scholarly journals Plum Breeding

Prunus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madalina Butac
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Breeding Methods ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Main Species ◽  
New Cultivars

Worldwide, plum is one of the main species, occupying an area of about 2,600,000 ha and ensuring production about 11,700,000 tons. Even though there are over 6000 plum cultivars belonging to 19–40 species, there is still the need to create new cultivars due to the demands of growers and consumers. In addition, the large plum-growing countries (Romania, Serbia, Germany, Bulgaria, etc.) have decreased production due to plum pox virus (PPV) attack. Therefore, these countries developed breeding programs with the following objectives: resistance/tolerance to PPV, productivity, fruit quality, late blooming, self-fertility, different ripening times, short growing period, spur fructification, etc. Using different breeding methods (controlled hybridization, open pollination, selection in wild population on Prunus sp., and mutagenesis), in the last years, over 450 plum cultivars were released, from which 70% represent European cultivars and 30% Japanese cultivars.

Topcross hybrids in papaya (Carica papaya L.): evaluation of the potential for increasing fruit quality in new cultivars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Pereira Miranda ◽  
Helaine Christine Cancela Ramos ◽  
Renato Santa-Catarina ◽  
Julio Cesar Fiorio Vettorazzi ◽  
Josefa Grasiela Silva Santana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Topcross Hybrids ◽  
New Cultivars

scholarly journals Developing Triploid Maples

Horticulturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Ryan N. Contreras ◽  
Tyler C. Hoskins
Keyword(s):  
Shade Trees ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Native Flora ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Ornamental Traits ◽  
Ploidy Manipulation ◽  
New Cultivars

Maples are common street and shade trees throughout the temperate zone. They are widely used for their wide range of ornamental traits and adaptability, particularly to urban settings. Unfortunately, some species such as Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala (Amur maple) and A. platanoides (Norway maple) have escaped cultivation to become pests or in some cases threaten native flora. However, these species remain economically important and are still asked for by name. To ameliorate potential future ecological damage from additional escapes, we have been breeding for sterile forms using ploidy manipulation and backcrossing to develop triploids. We began with a series of experiments to develop tetraploids of Amur, Norway, and trident (A. buergerianum) maples. Treatment of seedlings at the cotyledon or first true leaf stage was successful in inducing tetraploids of each species. Mortality, cytochimeras, and tetraploids varied among species. After identifying tetraploids, they were field planted alongside diploid cultivars and seedlings, which served as pollinizers in open-pollination. Seedlings derived from open-pollinated tetraploids were generally found to be a high percentage triploids. Thus far, no Norway or trident maple triploids have flowered but after three years we observed five, 22, and 22 Amur maple triploids flowering over three respective years with no seedlings recovered to date. Further evaluation is required but our findings are encouraging that the triploids we have developed thus far will be sterile and provide new cultivars for nursery growers and land managers.

Further evidence on the inheritance of reproductive mode in Brachiaria

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Miles ◽  
M. L. Escandón
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Breeding Methods ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Tropical Forages

The most important tropical forages are Brachiaria spp. Existing cultivars are natural, polyploid, aposporous apomicts. Breeding programs seek to combine attributes from the tetraploid apomicts B. brizantha and B. decumbens. Apomixis is monogenic and dominant. We sought to synthesize an allogomous, sexual, breeding population containing germplasm from selected apomicts. Apospory was not detected in a large open-pollinated progeny of sexual hybrids from sexual-by-apomictic crosses. Key words: Apomixis, apospory, Brachiaria, breeding methods

Variation in tolerance mechanisms to fluazifop-P-butyl among selected zoysiagrass lines

Weed Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenwen Liu ◽  
Gregory E. MacDonald ◽  
J. Bryan Unruh ◽  
Kevin E. Kenworthy ◽  
Laurie E. Trenholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Susceptible Line ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Biomass Reduction ◽  
New Cultivars

AbstractBreeding herbicide tolerance into new cultivars can improve safety and weed control in turfgrass systems. The sensitivity to fluazifop-P-butyl of 27 zoysiagrass (Zoysiaspp.) lines was screened under greenhouse conditions to identify potential tolerant germplasm for breeding programs. The herbicide rate that caused 50% biomass reduction (GR50) and the rate that caused 50% injury (ID50) were calculated to select the three most-tolerant and the five most-susceptible lines for studying the physiological mechanisms responsible for fluazifop-P-butyl tolerance. The differences in GR50and ID50between susceptible and tolerant lines ranged from 4-fold to more than 10-fold. Cytochrome P450–mediated metabolism was not detected in fluazifop-P-butyl–tolerant lines. Sequencing of theACCasegene confirmed that none of the seven previously reported mutations conferring resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides in other species were present in any of the tolerant or susceptible zoysiagrass lines studied. An Ala-2073-Thr substitution was identified in two tolerant lines, but this mutation did not completely explain the tolerant phenotype. No clear differences in absorption and translocation rates of14C-radiolabeled fluazifop-P-butyl were observed among most lines, with the exception of a susceptible line that exhibited greater translocation than two of the tolerant lines. Metabolite profiles did not differ between tolerant and susceptible lines. Our results suggest that the diversity in tolerance to fluazifop-P-butyl in zoysiagrass germplasm is most likely the result of a combination of different, minor, additive non–target site mechanisms such as translocation rate and compartmentation after absorption.

scholarly journals The influence of Atonik SL, Betokson Super 050 SL and InsolCa on yielding of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cv. ‘Senga Sengana’ and ‘Kent’

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Szot ◽  
Tomasz Lipa ◽  
Alina Basak
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Fragaria X Ananassa ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Maturity Degree

The chemical composition of strawberry fruit depends mainly on cultivar, fruit maturity degree and climatic conditions in the growing period. Fruit quality is also determined by a cultivation technology. The influence of two biostimulants (Atonik SL and Betokson Super 050 SL), which were used separately, in combination with each other or with the liquid fertilizer InsolCa, on yielding and fruit quality of two strawberry cultivars: ‘Senga Sengana’ and ‘Kent’, was tested. Betokson Super 050 SL + InsolCa tended to improve the yield of both cultivars. Significant differences compared to the control were evident especially in 2001. Fruits of ‘Senga Sengana’ started ripening later and had more ascorbic acid, anthocyanins and acidity than ‘Kent’. The use of Betokson Super 050 SL + InsolCa improved the content of ascorbic acid, anthocyanins and sugar as well as acidity in strawberries of both cultivars. The use of Betokson Super 050 SL + Atonik SL significantly increased the content of ascorbic acid and sugar in fruits of both cultivars. ‘Kent’ strawberries also responded to the treatment with an increase in anthocyanin content and acidity.

scholarly journals Variability of Fruit Quality among 103 Acerola (Malpighia emarginata D. C.) Phenotypes from the Subtropical Region of Brazil

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1078
Author(s):  
Daniela Farinelli ◽  
Silvia Portarena ◽  
Daniel Fernandes da Silva ◽  
Chiara Traini ◽  
Giordana Menegazzo da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Malpighia Emarginata ◽  
Cluster 2

Acerola fruit is one of the richest natural sources of ascorbic acid. As a consequence, acerola fruit and its products are in demand worldwide for the production of health supplements and for the development of functional products. Acerola phenotypes (103) were screened in Western Paraná State, in the Southern region of Brazil, and evaluated to obtain information on fruit quality characteristics with the aim of using them in future breeding programs. Principal Component and Hierarchical Cluster analysis were performed on all datasets to explore the variability among samples and to identify the main clusters. A great variability among phenotypes was observed, with potential for use in breeding programs. Seven phenotypes were selected as candidates in the next breeding program, characterized by high vitamin C content and yield, or higher values of fruit size and color parameters. Four belong to cluster 1 and three to cluster 2. Specifically, two phenotypes, belonging to cluster 2, showed the best performance in terms of vitamin C (2150 mg 100 g−1 pulp and 2625 mg 100 g−1 pulp respectively) and pulp yield (74.8% and 82.3% respectively), and one phenotype, belonging to cluster 1, for high pulp yield, fruit size and vitamin C content (80.3% 6.43 g and 2490 mg 100 g−1 pulp).

scholarly journals SWEETPOTATO FLAVOR - EXISTING STATUS AND FUTUREOUTLOOK

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 262A-262
Author(s):  
J. Kays ◽  
Wayne J. McLaurin
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Flavor Chemistry ◽  
Staple Crops ◽  
Baked Potato ◽  
New Cultivars ◽  
Selection Of

Flavor is a primary trait in the selection of foods. The role of flavor in acceptance of the sweetpotato, flavors status as a selection trait in existing breeding programs, and our current understanding of the flavor chemistry of the sweetpotato was reviewed. The sweetpotato, unlike most staple crops, has a very distinct and dominant flavor. In typical breeding programs, however, flavor is generally one of the last traits screened. A tremendous diversity and range of flavors has been reported within the sweetpotato germplasm (e.g., acidic, bland, baked potato, boiled potato. carrot, chalky, chemical, citrus, earthy, Ipomoeo/terpene, lemon, musty, pumpkin, salty, squash (titer type), starchy, sweet, sweetpotato (traditional), terpene, and turnip. These results indicate that the genetic diversity for flavor present in sweetpotato germplasm will allow making substantial changes in the flavor of new cultivars, thus potentially opening previously unexploited or under-exploited markets. Implementation involves solving two primary problems: 1) identification of desirable flavor ideotypes; and development of procedures that allow maximizing the selection of specific flavor types.

scholarly journals Tomato breeding for disease resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-16
Author(s):  
Gabriella Queiroz De Almeida ◽  
Juliana de Oliveira Silva ◽  
Mariane Gonçalves Ferreira Copati ◽  
Felipe de Oliveira Dias ◽  
Manoel Coelho dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Late Blight ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Genetic Breeding ◽  
Tomato Breeding

In the genetic breeding of tomatoes, not only productivity, but also factors related to fruit quality and pest and disease management are taken into account. In this context, diseases stand out, since they are the main bottlenecks for successful cultivation. Currently, the search for more sustainable crops has demanded from producers’ alternatives to disease control to reduce the use of pesticides. Among the diseases that most reduce tomato production in Brazil, whether for table or industry, we can mention late blight, black spot, fusarium wilt, viruses, bacterial and nematode diseases. Genetic resistance, obtained by genetic breeding programs, is one of the best tools to deal with diseases to depend less on pesticides. Thus, this review aims to provide an overview of tomato breeding programs in terms of resistance to the main diseases that affect this crop.

scholarly journals Breeding Trait Priorities of the Cranberry Industry in the United States and Canada

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1467-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Karina Gallardo ◽  
Parichat Klingthong ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
James Polashock ◽  
Amaya Atucha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
Industry Needs

Informed assessment of priority genetic traits in plant breeding programs is important to improve the efficiency of developing cultivars suited to current climate and industry needs. The efficiency of genetic improvement is critical for perennial crops such as cranberries, as they usually involve more resources, time, and funding compared with other crops. This study investigated the relative importance of cranberry producers’ preferences for breeding traits related to fruit quality, productivity, plant physiology, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Industry responses revealed that fruit characteristics affecting fruit quality, including firmness, fruit size and anthocyanin content, and resistance to fruit rot, were the most desired traits in new cranberry cultivar release. These traits have the potential to increase the quality standards needed to process high-value sweetened dried cranberry products, positively affecting price premiums received by producers, which is critical for the economic viability of the cranberry industry. Our findings will be useful to breeders and allied scientists seeking to develop an advanced DNA-based selection strategy that would impact the global cranberry industry.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Tolerance to Low Night Temperature Differ by Fruit Types and Sizes in Tomato

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Young Yang ◽  
Sherzod Nigmatullaevich Rajaemtov ◽  
Myeong Cheoul Cho ◽  
Hyo Bong Jeong ◽  
Won Byoung Chae
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Tomato Breeding

Low night temperature (LNT) can be a practical and economical target in tomato breeding programs in terms of energy saving in greenhouses. This study was conducted to investigate the physiological responses to LNT using four tomato accessions of cherry and large fruit types with LNT tolerance and sensitivity grown in two greenhouses with night temperature set-points of 10 and 15°C for heating. LNT significantly reduced plant height regardless of fruit types and LNT tolerance. The number of flowers were significantly reduced in 10°C in cherry but not in large fruit types. Fruit set in 10°C was significantly lower in LNT sensitive accessions than tolerant ones regardless of fruit types, which was due to abnormal flower morphology in 10°C. Proline accumulation patterns between 10 and 15°C significantly differed between fruit types as well as between LNT tolerant and sensitive accessions. Chlorophyll content in 10 °C was significantly higher at later growth stages in LNT tolerant accessions than sensitive ones in both fruit types. No clear difference in photosynthetic parameters was observed between fruit types or tolerance and sensitive accessions except for photosynthetic rate, which was significantly lower in tolerant than sensitive accessions during early growing period. These results suggest that different tomato fruit types may have different mechanisms for LNT tolerance.

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