture by considering irrigation as an adaptive strategy. Investigations were performed to determine how climatic variability influences irrigation and whether this adaptive measure actually reduces producers' vulnerability to climate change. We used a simultaneous equations model with endogenous switching to account for the heterogeneity in the decision of whether to use adaptive measures. We compared the expected land values under the actual and counterfactual cases of farm households that either adapt or do not adapt to climate change. Simulation results show that irrigation can be an effective tool for counteracting the harmful effects of climate change. The income of farmers tends to increase on lands where irrigation technologies are practiced. These conclusions confirm the need to invest in adaptation strategies to prepare Brazil for coping with the adverse effects of global climate change.


Author(s):  
Andrew Milner ◽  
J.R. Burgmann

Despite the occasional upsurge of climate change scepticism among Anglophone conservative politicians and journalists, there is still a near consensus among climate scientists that current levels of atmospheric greenhouse gas are sufficient to alter global weather patterns to disastrous effect. The resultant climate crisis is simultaneously both a natural and a socio-cultural phenomenon and in this book Milner and Burgmann argue that science fiction occupies a critical location within this nature/culture nexus. Science Fiction and Climate Change takes as its subject matter what Daniel Bloom famously dubbed ‘cli-fi’. It does not, however, attempt to impose a prescriptively environmentalist aesthetic on this sub-genre. Rather, it seeks to explain how a genre defined in relation to science finds itself obliged to produce fictional responses to the problems actually thrown up by contemporary scientific research. Milner and Burgmann adopt a historically and geographically comparatist framework, analysing print and audio-visual texts drawn from a number of different contexts, especially Australia, Britain, Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, Japan and the United States. Inspired by Raymond Williams’s cultural materialism, Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology of culture and Franco Moretti’s version of world systems theory, the book builds on Milner’s own Locating Science Fiction to produce a powerfully persuasive study in the sociology of literature.


2020 ◽  
pp. 2040002 ◽  
Author(s):  
GARY YOHE ◽  
JACQUELINE WILLWERTH ◽  
JAMES E. NEUMANN ◽  
ZOE KERRICH

The text and associated Supplemental Materials contribute internally consistent and therefore entirely comparable regional, temporal, and sectoral risk profiles to a growing literature on regional economic vulnerability to climate change. A large collection of maps populated with graphs of Monte-Carlo simulation results support a communication device in this regard — a convenient visual that we hope will make comparative results tractable and credible and resource allocation decisions more transparent. Since responding to climate change is a risk-management problem, it is important to note that these results address both sides of the risk calculation. They characterize likelihood distributions along four alternative emissions futures (thereby reflecting the mitigation side context); and they characterize consequences along these transient trajectories (which can thereby inform planning for the iterative adaptation side). Looking across the abundance of sectors that are potentially vulnerable to some of the manifestations of climate change, the maps therefore hold the potential of providing comparative information about the magnitude, timing, and regional location of relative risks. This is exactly the information that planners who work to protect property and public welfare by allocating scarce resources across competing venues need to have at their disposal — information about relative vulnerabilities across time and space and contingent on future emissions and future mitigation. It is also the type of information that integrated assessment researchers need to calibrate and update their modeling efforts — scholars who are exemplified by Professor Nordhaus who created and exercised the Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy and Regional Integrated Climate-Economy models.


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