Which Vaccination Strategies and Immune Responses are More Effective Against HIV Infections?

Vaccines are needed to protect from SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. Vaccines that induce large quantities of high affinity virus-neutralizing antibodies may optimally prevent infection and avoid unfavorable effects. Vaccination trials require precise clinical management, complemented with detailed evaluation of safety and immune responses. Here, we review the pros and cons of available vaccine platforms and options to accelerate vaccine development towards the safe immunization of the world’s population against SARS-CoV-2. Favorable vaccines, used in well-designed vaccination strategies, may be critical for limiting harm and promoting trust and a long-term return to normal public life and economy.

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In vivo administration of anti-HIV hyper-immune eggs induces anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies against HIV gp120 peptides (fragments 308-331 and 421-438) and against HIV gp41 peptide (fragment 579-601) which have demonstrable protective capacity

10.1101/2021.05.02.442298 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Angel Justiz-Vaillant ◽

Belkis Ferrer-Cosme ◽

Monica Fisher Smikle ◽

Oliver Pérez

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Hiv Infections ◽

Egg Yolk ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Future Research ◽

Protective Capacity ◽

Antigen Binding Site ◽

Hiv Antigen ◽

Gp41 Peptide

AbstractIsolation of antibodies from the egg yolk of chickens is of particular interest as a source of specific antibodies for oral administration to prevent infections and use them as immunodiagnostic reagents. The use of birds in antibody production results in a reduction in the use of laboratory animals. Immunized chickens produce larger quantities of antibodies (2000 mg IgY/month) than rodents (200 mg IgG/month) in the laboratory. According to Jerne’s network theory, it is possible to produce an antibody against the antigen-binding site of another antibody. This study assessed the hypothesis that immunization with viral peptides (immunogens) could provide a potent immune response that could be evaluated in chicken eggs. Human immunodeficiency virus 1(HIV-1) is used as an immunogen. The second hypothesis was that an orally administered antibody stimulates the production of a complementary antibody, the so-called anti-idiotypic antibody, which can potentially be therapeutical. This study reports and analyzes the use of eggs as therapeutic agents. We wanted to test the hypothesis that feeding chicks with hyperimmune eggs stimulates the production of anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies that neutralize the original HIV antigen fragments 308-331 or 421-438 of gp120 or fragment 579-601 of gp41. Future research could entail an anti-idiotype strategy for prophylactic vaccines. It is vital to note that it may need an anti-idiotype response to prime immunity against an HIV viral epitope, which may be used as a secondary element. The use of anti-idiotype immune responses in infected individuals may shift the balance of the immune system, allowing the organism to manage HIV infection. Therefore, it may be an avenue for immunotherapy to improve the fight against HIV infections. However, more studies and clinical trials are required to demonstrate similar human immune responses as observed in birds.

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The Molecular Interactions of ZIKV and DENV with the Type-I IFN Response

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8030530 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 530

Author(s):

Rosa C. Coldbeck-Shackley ◽

Nicholas S. Eyre ◽

Michael R. Beard

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Molecular Interactions ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Type I Interferon ◽

Control Measures ◽

Type I ◽

Type I Ifn ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Vaccination Strategies ◽

Significant Disease

Zika Virus (ZIKV) and Dengue Virus (DENV) are related viruses of the Flavivirus genus that cause significant disease in humans. Existing control measures have been ineffective at curbing the increasing global incidence of infection for both viruses and they are therefore prime targets for new vaccination strategies. Type-I interferon (IFN) responses are important in clearing viral infection and for generating efficient adaptive immune responses towards infection and vaccination. However, ZIKV and DENV have evolved multiple molecular mechanisms to evade type-I IFN production. This review covers the molecular interactions, from detection to evasion, of these viruses with the type-I IFN response. Additionally, we discuss how this knowledge can be exploited to improve the design of new vaccine strategies.

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Bovine innate and adaptive immune responses against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and vaccination strategies to reduce faecal shedding in ruminants

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology ◽

10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.028 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 152 (1-2) ◽

pp. 109-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Kris Vande Walle ◽

Daisy Vanrompay ◽

Eric Cox

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Escherichia Coli O157 ◽

Adaptive Immune Responses ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Vaccination Strategies

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Recent advances in understanding inherited deficiencies in immunity to infections

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.22036.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 243 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gregory M. Constantine ◽

Michail S. Lionakis

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Host Defense ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Microbial Pathogens ◽

Host Immune Responses ◽

Vaccination Strategies ◽

The World ◽

Human Immunity ◽

Immune Pathways ◽

Resistance To Infection

The immune system is central to our interactions with the world in which we live and importantly dictates our response to potential allergens, toxins, and pathogens to which we are constantly exposed. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie protective host immune responses against microbial pathogens is vital for the development of improved treatment and vaccination strategies against infections. To that end, inherited immunodeficiencies that manifest with susceptibility to bacterial, viral, and/or fungal infections have provided fundamental insights into the indispensable contribution of key immune pathways in host defense against various pathogens. In this mini-review, we summarize the findings from a series of recent publications in which inherited immunodeficiencies have helped illuminate the interplay of human immunity and resistance to infection.

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Flagellin Fusion Proteins as Adjuvants or Vaccines Induce Specific Immune Responses

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.72.5.2810-2816.2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 72 (5) ◽

pp. 2810-2816 ◽

Cited By ~ 131

Author(s):

Camilo Cuadros ◽

Francisco J. Lopez-Hernandez ◽

Ana Lucia Dominguez ◽

Michael McClelland ◽

Joseph Lustgarten

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Cell ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Fusion Protein ◽

Fusion Proteins ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

T Cell Response ◽

Vaccination Strategies ◽

Egfp Fusion Protein

ABSTRACT Vaccination is the most efficient prophylaxis against a variety of infectious diseases. New vaccination strategies rely on the incorporation of effective adjuvants, which stimulate the innate immune response and, in turn, activate the adaptive immune response. It is well established that flagellin induces inflammatory responses through the activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In order to evaluate whether flagellin can serve as a carrier for the development of adjuvants or vaccines, we prepared a flagellin-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion protein. Our results demonstrate that a flagellin-EGFP fusion protein is capable of stimulating APCs, resulting in the maturation of these cells and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, APCs pulsed with the flagellin-EGFP fusion protein effectively process and present EGFP antigens. More importantly, animals immunized with the flagellin-EGFP fusion protein developed specific anti-EGFP T-cell responses. In contrast, recombinant EGFP was not able to stimulate APCs, nor did it induce a T-cell response. Thus, recombinant-flagellin fusion proteins may be suitable carriers as adjuvants or vaccines for the development of new vaccination strategies to induce and boost immune responses against infectious diseases and cancer.

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Integrating fish models in tuberculosis vaccine development

Disease Models & Mechanisms ◽

10.1242/dmm.045716 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. dmm045716

Author(s):

Anni K. Saralahti ◽

Meri I. E. Uusi-Mäkelä ◽

Mirja T. Niskanen ◽

Mika Rämet

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Bacillus Calmette Guerin ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Vaccine Candidates ◽

Preclinical Evaluation ◽

Vaccination Strategies ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

New Vaccines

ABSTRACTTuberculosis is a chronic infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that results in over 1.5 million deaths worldwide each year. Currently, there is only one vaccine against tuberculosis, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Despite widespread vaccination programmes, over 10 million new M. tuberculosis infections are diagnosed yearly, with almost half a million cases caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. Novel vaccination strategies concentrate mainly on replacing BCG or boosting its efficacy and depend on animal models that accurately recapitulate the human disease. However, efforts to produce new vaccines against an M. tuberculosis infection have encountered several challenges, including the complexity of M. tuberculosis pathogenesis and limited knowledge of the protective immune responses. The preclinical evaluation of novel tuberculosis vaccine candidates is also hampered by the lack of an appropriate animal model that could accurately predict the protective effect of vaccines in humans. Here, we review the role of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and other fish models in the development of novel vaccines against tuberculosis and discuss how these models complement the more traditional mammalian models of tuberculosis.

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Microdevices for examining immunological responses of single cells to HIV

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1042/bsr20140097 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jonghoon Choi ◽

Yoon Jeong ◽

Hyung-Seop Han ◽

Kwan Hyi Lee

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Cell Response ◽

Single Cells ◽

Hiv Infections ◽

Hiv Treatment ◽

T Cell Response ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

Common Disease

More than 60 million people in the world have been diagnosed with HIV infections since the virus was recognized as the causative agent of AIDS in the 1980s. Even though more than half of the infected patients have died, effective disease treatment and prevention measures have not been established. ART (antiretroviral therapy) is the only proven HIV treatment that sustains the suppression of patient viraemia. Current routine approaches to treat HIV infections are targeted at developing vaccines that will induce humoral or cell memory immune responses. However, developing an effective vaccine has been challenging because the HIV mutates rapidly, which allows the virus to evade immune surveillances established against the previous strain. In addition, the virus is able to quickly establish a reservoir and treatment is difficult because of the general lack of knowledge about HIV immune response mechanisms. This review introduces common disease symptoms and the progression of HIV infection with a brief summary of the current treatment approaches. Different cellular immune responses against HIV are also discussed, with emphasis on a nanotechnology research that has focused on probing T-cell response to HIV infection. Furthermore, we discuss recent noteworthy nanotechnology updates on T-cell response screening that is focused on HIV infection. Finally, we review potential future treatment strategies based on the correlations between T-cell response and HIV infection.

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Elicitation of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Mucosal Compartments of Rhesus Monkeys by Systemic Vaccination

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.76.22.11484-11490.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 76 (22) ◽

pp. 11484-11490 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Jamal Baig ◽

Daniel B. Levy ◽

Paul F. McKay ◽

Joern E. Schmitz ◽

Sampa Santra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Lymphocytes ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Hiv Infections ◽

Systemic Delivery ◽

Mucosal Tissues ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Ctl Responses

ABSTRACT Since most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are initiated following mucosal exposure to the virus, the anatomic containment or abortion of an HIV infection is likely to require vaccine-elicited cellular immune responses in those mucosal sites. Studying vaccine-elicited mucosal immune responses has been problematic because of the difficulties associated with sampling T lymphocytes from those anatomic compartments. In the present study, we demonstrate that mucosal cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and simian HIV can be reproducibly sampled from intestinal mucosal tissue of rhesus monkeys obtained under endoscopic guidance. These lymphocytes recognize peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I complexes and express gamma interferon on exposure to peptide antigen. Interestingly, systemic immunization of monkeys with plasmid DNA immunogens followed by live recombinant attenuated poxviruses or adenoviruses with genes deleted elicits high-frequency SIV-specific CTL responses in these mucosal tissues. These studies therefore suggest that systemic delivery of potent HIV immunogens may suffice to elicit substantial mucosal CTL responses.

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Preventive HIV Vaccines-Leveraging on Lessons from the Past to Pave the Way Forward

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9091001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1001

Author(s):

Parveen Sobia ◽

Derseree Archary

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Female Genital Tract ◽

Hiv Infections ◽

Hiv Vaccine ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

Hiv Vaccines ◽

The Past ◽

Sex With Men ◽

Exposure Prophylaxis ◽

Female Genital

Almost four decades on, since the 1980’s, with hundreds of HIV vaccine candidates tested in both non-human primates and humans, and several HIV vaccines trials later, an efficacious HIV vaccine continues to evade us. The enormous worldwide genetic diversity of HIV, combined with HIV’s inherent recombination and high mutation rates, has hampered the development of an effective vaccine. Despite the advent of antiretrovirals as pre-exposure prophylaxis and preventative treatment, which have shown to be effective, HIV infections continue to proliferate, highlighting the great need for a vaccine. Here, we provide a brief history for the HIV vaccine field, with the most recent disappointments and advancements. We also provide an update on current passive immunity trials, testing proof of the concept of the most clinically advanced broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for HIV prevention. Finally, we include mucosal immunity, the importance of vaccine-elicited immune responses and the challenges thereof in the most vulnerable environment–the female genital tract and the rectal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract for heterosexual and men who have sex with men transmissions, respectively.

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